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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1675	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Eptesicus regulus	Eptesicus regulus	Pipistrellus regulus	Eptesicus regulus	Pipistrellus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus regulus		[MSW2] Subgenus Vespadelus. See McKean et al. (1978:532, 534).; [MSW3] pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).; [HMW] Pipuistrellus regulus Thomas, 1906 , “King River ... near Albany, King George’s Sound [ Western Australia , Australia ]. Sea-level.” Vespadelus regulus may actually comprise two distinct species, one in the east and the other in the west. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).; [batnames2023]  pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).; [batnames2025_1.7] pumilusspecies group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).														regulus				regulus	regulus			regulus (O. Thomas, 1906)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		SW, SE Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Eptesicus regulus	Australia, Western Australia, King Georges Sound, King River (near Albany).	Thomas	1906	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906:470, 471.	Distribution: Confined to southwestern and southeastern Australia, including Tasmania.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	King River bat	SW, S, SE Australia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1906	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906:470, 471.	Subgenus Vespadelus. See McKean et al. (1978:532, 534).	SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.	Australia, Western Australia, King Georges Sound, King River (near Albany).		THOMAS	1906	Size fairly small (forearm length, 29-33 mm). Forehead relatively flat. Rostrum relatively slender.	Distribution: Confined to southwestern and southeastern Australia, including Tasmania.	No subspecies.		116	species	P. regulus	THOMAS	1906	Vespadelus	subgenus	Pipistrellus regulus				Size fairly small (forearm length, 29-33 mm). Forehead relatively flat. Rostrum relatively slender.	No subspecies.		51. P. regulus (THOMAS 1906).	51	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus		regulus	Thomas	y	1906		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1906		470, 471		Southern Forest Bat	Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound, King River (near Albany).	SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as Eptesicus regulus.		pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).	4C3D87E8FFD96A66FF539F3819BFBCE8	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	794	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFDF6A61FA5692631D99B864.xml	Vespadelus regulus	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus	regulus	Thomas	1906	Vespertilion de King River @fr | Sidliche Waldfledermaus @de | Vespadela de King River @es | King River Little Bat @en | King River Pipistrelle @en | Little Bat @en	Pipuistrellus regulus Thomas, 1906 , “King River ... near Albany, King George’s Sound [ Western Australia , Australia ]. Sea-level.” Vespadelus regulus may actually comprise two distinct species, one in the east and the other in the west. Monotypic.	S & SE Australia , from S Western Australia to Victoria , S & E New South Wales , and extreme SE Queensland ; also Kangaroo I and Tasmania .	Head—body 36-2-46-6 mm, tail 28-5-39 mm, ear 9-12-9 mm, forearm 28-34-4 mm; weight 3-6-7 g. Dorsal pelage varies from reddish brown to brown to gray; ventral pelage is generally gray to grayish white (hairs distinctly bicolored, with dark base). Ears and wings are dark gray, and face is pinkish brown. Ears are small and rounded triangular with smoothly convex anterior edge; tragus is narrow, anteriorly straight or slightly concave, posteriorly convex, and with rounded tip and slight posterobasal lobe; tragus is usually dark. Uropatagium reachesto tip oftail. Penis is pendulous and clearly swollen; glans penis has deep furrow on underside and is enclosed by large lateral folds, and distal end is smooth and round with a slightly raised dorsal hump; urethral opening is ventral and approximately centrally located on head of glans, and is enclosed by a large lateral fold on either side. Baculum is moderately long (mean 3-8 mm), is elongate dart-shaped in dorsal view, with moderate basal bifurcation, is slightly expanded laterally at base, and is mostly straight in lateral view with tip bent somewhat upward. Skull is of moderate length; lambdoidal crest is moderately to well developed; anterior narial notch is U-shaped; rostrum is moderately long. I? is bicuspid, I’ is unicuspid; P* is much smaller than C!, and within tooth row; crista linking base of metacone and hypocone on M' is absent,slight, or moderate (absent or slight in south-western and eastern distribution), and absent or slight on M2.	Occurs in a variety of habitats such as rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, shrublands and low shrub woodlands, mixed temperate woodlands, mallee, and open woodlands. Recorded from sea level to 1700 m in Victoria .	Southern Forest Bats forage in forested areas, particularly in mature forests with dense vegetation. They are very maneuverable and readily fly close to vegetation, making quick spirals and gliding arcs to change direction in pursuit of prey. They can reach speeds of 5-25 km/h. They tend to have a small foraging range of less than 10 ha. Diet varies across the range and by season, based on availability. In Tasmania , they fed mainly on moths and beetles, but also some flies, true bugs, and termites. In Victoria , they ate mostly flies, true bugs, and moths with some beetles,true bugs, and ants.	Southern Forest Bats breed once per year before hibernating. Spermatogenesis peaks in January before mating begins in April. Sperm is stored in the epididymis and breeding continues into winter, when males will arouse from hibernation to mate. A copulatory plug develops in the female’s vagina after mating, and ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring. Gestation takes c.3 months. Litter consists of single young born in late November or early December; weaning takes place after six weeks. Volant subadults first appear in January and February. In southern Tasmania , births occur a month later, from late December to early January. Maximum life span recorded is eight years, with a mean life expectancy of 2-3-2 years.	Southern Forest Bats forage at night, leaving their roosts at dusk. They appear to become torpid during the day in their roosts, all year. Roosts are selected to be high aboveground in live trees with very little surrounding vegetation. The bats hibernate through winter in a deep torpid state but will wake regularly to forage and mate. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF. There is some variation in characteristic frequency throughout the distribution: 45-46 kHz in north-eastern New South Wales ; 40-43 kHz in south-eastern New South Wales ; and 54-55 kHz in southern New South Wales .	Southern Forest Bats roost in colonies of up to 100 individuals in tree hollows or houses. Males usually roost separately from females except during the breeding season. Females seem to roost in larger colonies than males. The bats change roosts frequently, traveling only a short distance to find a new roost.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are currently no major threats affecting the Southern Forest Bat, although it is sensitive to extreme forest fragmentation, avoiding small forest remnants, corridors, and open areas.	Churchill (2008) | Hosken et al. (1998) | Kitchener & Halse (1978) | Kitchener et al. (1987) | Law & Chidel (2002) | Law, Chidel & Law (2018) | Law, Reinhold & Pennay (2002) | Lumsden & Bennett (1995) | Lumsden, Reardon & Pennay (2008b) | O'Neill & Taylor (1986) | Taylor & Savva (1990) | Tidemann (1993) | Tidemann & Flavel (1987) | Tidemann & Law (2008) | Turbill (2009) | Webala etal. (2010)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397918/files/figure.png	70. Southern Forest Bat Vespadelus regulus French: Vespertilion de King River / German: Sidliche Waldfledermaus / Spanish: Vespadela de King River Other common names: King River Little Bat , King River Pipistrelle , Little Bat Taxonomy. Pipuistrellus regulus Thomas, 1906 , “King River ... near Albany, King George’s Sound [ Western Australia , Australia ]. Sea-level.” Vespadelus regulus may actually comprise two distinct species, one in the east and the other in the west. Monotypic. Distribution. S & SE Australia , from S Western Australia to Victoria , S & E New South Wales , and extreme SE Queensland ; also Kangaroo I and Tasmania . Descriptive notes. Head—body 36-2-46-6 mm, tail 28-5-39 mm, ear 9-12-9 mm, forearm 28-34-4 mm; weight 3-6-7 g. Dorsal pelage varies from reddish brown to brown to gray; ventral pelage is generally gray to grayish white (hairs distinctly bicolored, with dark base). Ears and wings are dark gray, and face is pinkish brown. Ears are small and rounded triangular with smoothly convex anterior edge; tragus is narrow, anteriorly straight or slightly concave, posteriorly convex, and with rounded tip and slight posterobasal lobe; tragus is usually dark. Uropatagium reachesto tip oftail. Penis is pendulous and clearly swollen; glans penis has deep furrow on underside and is enclosed by large lateral folds, and distal end is smooth and round with a slightly raised dorsal hump; urethral opening is ventral and approximately centrally located on head of glans, and is enclosed by a large lateral fold on either side. Baculum is moderately long (mean 3-8 mm), is elongate dart-shaped in dorsal view, with moderate basal bifurcation, is slightly expanded laterally at base, and is mostly straight in lateral view with tip bent somewhat upward. Skull is of moderate length; lambdoidal crest is moderately to well developed; anterior narial notch is U-shaped; rostrum is moderately long. I? is bicuspid, I’ is unicuspid; P* is much smaller than C!, and within tooth row; crista linking base of metacone and hypocone on M' is absent,slight, or moderate (absent or slight in south-western and eastern distribution), and absent or slight on M2. Habitat. Occurs in a variety of habitats such as rainforests, wet and dry sclerophyll forests, shrublands and low shrub woodlands, mixed temperate woodlands, mallee, and open woodlands. Recorded from sea level to 1700 m in Victoria . Food and Feeding. Southern Forest Bats forage in forested areas, particularly in mature forests with dense vegetation. They are very maneuverable and readily fly close to vegetation, making quick spirals and gliding arcs to change direction in pursuit of prey. They can reach speeds of 5-25 km/h. They tend to have a small foraging range of less than 10 ha. Diet varies across the range and by season, based on availability. In Tasmania , they fed mainly on moths and beetles, but also some flies, true bugs, and termites. In Victoria , they ate mostly flies, true bugs, and moths with some beetles,true bugs, and ants. Breeding. Southern Forest Bats breed once per year before hibernating. Spermatogenesis peaks in January before mating begins in April. Sperm is stored in the epididymis and breeding continues into winter, when males will arouse from hibernation to mate. A copulatory plug develops in the female’s vagina after mating, and ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring. Gestation takes c.3 months. Litter consists of single young born in late November or early December; weaning takes place after six weeks. Volant subadults first appear in January and February. In southern Tasmania , births occur a month later, from late December to early January. Maximum life span recorded is eight years, with a mean life expectancy of 2-3-2 years. Activity patterns. Southern Forest Bats forage at night, leaving their roosts at dusk. They appear to become torpid during the day in their roosts, all year. Roosts are selected to be high aboveground in live trees with very little surrounding vegetation. The bats hibernate through winter in a deep torpid state but will wake regularly to forage and mate. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF. There is some variation in characteristic frequency throughout the distribution: 45-46 kHz in north-eastern New South Wales ; 40-43 kHz in south-eastern New South Wales ; and 54-55 kHz in southern New South Wales . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Southern Forest Bats roost in colonies of up to 100 individuals in tree hollows or houses. Males usually roost separately from females except during the breeding season. Females seem to roost in larger colonies than males. The bats change roosts frequently, traveling only a short distance to find a new roost. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. There are currently no major threats affecting the Southern Forest Bat, although it is sensitive to extreme forest fragmentation, avoiding small forest remnants, corridors, and open areas. Bibliography. Churchill (2008), Hosken et al. (1998), Kitchener & Halse (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), Law & Chidel (2002), Law, Chidel & Law (2018), Law, Reinhold & Pennay (2002), Lumsden & Bennett (1995), Lumsden, Reardon & Pennay (2008b), O'Neill & Taylor (1986), Taylor & Savva (1990), Tidemann (1993), Tidemann & Flavel (1987), Tidemann & Law (2008), Turbill (2009), Webala etal. (2010).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus regulus	Vespadelus		regulus	Thomas	1906	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1906: 470, 471	Southern Forest Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound, King River (near Albany).	SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Vespadelus regulus	23	Southern Forest Bat	King River Little Bat|King River Pipistrelle|Little Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Vespadelus	NA	regulus	O. Thomas	1906	1	Pipistrellus_regulus	Thomas, O. (1906). On mammals collected in South-west Australia for Mr. W. E. Balston. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1906, 470.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97669#page/44/mode/1up	BM 1906.8.1.18		"King River … near Albany, King George's Sound [Western Australia, Australia]. Sea-level."			regulus (O. Thomas, 1906)	NA	NA	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_regulus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_regulus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7939	Vespadelus regulus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Vespadelus	regulus	(Thomas, 1906)		200000000	Vespadelus regulus	Least Concern		2021	2019-07-07 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population size and occurrence in a range of habitats and in numerous protected areas, and its tolerance of a degree of habitat modification. It is assumed that the large distribution and population size ensures the stability of the species, and if there is, or has been a recent, population decline that the magnitude or rate of this decline is not sufficient to meet IUCN criteria for a threat category. However, it is important to note that due to a lack of broad-scale, long-term population monitoring, there are no hard data to support or reject this assumption.	This is one of the smallest nocturnal insectivorous bats in Australia. It has been recorded from a wide range of habitats including wet and dry sclerophyll forest, shrubland, low shrub woodland, mixed temperate woodland, and mallee (Tidemann and Law 2008), as well as remnant vegetation in farmland and in urban areas with high tree cover (Lumsden and Bennett 2005). It roosts primarily in tree hollows but will also roost in buildings, with colonies of up to 100 animals recorded (Tidemann and Law 2008). It preys on a wide range of flying insects, with moths being regularly consumed. Females give birth to a single young after a gestation period of about three months following mating in autumn and sperm storage over winter (Tidemann and Law 2008).	This species is dependent on trees for roosting and foraging, and so it is susceptible to habitat loss and degradation due to ongoing decline of mature trees. Feral and domestic cats are known to prey on the species.	It is a common species (Tidemann and Law 2008). The population is currently assumed to be relatively stable as there is no evidence of a decline, although there is continuing loss of hollow-bearing trees throughout much of its range. There are no long-term monitoring programs to confirm status or trends.	Stable	This species is endemic to southern Australia, including the island of Tasmania, occurring from south-east Queensland along the Great Dividing Range, throughout Victoria and southern South Australia and the south-west of Western Australia. It is known from sea level to 1,900 m (NSW Environment and Heritage 2019). It is one of the commonest species recorded at the higher altitudes within its range. The form that extends into the Riverina area along the Murray River has a higher echolocation call frequency than the form in the more mesic areas (Pennay et al. 2011).		Terrestrial	This species occurs many protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to determine whether or not the populations west of Adelaide represent a different species from those to the east.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus		regulus	Thomas	1906	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1906: 470, 471	Southern Forest Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound, King River (near Albany).	SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 pumilus species group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).	Vespadelus regulus	1005789	23	Southern Forest Bat	King River Little Bat|King River Pipistrelle|Little Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Vespadelus	NA	regulus	O. Thomas	1906	1	Pipistrellus_regulus	Thomas, O. (1906). On mammals collected in South-west Australia for Mr. W. E. Balston. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1906, 470.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/97669#page/44/mode/1up	BM 1906.8.1.18		"King River … near Albany, King George's Sound [Western Australia, Australia]. Sea-level."			regulus (O. Thomas, 1906)	NA	NA				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_regulus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_regulus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Vespadelus_regulus	1005789	23	Southern Forest Bat	King River Little Bat|King River Pipistrelle|Little Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Vespadelus	NA	regulus	O. Thomas	1	Pipistrellus regulus	Thomas, O. 1906-10-10. On mammals collected in south-west Australia for Mr. W.E. Balston. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1906(3):468-478.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31208181	BMNH:Mamm:1906.8.1.18	lectotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/51ce6bae-b18b-4e59-8df2-eba133465a2f	"King River … near Albany, King George's Sound [Western Australia, Australia]. Sea-level."			NA	NA				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_regulus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_regulus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus		regulus	Thomas	1906	1	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1906: 470, 471	Southern Forest Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, King George Sound, King River (near Albany).	SW and SE Australia, including Tasmania.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7939/209533051/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	pumilusspecies group. See McKean et al. (1978), Kitchener et al. (1987), and Queale (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Vespadelus regulus; Vespadelus regulus; Vespadelus regulus; Vespadelus regulus; Vespadelus regulus; Vespadelus regulus; regulus; Vespertilion de King River; Sidliche Waldfledermaus; Vespadela de King River; King River Little Bat; King River Pipistrelle; Little Bat; Southern Forest Bat; King River Little Bat; King River Pipistrelle; Little Bat; Southern Forest Bat; Southern Forest Bat; Eptesicus regulus; V. regulus