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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L175	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus serotinus	Cnephaeus serotinus	Cnephaeus serotinus	Cnephaeus serotinus		[MSW2] Subgenus Eptesicus. Includes sodalis; see Corbet (1978c:57). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975:189). Revised by Gaisler (1970). See comments under fuscus and platyops.; [MSW3] Subgenus Eptesicus. Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus. Includes sodalis; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978c). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Horácek et al. (2000), and Baagøe (2001c).; [HMW] Vespertilio serotinus Schreber, 1774 , France . Eptesicus serotinus previously included E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus . Using mitochondrial and nuclear genes, J. Juste and colleagues in 2013 found that all three species were supported as distinct species, but each type of data found different relationships. Mitochondrial genes showed a paraphyletic E. serotinus , with the nominate form being sister to a clade including E. ogneuvt, the other E. serotinus clade (including subspecies mirza and turcomanus), and E. bottae whereas nuclear genes showed that all three of these taxa represented a single clade, with E. serotinus (including mirza and turcomanus) sister to E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus being sister to this clade. A similar situation was demonstrated by I. V. Artyushin and colleagues in 2018, where nuclear genes supported the traditional view that E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus are included under E. serotinus , but mitochondrial data showed them to be vastly distinct while E. serotinus was paraphyletic. Taxa turcomanus and mirza have sometimes been united as a separate species, but followingJuste and colleagues in 2013 and Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 and 2018, these taxa are included as subspecies of E. serotinus . Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 showed that there is gene flow between E. s. serotinus and E. s. turcomanus, supporting their conspecific status. There is extensive past hybridization between FE. serotinus and E. nilssonii that can make genetic studies difficult to conduct, especially using mitochondrial genes, and a number of genetic studies have found these species to be paraphyletic with one another. A new species, E. lobatus by I. Zagorodniuk in 2009, from Ukraine was recently described based on calcar distinctions (FE. lobatus having well-defined postcalcarial lobe), but this taxon is otherwise extremely similar to E. serotinus and probably represents a variant of the nominate subspecies, which it is synonymized under here. A new subspecies was recently described from Turkey , named FE. s. anatolicus by A. Karatag in 2019, but this name is preoccupied by E. anatolicus by H. Felten in 1971, making anatolicus ajunior homonym ofthe latter and invalidating the name, which is here considered a synonym of E. s. mirza. Exact distributional limits among FE. serotinus and E. pachyomus are still uncertain in Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , and China . Subspecies currently correspond to three morphotypes detected using morphological data and limited genetic data. Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Cnephaeus . Does not include isabellinus , pachyomus or pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas , which are subspecies of pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai , apparently a subspecies of isabellinus ; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus . See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis ; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978 c ). Includes horikawai ; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus ; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops . Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001 c ). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus (Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).; [MDD2022] previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; tentatively includes kobayashii; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined; [batnames2023] Subgenus Cnephaeus . Does not include isabellinus , pachyomus or pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas , which are subspecies of pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai , apparently a subspecies of isabellinus ; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus . See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis ; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978 c ). Includes horikawai ; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus ; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019), although this may be a synonym of intermedius ; see Zagorodniuk and Kandaurov (2015). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops . Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001 c ). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus (Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).; [MDD2023] previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; may include E. kobayashii, but the species is tentatively retained here; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; may include E. kobayashii, but the species is tentatively retained here; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined; moved from Eptesicus to Cnephaeus; [batnames2025_1.7] Does not include isabellinus, pachyomus or pachyotis; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas, which are subspecies of pachyotis; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai, apparently a subspecies of isabellinus; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus. See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978c). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019), although this may be a synonym of intermedius; see Zagorodniuk and Kandaurov (2015). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001c). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus(Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; may include E. kobayashii, but the species is tentatively retained here; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined; moved from Eptesicus to Cnephaeus				sodalis, horikawai		albescens, andersoni, boscai, brachydigitalis, horikawai, incisivus, insularis, inlermedius, isabellinus, meridionalis, mirza, okenii, pachyomus, pallens, pashtonus, rufescens, shiraziensis, sodalis, transylvanicus, turcomanicus, typus, wiedii.	platyops, isabellinus, serotinus, turcomanus, shiraziensis, pashtonus, pachyomus, pallens, horikawae, andersoni, bernardinus, pallidus, fuscus, osceola, peninsulae, miradorensis, petersoni, dutertreus, hispaniolae, wetmorei, bahamensis, lynni	serotinus, andersoni, boscai, horikawai, isabellinus, pachyomus, pallens, pashtonus, shirazensis, turcomanus	incisivus, insularis, intermedius, mirza, okenii, rufescens, serotine, sodalis, transsylvanus, typus, wiedii; boscai - meridionalis; pallens - brachydigitatus, pallidus; turcomanus - albescens; Unassigned - gabonensis	serotinus, mirzade, turcomanus	lobatus; mirza - anatolicus	serotinus, horikawai, mirza, pashtonus, shirazensis	serotinus - albescens, incisivus, insularis, intermedius, okenii, rufescens, serotine, sodalis, transsylvanus, turcomanus, typus, wiedii; Unassigned - gabonensis	serotinus, serotine, okenii, wiedii, turcomanus, incisivus, mirza, rufescens, typus, shirazensis, albescens, transsylvanus, gabonensis, insularis, sodalis, intermedius, kobayashii, pashtonus, lobatus, anatolicus		serotinus, horikawai, mirza, pashtonus, shirazensis, Unassigned	serotinus - albescens, anatolicus, incisivus, insularis, intermedius, lobatus, okenii, rufescens, serotine, sodalis, transsylvanus, turcomanus, typus, wiedii; Unassigned - gabonensi	serotinus, serotine, okenii, wiedii, turcomanus, incisivus, mirza, rufescens, typus, shirazensis, albescens, transsylvanus, gabonensis, insularis, sodalis, intermedius, pashtonus, lobatus, anatolicus	serotinus, serotine, okenii, wiedii, turcomanus, incisivus, pallidus, rufescens, typus, mirza, shiraziensis, albescens, transylvanus, insularis, isabellinus, sodalis, intermedius, internedius, shirazensis, transsylvanus, lobatus, anatolicus	horikawai, mirza, pashtonus, serotinus, shirazensis	gabonensis; serotinus - albescens, anatolicus, incisivus, insularis, intermedius, lobatus, okenii, rufescens, serotine, sodalis, transsylvanus, turcomanus, typus, wiedii	serotinus (von Schreber, 1774)|serotine (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)|okenii (Brehm, 1827)|wiedii (Brehm, 1827)|turcomanus (Eversmann, 1840)|incisivus (Crespon, 1844)|mirza (De Filippi, 1863)|pallidus (C. Koch, 1863)|rufescens (C. Koch, 1863)|typus (C. Koch, 1863)|shiraziensis (Dobson, 1871)|albescens (Karelin, 1875) [nomen nudum]|transylvanus (Daday, 1885)|insularis (Cabrera, 1904)|isabellinus (Cabrera, 1904) [preoccupied]|sodalis (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910)|intermedius (Ognev, 1927)|internedius (Borisenko, Vasil'yeva, Verigina, Dunayev, Kalyakin, Koblik, Kruskop, Orlova, Pavlinov, Red'kin, Sazonov, Spasskaya, & Tomkovich, 2001) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|shirazensis (Simmons, 2005) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|transsylvanus (Simmons, 2005) [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]|lobatus (Zagorodnyuk, 2009)|anatolicus (KarataÅŸ, 2019) [preoccupied]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Serotine	England, Morocco, W Europe – Thailand, China, Korea	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eptesicus serotinus	France.	Schreber	1774	Saugethiere, 1:167.	Distribution: Ranging from western Africa and England to China; also from southern Canada (and possibly Alaska) to Colombia and northeastern Brazil; also the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and on Dominica and Barbados in the Lesser Antilles. This species shows considerable diversity over its extensive range and New World representatives have usually been separated as E. fuscus, but a clear cut separation between the two has not been demonstrated.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Serotine	England, NW Africa, Morocco, W Europe – Thailand, China, Korea	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Schreber	1774	Die Saugethiere, 1:167.	Subgenus Eptesicus. Includes sodalis; see Corbet (1978c:57). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975:189). Revised by Gaisler (1970). See comments under fuscus and platyops.	W Europe through S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean; perhaps Subsaharan Africa.	France.		SCHREBER	1774	Rostrum fairly long, varying from fairly to relatively broad, with or without dorsal flattening. Inner upper incisor more or less bicuspid. Last upper molar more or less reduced. Braincase medium to fairly high. Size medium to relatively large (forearm length, 39-58 mm; but always larger than E. bottae where they are sympatric).	Distribution: Ranging from western Africa and England to China; also from southern Canada (and possibly Alaska) to Colombia and northeastern Brazil; also the Bahamas, Greater Antilles and on Dominica and Barbados in the Lesser Antilles. This species shows considerable diversity over its extensive range and New World representatives have usually been separated as E. fuscus, but a clear cut separation between the two has not been demonstrated.	Twenty two subspecies are here recognized:	E. s. platyops (tropical western Africa), E. s. isabellinus (northwestern Africa), E. s. serotinus (Europe to Israel and northern Iran), E. s. turcomanus (Soviet Central Asia to Mongolia and northeastern Iran), E. s. shiraziensis (southwestern Iran), E. s. pashtonus (Afghanistan), E. s. pachyomus (Pakistan and northwestern India), E. s. pallens (Korea and northern China), E. s. horikawae (Taiwan), E. s. andersoni (southern mainland China), E. s. bernardinus (southwestern Canada to central California), E. s. pallidus (central Canada to northern Mexico), E. s. fuscus (southeastern Canada to northeastern Mexico), E. s. osceola (Florida), E. s. peninsulae (southern Baja California), E. s. miradorensis (central Mexico to northern South America), E. s. petersoni (Isle of Pines off western Cuba), E. s. dutertreus (Cuba, southern Bahamas, Caymans), E. s. hispaniolae (Hispaniola), E. s. wetmorei (Puerto Rico, also Dominica and probably Barbados in the Lesser Antilles), E. s. bahamensis (northern Bahamas), E. s. lynni (Jamaica).	120	species	E. serotinus	SCHREBER	1774	Eptesicus	subgenus	Eptesicus serotinus				Rostrum fairly long, varying from fairly to relatively broad, with or without dorsal flattening. Inner upper incisor more or less bicuspid. Last upper molar more or less reduced. Braincase medium to fairly high. Size medium to relatively large (forearm length, 39-58 mm; but always larger than E. bottae where they are sympatric).	Twenty two subspecies are here recognized:		10. E. serotinus (SCHREBER 1774) [serotinus group],	10	_C. s. serotinus_ (Schreber, 1774) (synonyms: _anatolicus_ (KarataÅŸ, 2019), _incisivus_ (Crespon, 1844), _insularis_ (Cabrera, 1904), _intermedius_ (Огнёв, 1927), _lobatus_ (Загороднюк, 2009), _mirza_ (De Filippi, 1863), _okenii_ (Brehm, 1827), _rufescens_ (Koch, 1863), _serotine_ (Müller, 1776), _sodalis_ (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910), _transylvanus_ (Daday, 1885), _typus_ (Koch, 1863), _wiedii_ (Brehm, 1827)); _C. s. shiraziensis_ (Dobson, 1871); _C. s. turcomanus_ (Eversmann, 1840) (synonyms: _albescens_ (Karelin, 1875), _pallidus_ (Koch, 1863))			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Eptesicini	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus	Eptesicus	serotinus	Schreber	y	1774		Die Säugethiere	1		167		Common Serotine	France.	W Europe through Turkey and S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean. Koopman (1993) listed "perhaps Subsaharan Africa" under his account of the range of this species, but there are no known records from that region (M. Happold, pers. comm.)	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	incisivus Crespon, 1844; insularis Cabrera, 1904; intermedius Ognev, 1927; mirza de Filippi, 1865; okenii Brehm, 1827; rufescens Koch, 1865; serotine Müller, 1776; sodalis Barrett-Hamilton, 1910; transsylvanus Daday, 1885; typus Koch, 1865; wiedii Brehm, 1827; andersoni Dobson, 1871; boscai Cabrera, 1904; meridionalis Dal Piaz, 1926; horikawai Kishida, 1924; isabellinus Temminck, 1840; pachyomus Tomes, 1857; pallens Miller, 1911; brachydigitatus Mori, 1928; pallidus Bobrinskii, 1929 [not Young, 1908]; pashtonus Gaisler, 1970; shirazensis Dobson, 1871; turcomanus Eversmann, 1840; albescens Karelin, 1875 [nomen nudum]. Unassigned: gabonensis Trouessart, 1897 [see discussion in Hayman and Hill, 1971].	Subgenus Eptesicus. Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus. Includes sodalis; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978c). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Horácek et al. (2000), and Baagøe (2001c).	4C3D87E8FFA76A19FA5592441429BF30	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	850	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFA76A19FA5592441429BF30.xml	Eptesicus serotinus	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus	serotinus		1774	Sérotine commune @fr | Eigentliche Breitfligelfledermaus @de | Murciélagohortelano @es | Big Brown Bat @en | Common Serotine Bat @en | European Serotine Bat @en | Serotine Bat @en | Silky Bat @en	Vespertilio serotinus Schreber, 1774 , France . Eptesicus serotinus previously included E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus . Using mitochondrial and nuclear genes, J. Juste and colleagues in 2013 found that all three species were supported as distinct species, but each type of data found different relationships. Mitochondrial genes showed a paraphyletic E. serotinus , with the nominate form being sister to a clade including E. ogneuvt, the other E. serotinus clade (including subspecies mirza and turcomanus), and E. bottae whereas nuclear genes showed that all three of these taxa represented a single clade, with E. serotinus (including mirza and turcomanus) sister to E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus being sister to this clade. A similar situation was demonstrated by I. V. Artyushin and colleagues in 2018, where nuclear genes supported the traditional view that E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus are included under E. serotinus , but mitochondrial data showed them to be vastly distinct while E. serotinus was paraphyletic. Taxa turcomanus and mirza have sometimes been united as a separate species, but followingJuste and colleagues in 2013 and Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 and 2018, these taxa are included as subspecies of E. serotinus . Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 showed that there is gene flow between E. s. serotinus and E. s. turcomanus, supporting their conspecific status. There is extensive past hybridization between FE. serotinus and E. nilssonii that can make genetic studies difficult to conduct, especially using mitochondrial genes, and a number of genetic studies have found these species to be paraphyletic with one another. A new species, E. lobatus by I. Zagorodniuk in 2009, from Ukraine was recently described based on calcar distinctions (FE. lobatus having well-defined postcalcarial lobe), but this taxon is otherwise extremely similar to E. serotinus and probably represents a variant of the nominate subspecies, which it is synonymized under here. A new subspecies was recently described from Turkey , named FE. s. anatolicus by A. Karatag in 2019, but this name is preoccupied by E. anatolicus by H. Felten in 1971, making anatolicus ajunior homonym ofthe latter and invalidating the name, which is here considered a synonym of E. s. mirza. Exact distributional limits among FE. serotinus and E. pachyomus are still uncertain in Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , and China . Subspecies currently correspond to three morphotypes detected using morphological data and limited genetic data. Three subspecies recognized.	E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—much of Europe except for SIberian Peninsula and most of Scandinavia, being found in S Britain and from N&C Iberian Peninsula Eto extreme S Scandinavia, SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs (BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily), including Ionian (Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s. mirzade Filippi, 1865— S Turkey, WSyria, Lebanon, Israel, and NW,C& SW Iran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , N Iran , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , N Afghanistan , and NW China ( Xinjiang ).	Head-body 62-82 mm, tail 39-65 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 10-18 mm, forearm 48-58 mm; weight 18-25 g. The Eurasian Serotine is robust and considerably larger than its closest relative, the Northern Serotine (E. nilsson). Fur is long, dense, and silky. Dorsal pelage is generally smoky brown, with yellowish tinge (hairs have yellowish tips and dark bases), but can vary from dark brown to almost reddish in some individuals. Ventral pelage is paler, ranging from uniform gray to buffy gray or pale brownish. Bare parts of face, ears, limbs, and membranes are dark brown or blackish. Muzzle is robust and nearly naked, with well-defined glandular swellings on either side, and upper lip is fringed with fine hairs. Ears are moderately tall and subtriangular, with six transverse ridges, strong angular convexity on anterior border below one-half the height, basally convex posterior border (but straight below tip) inserted at base of antitragus, and rounded tips; tragus is less than one-half the ear length, with straight anterior border, gently convex posterior border, distinct notch Just above basal lobe, and bluntly pointed tip. Wings are wide and attached to base of each foot, with wingspan of ¢. 370 mm . Tail extends c¢.3-5 mm past margin of uropatagium, and calcar is well developed, sometimes having well-developed postcalcarial lobe but usually thisis ill defined. Baculum is short (1-1-4 mm long) but longer than in Botta’s Serotine ( E. bottae ) and generally Y-shaped, with moderate to deep basal bifurcation, being slightly deflected ventrally at base. Skull is robust; rostrum is broad with lateral concavities; zygomatic arches are widely flared; braincase is ovoid, with prominent flanges in mastoid region; sagittal crest is low but conspicuous; lambdoidal crests are moderately developed; palate is broad compared with Botta’s Serotine and its relatives; tympanic bullae are small; and condylo-basal lengths are 18:5-22 mm. I* is large and broad, with conspicuous secondary cusp; I’ is small, barely exceeding cingulum of I* in height; P* is about one-half the height of C'; M? is reduced; P, is onehalf the crown area and height of P; and lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50, FNa = 48-50, and FN = 52-54.	Semi-desert, shrublands, urban areas (often around streetlamps), agricultural lands (overcattle pasture), forests, wetlands, and high-elevation pastures from sea level up to elevations of c¢. 1440 m . The Eurasian Serotine forages in open areas such as agricultural lands, forest edges, riparian vegetation, parks in human settlements with isolated trees and open spaces, orchards, pastures, and specifically above water bodies, where insect availability tends to be higher.	Foraging activity of the Eurasian Serotine is assumed to be more common in forest edges and pastures, tall hedgerows, and open areas with isolated trees, where they mostly feed on Coleoptera supplemented with Lepidoptera, Heteroptera , and Diptera . Eurasian Serotines also eat other arthropods, including Hemiptera , Hymenoptera, Auchenorrhyncha , and Orthoptera . Diet shifts throughout the year based on prey availability. Eurasian Serotines are adapted to fly slowly in open areas,as evident by their wide wings. Typical prey is relatively large arthropods of 5-25 mm in length (e.g. dung beetles, moths, and cockchafers) and is mostly large flying insects. They can hunt in groups of severaltens of individuals in the same location, and these areas are usually situated close to their main roost (4-12 km). Eurasian Serotines are quite opportunistic and therefore flexible in terms of location and prey type, and they can adapt their hunting strategy according to insect availability. Although they are primarily aerial hawkers (capture of prey in flight), they can also capture insects that are resting on vegetation or on the ground (gleaning). In localities close to the ocean, Eurasian Serotines and Northern Serotines have been observed foraging over the ocean where insects are abundant.	Maternity colonies of female Eurasian Serotines and their young are formed in May—August. Appropriate internal roost temperature of maternity roosts is ¢.22°C. Mating occurs in autumn (September—October), usually just after the maternity period, and sperm is stored in the females’ reproductive tract over winter. Gestation averages c.52 days. Births usually take place in mid-June. Young start to fly at c.3 weeks of age, are able to forage by themselves after 5-6 weeks, and weaned after 6-7 weeks. Littersize is usually one (twins are rare). Females become sexually active between their first and second year. Oldest known individual was 19-5 years old.	Eurasian Serotines roost by day in a variety of places, such as cracks and crevices in cliffs, walls, and buildings and occasionally caves, typically found near entrances. Maternity colonies are mainly found in buildings (large unused cavities and also spaces behind cladding) but also hollow trees and rockfissures on occasion. Eurasian Serotines emerge c.20 minutes after sunset; emergence time is adjusted seasonally to moonlight conditions and can be altered by predation risk and poor weather. Activity is unimodal (peak at dusk) in spring and autumn and clearly bimodal (peaks at dusk and dawn) during lactation. Eurasian Serotines can visit up to ten different hunting sites per night and are relatively easy to identify at night by their slow but agile and highly maneuverable flight, with brief glides. It can fly up to 30 m high in a wide variety of habitats. It tends to commute from site to site using the fastest routes, following forest edges or hedgerows probably to increase commuting speed (normally at heights of 10-15 m). Search-call shape is FM/QCEF, with peak frequencies of generally 23-44 kHz. In Britain, average start frequency was 61-5 kHz, end frequency was 28-3 kHz, peak frequency was 33-7 kHz, and duration was 6-7 milliseconds. Recordings in Iran had start frequencies of 35-4-39-1 kHz, end frequencies of 23-9-25-3 kHz, peak frequencies of 25-5-30 kHz, durations of 7-2-12-4 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 83-3-246-5 milliseconds. Spanish recordings had maximum frequencies of 28-5-60 kHz, end frequencies of 19-24-5 kHz, peak frequencies of 22.7-28.8 kHz, durations of 5-16-3 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 96-:8-291 milliseconds. In general, echolocation of the Eurasian Serotine differs from other similar calls of sympatric species because ofits irregularity and lack of rhythm. Nevertheless, due to the large overlap in frequencies, the Eurasian Serotine tends to be classified in phonic groups containing several species with similar echolocation calls (e.g. Nyctalus spp. ).	The Eurasian Serotine is generally considered sedentary, and longest recorded movement is ¢. 330 km . Nevertheless, even though it is mostly sedentary, there is considerably high gene flow across continental Europe, suggesting a high dispersal rate. It generally roosts alone outside of the reproductive season in winter. Maternity colonies in the breeding season generally have 10-60 individuals, but colonies of up to 300 individuals have been reported. The Eurasian Serotine rarely switches roosts during the breeding season, switching roosts more often outside the breeding season. Males usually roost alone or in small groups of up to 20 individuals. Distances between summer and winter roosts are not well studied, but maximum reported distances between roosts were ¢. 50 km . In Britain, individual home ranges were 0-16 —47-6 km?. Eurasian Serotines either remain in roofs, cliffs, or cavities in building walls for the entire year or move to unknown winter roosts nearby. They occasionally share roosts with the Common Pipistrelle ( Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) or the Brown Long-eared Bat ( Plecotus auritus ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eurasian Serotine is very common throughout its distribution and considered abundant locally and regionally. In some areas,its populations seem to be increasing ( Denmark ), but in others, they are decreasing (Britain, Austria , and the Pannonian Basin). In Austria , due to the general decrease in numbers (70%), it has disappeared from lowlands in the eastern of the country. Major threats include roost disturbance, habitat loss and fragmentation, and eventual decrease in insect availability in certain areas due to massive insect control protocols.	Ahlén et al. (2009) | Artyushin, Bannikova et al. (2009) | Artyushin, Kruskop et al. (2018) | Artyushin, Lebedev, Bannikova & Kruskop (2012) | Asan (2001) | Baagee (1984, 2001b) | Benda & Gaisler (2015) | Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012) | Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008) | Benda, Hanak & Cerveny (2011) | Benda, Hanak, Horaéek et al. (2007) | Boshamer & Bekker (2006) | Catto, Hutson et al. (1996) | Catto, Racey & Stephenson (1995) | Dietz & Kiefer (2016) | Fedyk & Ruprecht (1983) | Felten (1971) | Harbusch (2003) | Harbusch & Racey (2006) | Horta et al. (2015) | Hutson, Spitzenberger, Aulagnier, Alcalde et al. (2008) | Hutterer et al. (2005) | Ibanez et al. (2006) | Jensen & Miller (1999) | Juste, Benda et al. (2013) | Juste, Bilgin et al. (2009) | Karatas (2019) | Karatas & Sézen (2007) | Kleiman (1969) | Mayer et al. (2007) | Mikula & Cmokové (2012) | Molur et al. (2002) | Moussy et al. (2015) | Parsons & Jones (2000) | Petrzelkova & Zukal (2001, 2003) | Robinson & Stebbings (1993, 1997) | Spitzenberger (2002) | Stantic-Pavlinic (2005) | Trujillo (1991) | Vaughan (1997) | Verboom & Huitema (1997) | Volleth et al. (2001) | Zagorodniuk (2009) | Zukal & Gajdosik (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398224/files/figure.png	196. Eurasian Serotine Eptesicus serotinus French: Sérotine commune / German: Eigentliche Breitfligelfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago hortelano Other common names: Big Brown Bat , Common Serotine Bat , European Serotine Bat , Serotine Bat , Silky Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio serotinus Schreber, 1774 , France . Eptesicus serotinus previously included E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus . Using mitochondrial and nuclear genes, J. Juste and colleagues in 2013 found that all three species were supported as distinct species, but each type of data found different relationships. Mitochondrial genes showed a paraphyletic E. serotinus , with the nominate form being sister to a clade including E. ogneuvt, the other E. serotinus clade (including subspecies mirza and turcomanus), and E. bottae whereas nuclear genes showed that all three of these taxa represented a single clade, with E. serotinus (including mirza and turcomanus) sister to E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus being sister to this clade. A similar situation was demonstrated by I. V. Artyushin and colleagues in 2018, where nuclear genes supported the traditional view that E. isabellinus and E. pachyomus are included under E. serotinus , but mitochondrial data showed them to be vastly distinct while E. serotinus was paraphyletic. Taxa turcomanus and mirza have sometimes been united as a separate species, but followingJuste and colleagues in 2013 and Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 and 2018, these taxa are included as subspecies of E. serotinus . Artyushin and colleagues in 2012 showed that there is gene flow between E. s. serotinus and E. s. turcomanus, supporting their conspecific status. There is extensive past hybridization between FE. serotinus and E. nilssonii that can make genetic studies difficult to conduct, especially using mitochondrial genes, and a number of genetic studies have found these species to be paraphyletic with one another. A new species, E. lobatus by I. Zagorodniuk in 2009, from Ukraine was recently described based on calcar distinctions (FE. lobatus having well-defined postcalcarial lobe), but this taxon is otherwise extremely similar to E. serotinus and probably represents a variant of the nominate subspecies, which it is synonymized under here. A new subspecies was recently described from Turkey , named FE. s. anatolicus by A. Karatag in 2019, but this name is preoccupied by E. anatolicus by H. Felten in 1971, making anatolicus ajunior homonym ofthe latter and invalidating the name, which is here considered a synonym of E. s. mirza. Exact distributional limits among FE. serotinus and E. pachyomus are still uncertain in Iran , Afghanistan , Pakistan , India , and China . Subspecies currently correspond to three morphotypes detected using morphological data and limited genetic data. Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. E.s.serotinusSchreber,1774—muchofEuropeexceptforSIberianPeninsulaandmostofScandinavia,beingfoundinSBritainandfromN&CIberianPeninsulaEtoextremeSScandinavia,SWEuropeanRussia,Caucasus,andN&ETurkeyalongwithnumerousMediterraneanIs(BalearicIs,Corsica,Sardinia,andSicily),includingIonian(Corfu)andAegeanIs(Samothrace,Lesbos,Skyros,Euboea,Samos,Crete,andRhodes). E.s. mirzade Filippi,1865— STurkey, WSyria, Lebanon, Israel,and NW,C&SW Iran. E. s. turcomanus Eversmann, 1840 — Central Asia in SC Russia , Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan , Turkmenistan , N Iran , Kyrgyzstan , Tajikistan , N Afghanistan , and NW China ( Xinjiang ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-82 mm, tail 39-65 mm, ear 14-22 mm, hindfoot 10-18 mm, forearm 48-58 mm; weight 18-25 g. The Eurasian Serotine is robust and considerably larger than its closest relative, the Northern Serotine (E. nilsson). Fur is long, dense, and silky. Dorsal pelage is generally smoky brown, with yellowish tinge (hairs have yellowish tips and dark bases), but can vary from dark brown to almost reddish in some individuals. Ventral pelage is paler, ranging from uniform gray to buffy gray or pale brownish. Bare parts of face, ears, limbs, and membranes are dark brown or blackish. Muzzle is robust and nearly naked, with well-defined glandular swellings on either side, and upper lip is fringed with fine hairs. Ears are moderately tall and subtriangular, with six transverse ridges, strong angular convexity on anterior border below one-half the height, basally convex posterior border (but straight below tip) inserted at base of antitragus, and rounded tips; tragus is less than one-half the ear length, with straight anterior border, gently convex posterior border, distinct notch Just above basal lobe, and bluntly pointed tip. Wings are wide and attached to base of each foot, with wingspan of ¢. 370 mm . Tail extends c¢.3-5 mm past margin of uropatagium, and calcar is well developed, sometimes having well-developed postcalcarial lobe but usually thisis ill defined. Baculum is short (1-1-4 mm long) but longer than in Botta’s Serotine ( E. bottae ) and generally Y-shaped, with moderate to deep basal bifurcation, being slightly deflected ventrally at base. Skull is robust; rostrum is broad with lateral concavities; zygomatic arches are widely flared; braincase is ovoid, with prominent flanges in mastoid region; sagittal crest is low but conspicuous; lambdoidal crests are moderately developed; palate is broad compared with Botta’s Serotine and its relatives; tympanic bullae are small; and condylo-basal lengths are 18:5-22 mm. I* is large and broad, with conspicuous secondary cusp; I’ is small, barely exceeding cingulum of I* in height; P* is about one-half the height of C'; M? is reduced; P, is onehalf the crown area and height of P; and lower molars are myotodont. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 50, FNa = 48-50, and FN = 52-54. Habitat. Semi-desert, shrublands, urban areas (often around streetlamps), agricultural lands (overcattle pasture), forests, wetlands, and high-elevation pastures from sea level up to elevations of c¢. 1440 m . The Eurasian Serotine forages in open areas such as agricultural lands, forest edges, riparian vegetation, parks in human settlements with isolated trees and open spaces, orchards, pastures, and specifically above water bodies, where insect availability tends to be higher. Food and Feeding. Foraging activity of the Eurasian Serotine is assumed to be more common in forest edges and pastures, tall hedgerows, and open areas with isolated trees, where they mostly feed on Coleoptera supplemented with Lepidoptera, Heteroptera , and Diptera . Eurasian Serotines also eat other arthropods, including Hemiptera , Hymenoptera, Auchenorrhyncha , and Orthoptera . Diet shifts throughout the year based on prey availability. Eurasian Serotines are adapted to fly slowly in open areas,as evident by their wide wings. Typical prey is relatively large arthropods of 5-25 mm in length (e.g. dung beetles, moths, and cockchafers) and is mostly large flying insects. They can hunt in groups of severaltens of individuals in the same location, and these areas are usually situated close to their main roost (4-12 km). Eurasian Serotines are quite opportunistic and therefore flexible in terms of location and prey type, and they can adapt their hunting strategy according to insect availability. Although they are primarily aerial hawkers (capture of prey in flight), they can also capture insects that are resting on vegetation or on the ground (gleaning). In localities close to the ocean, Eurasian Serotines and Northern Serotines have been observed foraging over the ocean where insects are abundant. Breeding. Maternity colonies of female Eurasian Serotines and their young are formed in May—August. Appropriate internal roost temperature of maternity roosts is ¢.22°C. Mating occurs in autumn (September—October), usually just after the maternity period, and sperm is stored in the females’ reproductive tract over winter. Gestation averages c.52 days. Births usually take place in mid-June. Young start to fly at c.3 weeks of age, are able to forage by themselves after 5-6 weeks, and weaned after 6-7 weeks. Littersize is usually one (twins are rare). Females become sexually active between their first and second year. Oldest known individual was 19-5 years old. Activity patterns. Eurasian Serotines roost by day in a variety of places, such as cracks and crevices in cliffs, walls, and buildings and occasionally caves, typically found near entrances. Maternity colonies are mainly found in buildings (large unused cavities and also spaces behind cladding) but also hollow trees and rockfissures on occasion. Eurasian Serotines emerge c.20 minutes after sunset; emergence time is adjusted seasonally to moonlight conditions and can be altered by predation risk and poor weather. Activity is unimodal (peak at dusk) in spring and autumn and clearly bimodal (peaks at dusk and dawn) during lactation. Eurasian Serotines can visit up to ten different hunting sites per night and are relatively easy to identify at night by their slow but agile and highly maneuverable flight, with brief glides. It can fly up to 30 m high in a wide variety of habitats. It tends to commute from site to site using the fastest routes, following forest edges or hedgerows probably to increase commuting speed (normally at heights of 10-15 m). Search-call shape is FM/QCEF, with peak frequencies of generally 23-44 kHz. In Britain, average start frequency was 61-5 kHz, end frequency was 28-3 kHz, peak frequency was 33-7 kHz, and duration was 6-7 milliseconds. Recordings in Iran had start frequencies of 35-4-39-1 kHz, end frequencies of 23-9-25-3 kHz, peak frequencies of 25-5-30 kHz, durations of 7-2-12-4 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 83-3-246-5 milliseconds. Spanish recordings had maximum frequencies of 28-5-60 kHz, end frequencies of 19-24-5 kHz, peak frequencies of 22.7-28.8 kHz, durations of 5-16-3 milliseconds, and interpulse intervals of 96-:8-291 milliseconds. In general, echolocation of the Eurasian Serotine differs from other similar calls of sympatric species because ofits irregularity and lack of rhythm. Nevertheless, due to the large overlap in frequencies, the Eurasian Serotine tends to be classified in phonic groups containing several species with similar echolocation calls (e.g. Nyctalus spp. ). Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Eurasian Serotine is generally considered sedentary, and longest recorded movement is ¢. 330 km . Nevertheless, even though it is mostly sedentary, there is considerably high gene flow across continental Europe, suggesting a high dispersal rate. It generally roosts alone outside of the reproductive season in winter. Maternity colonies in the breeding season generally have 10-60 individuals, but colonies of up to 300 individuals have been reported. The Eurasian Serotine rarely switches roosts during the breeding season, switching roosts more often outside the breeding season. Males usually roost alone or in small groups of up to 20 individuals. Distances between summer and winter roosts are not well studied, but maximum reported distances between roosts were ¢. 50 km . In Britain, individual home ranges were 0-16 —47-6 km?. Eurasian Serotines either remain in roofs, cliffs, or cavities in building walls for the entire year or move to unknown winter roosts nearby. They occasionally share roosts with the Common Pipistrelle ( Pipistrellus pipistrellus ) or the Brown Long-eared Bat ( Plecotus auritus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Eurasian Serotine is very common throughout its distribution and considered abundant locally and regionally. In some areas,its populations seem to be increasing ( Denmark ), but in others, they are decreasing (Britain, Austria , and the Pannonian Basin). In Austria , due to the general decrease in numbers (70%), it has disappeared from lowlands in the eastern of the country. Major threats include roost disturbance, habitat loss and fragmentation, and eventual decrease in insect availability in certain areas due to massive insect control protocols. Bibliography. Ahlén et al. (2009), Artyushin, Bannikova et al. (2009), Artyushin, Kruskop et al. (2018), Artyushin, Lebedev, Bannikova & Kruskop (2012), Asan (2001), Baagee (1984, 2001b), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolahi et al. (2012), Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008), Benda, Hanak & Cerveny (2011), Benda, Hanak, Horaéek et al. (2007), Boshamer & Bekker (2006), Catto, Hutson et al. (1996), Catto, Racey & Stephenson (1995), Dietz & Kiefer (2016), Fedyk & Ruprecht (1983), Felten (1971), Harbusch (2003), Harbusch & Racey (2006), Horta et al. (2015), Hutson, Spitzenberger, Aulagnier, Alcalde et al. (2008), Hutterer et al. (2005), Ibanez et al. (2006), Jensen & Miller (1999), Juste, Benda et al. (2013), Juste, Bilgin et al. (2009), Karatas (2019), Karatas & Sézen (2007), Kleiman (1969), Mayer et al. (2007), Mikula & Cmokové (2012), Molur et al. (2002), Moussy et al. (2015), Parsons & Jones (2000), Petrzelkova & Zukal (2001, 2003), Robinson & Stebbings (1993, 1997), Spitzenberger (2002), Stantic-Pavlinic (2005), Trujillo (1991), Vaughan (1997), Verboom & Huitema (1997), Volleth et al. (2001), Zagorodniuk (2009), Zukal & Gajdosik (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus serotinus	Eptesicus	Cnephaeus	serotinus	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	0.1576	Common Serotine	 albescens  Karelin, 1875 [ nomen nudum ]; incisivus Crespon, 1844; insularis Cabrera, 1904; intermedius Ognev, 1927; okenii Brehm, 1827; rufescens Koch, 1865; serotine M&uuml;ller, 1776; sodalis Barrett-Hamilton, 1910; transsylvanus Daday, 1885; turcomanus Eversmann, 1840; typus Koch, 1865; wiedii Brehm, 1827; <b> horikawai </b> Kishida, 1924; <b>mirza</b> de Filippi, 1865; <b>pashtonus</b> Gaisler, 1970; <b> shirazensis </b> Dobson, 1871; . <b>Unassigned</b>: gabonensis Trouessart, 1897 [see discussion in Hayman and Hill, 1971].	France.	W Europe through Turkey and S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean. Koopman (1993) listed "perhaps Subsaharan Africa" under his account of the range of this species, but there are no known records from that region (M. Happold, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Cnephaeus . Does not include isabellinus , pachyomus or pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas , which are subspecies of pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai , apparently a subspecies of isabellinus ; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus . See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis ; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978 c ). Includes horikawai ; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus ; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops . Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001 c ). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus (Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Eptesicus serotinus	23	Eurasian Serotine	Big Brown Bat|Common Serotine Bat|European Serotine Bat|Silky Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	EPTESICINI	Eptesicus	Cnephaeus	serotinus	von Schreber	1774	1						France.			serotinus (von Schreber, 1774)|serotine (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)|okenii (Brehm, 1827)|wiedii (Brehm, 1827)|turcomanus (Eversmann, 1840)|incisivus (Crespon, 1844)|mirza (de Filippi, 1865)|rufescens (L. Koch, 1865)|typus (L. Koch, 1865)|shirazensis (Dobson, 1871)|albescens (Karelin, 1875) [nomen nudum]|transsylvanus (Daday, 1885)|gabonensis (Trouessart, 1897)|insularis (Cabrera, 1904)|sodalis (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910)|intermedius Ognev, 1927|kobayashii Mori, 1928|pashtonus Gaisler, 1970|lobatus Zagorodniuk, 2009|anatolicus KarataÅŸ, 2018	previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; tentatively includes kobayashii; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined	Zagorodniuk, I. 2009. Morphology of post-calcarial lobe in bats and its variation in Eptesicus "serotinus" (Mammalia). Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Biology, 51: 157–175. (In Ukrainian)|Juste, J., Benda, P., Garcia-Mudarra, J. L., & Ibanez, C. (2013). Phylogeny and systematics of Old World serotine bats (genus Eptesicus, Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera): an integrative approach. Zoologica Scripta, 42(5), 441-457.|Zagorodniuk, I., & Kandaurov, A. Biogeography of the serotine bat Eptesicus lobatus: a hypothesis on Caucasian roots based on morphological data. Novitates Theriologicae, 9, 96-104.	United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Netherlands|Luxembourg|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Iran|Kazakhstan|Uzbekistan|Turkmenistan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|China	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	90000000	Eptesicus serotinus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Eptesicus	serotinus	Schreber, 1774		200000000	Eptesicus serotinus	Least Concern		2021	2019-07-04 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This is a very widespread and abundant species. Global and regional population trends are difficult to determine, as the species is decreasing in some range states (sometimes dramatically) whilst increasing in others. Overall, it is not believed to approach the threshold for the population decline criterion of the IUCN Red List (i.e. declining more than 30% in ten years or three generations). For these reasons, it is evaluated as Least Concern.	In the summer, both maternity colonies and males predominantly occupy roosts in buildings, such as attics, voids behind sheathing and shutters etc. It sometimes roosts in ventilation shafts of buildings or joints in bridges. It prefers summer roosts which offer diverse microclimate, so that the animals can choose their location according to the outdoor temperature. Individual, mostly male serotines occasionally use tree caves or nesting boxes (Baagoe 2001, Simon et al. 2004, Dietz et al. 2009). Nurseries usually consist of 10-60 female, but colonies of up to 300 females have also been reported. Sometimes there are also male colonies with up to 20 individuals . Serotines hibernate mostly in deep cavities in buildings at the distance of 40-50 km from a summer roost, but records from underground sites are also quiet frequent (Dietz et al. 2009). E. serotinus is an edge and open-area specialist. It can glean insects from vegetation or the ground but the predominant foraging strategy is aerial hawking (Baagøe 2001). It usually forages around and in the canopy of trees. In open pastures, it can fly close to the ground or up to 20 m with sudden steep dives. The species often feeds along roads and around street lamps. Main prey taxa are associated with semi-open and open habitats such as meadows and pastures with tree groups, hedges or woodland edges. The distance to foraging sites can reach 5–7 km, but usually serotines spend around 90% of their foraging time at distances smaller than 2 km from the maternity roost. A high percentage of traditional feeding sites is used by the colonies in subsequent years Faecal analyses of the serotine bat in different parts of its European range revealed predominantly Coleoptera (e.g. Aphodius, Melolonthinae, Necrophorus), Lepidoptera, Diptera, Trichoptera, Hemiptera and Hymenoptera (see Kyheröinen et al. 2019 for the review of literature). It is fairly sedentary bat species, with movements up to 330 km recorded (Havekost 1960). It is known to attain 24 years (Steffens et al. 2007).	In Europe affected by habitat loss and disturbance and destruction of colonies in houses and in underground hibernation sites. Renovation and refurbishment of buildings, especially churches, lead to losses of quarters and roosting possibilities. It also suffers from the agricultural intensification due to loss of insect-rich meadows and pastures as hunting grounds through abandonment of free-range farming, more frequent mowing, increased fertilisation or conversion into arable land. Loss of hunting grounds due to increased agricultural use (e.g. through maize cultivation, energy crop cultivation, monocultures and consequent disappearance of hedges, borders and small-scale structured, insect-rich cultural and open landscapes is also a significant threat in developed countries (Simon et al. 2013). The species is at high risk of collisions with vehicles (Fensome, Mathews 2016). It is sensitive to light pollution at daytime roosts, commuting routes, drinking sites and in hibernacula (Voigt et al. 2018).The species is a host of the rabies-related virus EBLV1. There is increasing interest in the occurrence, risk to humans and epidemiology of this virus (e.g. Stantic-Pavlinic 2005), which could have an effect on the public image of this house-dependent bat.	In the EU, conservational status was favourable only in Pannonian biogeographical region, whereas it was unfavourable-inadequate in Alpine, Atlantic, Black Sea, Boreal, Continental, Mediterranean and Steppic regions (EEA 2013). At the same time, the stable population trend was observed in Belarus (Shpak 2018) and Ukraine (Ukraine 2018). The species obviously extended the range northwards in Russia (Sitnikova et al. 2009), although its population trend is uncertain everywhere in this country (S. Gazaryan, pers. comm. 2019).	Stable	Eptesicus serotinus occurs across the Palearctic from Portugal eastwards to Central Asia and Himalayas (Artyushin et al. 2012, Juste et al. 2013, Artyushin et al. 2018). It occurs north up to about 57ºN in Denmark. In the Middle East, it was recorded from Syria, Israel and Lebanon. Records from the Canary Islands (Lanzarote) refer to a single vagrant that died shortly after arrival (Trujillo 1991). Its known altitudinal range is from -20 m under sea level on the Caspian coast (Gazaryan, Dzhamirzoev 2005) to 1,440 m in the Alps (Spitzenberger 2002) and 2,493 m in the Caucasus (Rakhmatulina 2005).		Terrestrial	It is protected by national legislation in overwhelming number of the states within its European range, except Russia and Kazakhstan. Any information on its protection in Central Asia is absent. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) and EUROBATS Agreement. It is included in Appendix II of the Council of Europe’s Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (Bern Convention). Also included in Annex IV of EU Habitats and Species Directive. Important habitats are partially protected by Natura 2000 sites and national networks of protected areas.	Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Eptesicus	Cnephaeus	serotinus	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	0.157639	Common Serotine	 albescens  Karelin, 1875 [ nomen nudum ]; incisivus Crespon, 1844; insularis Cabrera, 1904; intermedius Ognev, 1927; okenii Brehm, 1827; rufescens Koch, 1865; serotine M&uuml;ller, 1776; sodalis Barrett-Hamilton, 1910; transsylvanus Daday, 1885; turcomanus Eversmann, 1840; typus Koch, 1865; wiedii Brehm, 1827; <b> horikawai </b> Kishida, 1924; <b>mirza</b> de Filippi, 1865; <b>pashtonus</b> Gaisler, 1970; <b> shirazensis </b> Dobson, 1871; . <b>Unassigned</b>: gabonensis Trouessart, 1897 [see discussion in Hayman and Hill, 1971].	France.	W Europe through Turkey and S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean. Koopman (1993) listed "perhaps Subsaharan Africa" under his account of the range of this species, but there are no known records from that region (M. Happold, pers. comm.)	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Cnephaeus . Does not include isabellinus , pachyomus or pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas , which are subspecies of pachyotis ; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai , apparently a subspecies of isabellinus ; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus . See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis ; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978 c ). Includes horikawai ; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus ; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019), although this may be a synonym of intermedius ; see Zagorodniuk and Kandaurov (2015). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops . Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001 c ). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus (Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).	Eptesicus serotinus	1005531	23	Eurasian Serotine	Big Brown Bat|Common Serotine Bat|European Serotine Bat|Silky Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	EPTESICINI	Eptesicus	Cnephaeus	serotinus	von Schreber	1774	1						France.			serotinus (von Schreber, 1774)|serotine (P. L. S. Müller, 1776)|okenii (Brehm, 1827)|wiedii (Brehm, 1827)|turcomanus (Eversmann, 1840)|incisivus (Crespon, 1844)|mirza (de Filippi, 1865)|rufescens (L. Koch, 1865)|typus (L. Koch, 1865)|shirazensis (Dobson, 1871)|albescens (Karelin, 1875) [nomen nudum]|transsylvanus (Daday, 1885)|gabonensis (Trouessart, 1897)|insularis (Cabrera, 1904)|sodalis (Barrett-Hamilton, 1910)|intermedius Ognev, 1927|pashtonus Gaisler, 1970|lobatus Zagorodniuk, 2009|anatolicus KarataÅŸ, 2018	previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; may include E. kobayashii, but the species is tentatively retained here; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined	Zagorodniuk, I. 2009. Morphology of post-calcarial lobe in bats and its variation in Eptesicus "serotinus" (Mammalia). Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Biology, 51: 157–175. (In Ukrainian)|Juste, J., Benda, P., Garcia-Mudarra, J. L., & Ibanez, C. (2013). Phylogeny and systematics of Old World serotine bats (genus Eptesicus, Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera): an integrative approach. Zoologica Scripta, 42(5), 441-457.|Zagorodniuk, I., & Kandaurov, A. Biogeography of the serotine bat Eptesicus lobatus: a hypothesis on Caucasian roots based on morphological data. Novitates Theriologicae, 9, 96-104.				United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Netherlands|Luxembourg|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Iran|Kazakhstan|Uzbekistan|Turkmenistan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|China	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Cnephaeus_serotinus	1005531	23	Eurasian Serotine	Big Brown Bat|Common Serotine Bat|European Serotine Bat|Silky Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Nycticeiini	Cnephaeus	NA	serotinus	von Schreber	1	Vespertilio serotinus	Schreber, J.C.D. von. 1774. pl. 53. P. pl. 53 in Schreber, J.C.D. von. 1774-1855. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen. Walther, Erlangen.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31060100				France.			previously included E. pachyomus and E. isabellinus; may include E. kobayashii, but the species is tentatively retained here; the species also includes the recently described lobatus, which was described for populations from Ukraine to the Caucasus; these populations likely represent either the taxon turcomanus or mirza, which may be distinct species in their own right (either two distinct species, or a single species including both names); the taxonomic status of the eastern portion of the distribution of E. serotinus has yet to be determined; moved from Eptesicus to Cnephaeus	Zagorodniuk, I. 2009. Morphology of post-calcarial lobe in bats and its variation in Eptesicus "serotinus" (Mammalia). Visnyk of the Lviv University. Series Biology, 51: 157–175. (In Ukrainian)|Juste, J., Benda, P., Garcia-Mudarra, J. L., & Ibanez, C. (2013). Phylogeny and systematics of Old World serotine bats (genus Eptesicus, Vespertilionidae, Chiroptera): an integrative approach. Zoologica Scripta, 42(5), 441-457.|Zagorodniuk, I., & Kandaurov, A. Biogeography of the serotine bat Eptesicus lobatus: a hypothesis on Caucasian roots based on morphological data. Novitates Theriologicae, 9, 96-104.|Cláudio, V. C., Novaes, R. L., Gardner, A. L., Nogueira, M. R., Wilson, D. E., Maldonado, J. E., ... & Moratelli, R. (2023). Taxonomic re-evaluation of New World Eptesicus and Histiotus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), with the description of a new genus. Zoologia (Curitiba), 40, e22029.				United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Netherlands|Luxembourg|Germany|Denmark|Sweden|Switzerland|Liechtenstein|Italy|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Belarus|Lithuania|Latvia|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Iran|Kazakhstan|Uzbekistan|Turkmenistan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|China	Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC (as Eptesicus serotinus)	0	0	0	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	sciname match	Eptesicus_serotinus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Cnephaeus		serotinus	Schreber	1774	1	Die S&auml;ugethiere	1: 167, pl. LIIL	Common Serotine	albescens  Karelin, 1875 [nomen nudum]; incisivus Crespon, 1844; insularis Cabrera, 1904; intermedius Ognev, 1927; okenii Brehm, 1827; rufescens Koch, 1865; serotine M&uuml;ller, 1776; sodalis Barrett-Hamilton, 1910; transsylvanus Daday, 1885; turcomanus Eversmann, 1840; typus Koch, 1865; wiedii Brehm, 1827; horikawai Kishida, 1924; mirza de Filippi, 1865; pashtonus Gaisler, 1970; shirazensis Dobson, 1871; . Unassigned: gabonensis Trouessart, 1897 [see discussion in Hayman and Hill, 1971].	France.	W Europe through Turkey and S Asiatic Russia to Himalayas, Thailand and China, north to Korea; Taiwan; S England; N Africa; most islands in Mediterranean. Koopman (1993) listed "perhaps Subsaharan Africa" under his account of the range of this species, but there are no known records from that region (M. Happold, pers. comm.)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/85199559/195834153/' target='_blank'>Least Concern as Eptesicus serotinus</a>	Does not include isabellinus, pachyomus or pachyotis; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include andersoni or pallas, which are subspecies of pachyotis; see Juste et al. (2012). Does not include boscai, apparently a subspecies of isabellinus; see Juste et al. (2012). Revised by Gaisler (1970), who noted that shiraziensis may be synonymous with turcomanicus. See Juste et al. (2012) for a discussion of the validity of subsepcies mirza and turcomanus. Includes sodalis; see Gaisler (1970) and Corbet (1978c). Includes horikawai; see Jones (1975). Includes lobatus; see López-Baucells and Burgin (2019), although this may be a synonym of intermedius; see Zagorodniuk and Kandaurov (2015). See additional comments under fuscus and platyops. Reviewed in part by Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Hor&aacute;cek et al. (2000), and Baag&oslash;e (2001c). One widely used mitochondrial sequence purportedly from this taxon has been shown to be a chimera of Vesprtilio sinensis and Hypsuog alaschanicus(Sangster and Luksenburg, 2020).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Eptesicus serotinus; Eptesicus serotinus; Eptesicus serotinus; Eptesicus serotinus; Eptesicus serotinus; Eptesicus serotinus; serotinus; andersoni; boscai; horikawai; isabellinus; pachyomus; pallens; pashtonus; shirazensis; turcomanus; incisivus; insularis; intermedius; mirza; okenii; rufescens; serotine; sodalis; transsylvanus; typus; wiedii; boscai - meridionalis; pallens - brachydigitatus; pallidus; turcomanus - albescens; Unassigned - gabonensis; serotinus; mirzade; turcomanus; lobatus; mirza - anatolicus; horikawai; mirza; pashtonus; shirazensis; albescens; incisivus; insularis; intermedius; okenii; rufescens; serotine; sodalis; transsylvanus; turcomanus; typus; wiedii; Unassigned - gabonensis; serotinus; serotine; okenii; wiedii; turcomanus; incisivus; mirza; rufescens; typus; shirazensis; albescens; transsylvanus; gabonensis; insularis; sodalis; intermedius; kobayashii; pashtonus; lobatus; anatolicus; Sérotine commune; Eigentliche Breitfligelfledermaus; Murciélagohortelano; Big Brown Bat; Common Serotine Bat; European Serotine Bat; Serotine Bat; Silky Bat; Eurasian Serotine; Big Brown Bat; Common Serotine Bat; European Serotine Bat; Silky Bat; Common Serotine; Common Serotine; E. serotinus