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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1669	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	Pipistrellus caurinus	N/A	N/A	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus caurinus		[MSW3] caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al. (1987).; [HMW] Eptesicus pumilus caurinus Thomas, 1914 , “Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia , Australia ].” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022]  caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).; [IUCN] Tis species has been placed in synonymy under Eptesicus pumilus and also under Pipistrellus pumilus , but there are arguments to recognise it as a distinct species under Pipistrellus .; [batnames2023]  caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).; [batnames2025_1.7] caurinusspecies group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).														caurinus	Tis species has been placed in synonymy under Eptesicus pumilus and also under Pipistrellus pumilus , but there are arguments to recognise it as a distinct species under Pipistrellus .			caurinus	caurinus			caurinus (O. Thomas, 1914)						N/A							Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		NW Australia																															NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus		caurinus	Thomas	y	1914		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	13		439		Western Cave Bat	Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Drysdale.	N Australia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt) as Eptesicus caurinus.		caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al. (1987).	4C3D87E8FFDF6A60FF5092621440B8C4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	791	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFDA6A65FF849DAE1699B286.xml	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus	caurinus		1914	Vespertilion du Kimberley @fr | Nérdliche Hohlen-Waldfledermaus @de | Vespadela de Kimberley @es | Little Brown Bat @en | Little Northern Cave Bat @en | Northern Brown Bat @en | Western Cave Bat @en	Eptesicus pumilus caurinus Thomas, 1914 , “Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia , Australia ].” This species is monotypic.	N Australia in Kimberley region of N Western Australia (including Bonaparte Archipelago), N Northern Territory (including Groote Eylandt I), and NW Queensland .	Head-body 32-1-40 mm, tail 24-4-34-8 mm, ear 8-3-12-3 mm, forearm 26-6-31-7 mm; weight 2-3-4-2 g. Dorsal pelage is brown or gray brown (hairs dark brown, nearly blackish, at base with brown tip), whereas ventral pelage is slightly paler. Face is mostly naked and dark brown (nearly black) in pigmentation, along with ears, wings, uropatagium, and forearms. Ears are small and rounded triangular with a smoothly convex anterior edge; tragus is narrow, anteriorly straight or slightly concave, posteriorly convex, and with a rounded tip and slight posterobasal lobe. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown, nearly black and uropatagium stretches to end of tail. Glans penis is cylindrical and laterally compressed; urethra is covered by narrow strip of skin projecting upward from ventral tip. Baculum is moderate in length (mean 2-9 mm) and rodlike (base and distal end gently curved ventrally) with a bifurcated, gently expanded base. Skull is short; lambdoidalcrest is weakly to moderately developed; anterior narial notch is generally V-shaped and occasionally U-shaped; rostrum is short. IZ is bicuspid and I’ is unicuspid; P* is much smaller than C!, and within tooth row; crista linking base of metacone and hypocone on M' is moderate to large, and slight or moderate on M2.	Present in a wide variety of habitats, including Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) forest, monsoon forest, tall open forest, open woodland, savanna, spinifex hill woodland, mixed shrubland, floodplains, and deciduous vine thickets, often in or adjacent to rocky outcrops.	Northern Cave Bats forage by aerial-hawking below the canopy in wooded areas. Diet generally consists of beetles, moths, spiders, flying ants, leathoppers, bugs, and caddisflies. Stomach contents in Kimberley included moths, bugs, and caddisflies; individuals in Top End region ate mainly ants and beetles, with a few other insects in smaller amounts (flies, moths, mayflies, and leathoppers).	Northern Cave Bats may produce two or more litters per year. Males with enlarged testes have been recorded from May to July, and pregnant females in June, September, October, and November. Births occur in October and November:litter size is usually two, but occasionally single young. Most females caught in November are lactating. For some time after birth, young are carried on the mother while she forages; when they increase in size, they are left in small créches at the roost. Volant young have been captured in mid-November.	Northern Cave Bats emerge at dusk to forage, and are most active during the first three hours after sunset. In flight, they are highly agile and will change direction quickly when foraging. Roosts are often in volcanic, sandstone, or limestone caves, small cracks and crevices, unused mines, and occasionally buildings, road culverts (sometimes as maternity colonies), and bird nests within road culverts. Roosts have been recorded at variable temperature (20-34-5°C) and humidity (23-98%); however, females with young have more restricted microclimates, with warmer temperatures (28-5-34-5°C) and more moderate humidity (25-62%). Call shape is FM/ QCF with peak frequencies recorded at 57-5-61-7 kHz (average 59-6 kHz). Average peak frequency was recorded at 61-3 kHz, and call duration at 4-9 milliseconds, in Kimberley.	The Northern Cave Bat is found either solitarily or in small groups averaging 8-12 individuals, although 1-45 in nonmaternity colonies. Maternity colonies may contain several hundred individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Cave Bat does not currently seem to face any major threats, although its maternity colonies are especially sensitive to human disturbance.	Churchill (2008) | Kitchener et al. (1987) | McKenzie & Bullen (2012) | McKenzie & Lumsden (2008) | Milne, Armstrong etal. (2005) | Milne, Thomson & Burwell (2008)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397904/files/figure.png	63. Northern Cave Bat Vespadelus caurinus French: Vespertilion du Kimberley / German: Nérdliche Hohlen-Waldfledermaus / Spanish: Vespadela de Kimberley Other common names: Little Brown Bat , Little Northern Cave Bat , Northern Brown Bat , Western Cave Bat Taxonomy. Eptesicus pumilus caurinus Thomas, 1914 , “Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia , Australia ].” This species is monotypic. Distribution. N Australia in Kimberley region of N Western Australia (including Bonaparte Archipelago), N Northern Territory (including Groote Eylandt I), and NW Queensland . Descriptive notes. Head-body 32-1-40 mm, tail 24-4-34-8 mm, ear 8-3-12-3 mm, forearm 26-6-31-7 mm; weight 2-3-4-2 g. Dorsal pelage is brown or gray brown (hairs dark brown, nearly blackish, at base with brown tip), whereas ventral pelage is slightly paler. Face is mostly naked and dark brown (nearly black) in pigmentation, along with ears, wings, uropatagium, and forearms. Ears are small and rounded triangular with a smoothly convex anterior edge; tragus is narrow, anteriorly straight or slightly concave, posteriorly convex, and with a rounded tip and slight posterobasal lobe. Wings and uropatagium are dark brown, nearly black and uropatagium stretches to end of tail. Glans penis is cylindrical and laterally compressed; urethra is covered by narrow strip of skin projecting upward from ventral tip. Baculum is moderate in length (mean 2-9 mm) and rodlike (base and distal end gently curved ventrally) with a bifurcated, gently expanded base. Skull is short; lambdoidalcrest is weakly to moderately developed; anterior narial notch is generally V-shaped and occasionally U-shaped; rostrum is short. IZ is bicuspid and I’ is unicuspid; P* is much smaller than C!, and within tooth row; crista linking base of metacone and hypocone on M' is moderate to large, and slight or moderate on M2. Habitat. Present in a wide variety of habitats, including Melaleuca ( Myrtaceae ) forest, monsoon forest, tall open forest, open woodland, savanna, spinifex hill woodland, mixed shrubland, floodplains, and deciduous vine thickets, often in or adjacent to rocky outcrops. Food and Feeding. Northern Cave Bats forage by aerial-hawking below the canopy in wooded areas. Diet generally consists of beetles, moths, spiders, flying ants, leathoppers, bugs, and caddisflies. Stomach contents in Kimberley included moths, bugs, and caddisflies; individuals in Top End region ate mainly ants and beetles, with a few other insects in smaller amounts (flies, moths, mayflies, and leathoppers). Breeding. Northern Cave Bats may produce two or more litters per year. Males with enlarged testes have been recorded from May to July, and pregnant females in June, September, October, and November. Births occur in October and November:litter size is usually two, but occasionally single young. Most females caught in November are lactating. For some time after birth, young are carried on the mother while she forages; when they increase in size, they are left in small créches at the roost. Volant young have been captured in mid-November. Activity patterns. Northern Cave Bats emerge at dusk to forage, and are most active during the first three hours after sunset. In flight, they are highly agile and will change direction quickly when foraging. Roosts are often in volcanic, sandstone, or limestone caves, small cracks and crevices, unused mines, and occasionally buildings, road culverts (sometimes as maternity colonies), and bird nests within road culverts. Roosts have been recorded at variable temperature (20-34-5°C) and humidity (23-98%); however, females with young have more restricted microclimates, with warmer temperatures (28-5-34-5°C) and more moderate humidity (25-62%). Call shape is FM/ QCF with peak frequencies recorded at 57-5-61-7 kHz (average 59-6 kHz). Average peak frequency was recorded at 61-3 kHz, and call duration at 4-9 milliseconds, in Kimberley. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Northern Cave Bat is found either solitarily or in small groups averaging 8-12 individuals, although 1-45 in nonmaternity colonies. Maternity colonies may contain several hundred individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Northern Cave Bat does not currently seem to face any major threats, although its maternity colonies are especially sensitive to human disturbance. Bibliography. Churchill (2008), Kitchener et al. (1987), McKenzie & Bullen (2012), McKenzie & Lumsden (2008), Milne, Armstrong etal. (2005), Milne, Thomson & Burwell (2008).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus caurinus	Vespadelus		caurinus	Thomas	1914	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 13: 439	Western Cave Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Drysdale.	N Australia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Vespadelus caurinus	23	Northern Cave Bat	Little Brown Bat|Little Northern Cave Bat|Northern Brown Bat|Western Cave Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Vespadelus	NA	caurinus	O. Thomas	1914	1	Eptesicus_pumilus_caurinus	Thomas, O. (1914). New Asiatic and Australasian bats and a new bandicoot. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 13, 439.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/208822#page/485/mode/1up	BM 1914.3.9.1		"Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia, Australia]."			caurinus (O. Thomas, 1914)	NA	NA	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	7919	Vespadelus caurinus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Vespadelus	caurinus	(Thomas, 1914)	Tis species has been placed in synonymy under Eptesicus pumilus and also under Pipistrellus pumilus , but there are arguments to recognise it as a distinct species under Pipistrellus .	20000000	Vespadelus caurinus	Least Concern		2020	2019-07-09 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its relatively wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is not known to be declining.	This species occurs around rocky hills and escarpments where it ; forages in tropical woodlands, grassland, and thickets. It roosts in caves and disused mines (Milne et al. 2008), as well as in road culverts (which are sometimes used for maternity colonies) and bird nests within road culverts (L. Lumsden pers. comm.). It is usually found in groups of a few individuals, however, maternity colonies may consist of several hundred individuals (Milne et al. 2008). Females give birth to one or two young.	There are no major threats to this species, however, the maternity colonies are especially sensitive to human disturbance (Milne et al. 2008). Inappropriate fire regimes may also affect prey abundance.	It is a common species (Milne et al. 2008).	Stable	This species is endemic to Australia where it is distributed in northern parts of Northern Territory and Kimberley of Western Australia (Milne et al. 2008). It is also present on the Bonaparte Archipelago, and Groote Eylandt.		Terrestrial	It is present in several protected areas.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus		caurinus	Thomas	1914	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 13: 439	Western Cave Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Drysdale.	N Australia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 caurinus species group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).	Vespadelus caurinus	1005784	23	Northern Cave Bat	Little Brown Bat|Little Northern Cave Bat|Northern Brown Bat|Western Cave Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Vespadelus	NA	caurinus	O. Thomas	1914	1	Eptesicus_pumilus_caurinus	Thomas, O. (1914). New Asiatic and Australasian bats and a new bandicoot. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 13, 439.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/208822#page/485/mode/1up	BM 1914.3.9.1		"Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia, Australia]."			caurinus (O. Thomas, 1914)	NA	NA				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Vespadelus_caurinus	1005784	23	Northern Cave Bat	Little Brown Bat|Little Northern Cave Bat|Northern Brown Bat|Western Cave Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Vespadelus	NA	caurinus	O. Thomas	1	Eptesicus pumilus caurinus	Thomas, O. 1914-04-01. New Asiatic and Australasian bats and a new bandicoot. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)13(76):439-444.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18641198	BMNH:Mamm:1914.3.9.1	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/cd33ead6-6a7d-4861-8375-6b2d3ed675d6	"Drysdale, Kimberley, N. Australia [= Western Australia, Australia]."			NA	NA				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	sciname match	Vespadelus_caurinus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Vespadelus		caurinus	Thomas	1914	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 13: 439	Western Cave Bat	None.	Australia, Western Australia, Kimberley, Drysdale.	N Australia.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/7919/22114386/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	caurinusspecies group. Included in pumilus by McKean et al. (1978) and Koopman (1993, 1994), but see Kitchener et al. (1987) and Adams et al.(1987).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Vespadelus caurinus; Vespadelus caurinus; Vespadelus caurinus; Vespadelus caurinus; Vespadelus caurinus; Vespadelus caurinus; caurinus; Vespertilion du Kimberley; Nérdliche Hohlen-Waldfledermaus; Vespadela de Kimberley; Little Brown Bat; Little Northern Cave Bat; Northern Brown Bat; Western Cave Bat; Northern Cave Bat; Little Brown Bat; Little Northern Cave Bat; Northern Brown Bat; Western Cave Bat; Western Cave Bat; Western Cave Bat; V. caurinus