http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1643	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	Trinycteris pachypus fulvidus	Tylonycteris pachypus fulvida	Trinycteris pachypus fulvidus	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris pachypus [synonym of]	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris fulvida		[MSW3] See Simmons and Voss (1998).; [HMW] Scotophilus fulvidus Blyth, 1859 , “Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma .” Previously included in 7. pachypus as a subspecies or synonym, but molecular evidence suggests it represents a distinct species occurring throughout mainland South-east Asia; it 1s considered sister to 1. pachypus from Sundaland. Distributional limits and morphological distinctions between the two species have not been thoroughly investigated and are considered putative here. Listed subspecies have not recently been compared on morphological or molecular basis; there may be cryptic species in China , based on morphological data. Two subspecies tentatively recognized.; [batnames2022] Distinct from pachypus ; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).; [MDD2022] split from T. pachypus; [IUCN] This was raised to generic level as a monotypic genus (Simmons and Voss 1998).; [batnames2023] Distinct from pachypus ; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).; [MDD2023] split from T. pachypus; [MDD2025_2.0] split from T. pachypus; [batnames2025_1.7] Distinct from pachypus; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b).; [MDD2025_2.2] split from T. pachypus										fulvida, aurex		fulvida 	fulvida - rubidus	fulvida, aurex, rubidus	This was raised to generic level as a monotypic genus (Simmons and Voss 1998).	fulvida 	fulvida - rubidus	fulvida, aurex, rubidus	fulvida, aurex, rubidus	fulvida 	fulvida - rubidus	fulvida (E. Blyth, 1859)|aurex O. Thomas, 1915|rubidus O. Thomas, 1915 [incorrect subsequent spelling]						N/A																																								_T. f. aurex_ Thomas, 1915; _T. f. fulvida_ (Blyth, 1859)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Phyllostominae		Trinycteris nicefori	Trinycteris		nicefori	Sanborn	y	1949		Fieldiana Zool.	31		230		Niceforo's Bat	Colombia, Norte de Santander, Cucuta.	Belize to N Colombia, Venezuela, Guianas, Amazonian Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru; Bolivia; Trinidad.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc) as Micronycteris nicefori.		See Simmons and Voss (1998).	4C3D87E8FFE66A5AFA939CFC1B22B34D	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	786	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFE76A59FF579A181D28BF49.xml	Tylonycteris fulvida	Vespertilionidae	Tylonycteris	fulvida		1859	Vespertilion fauve @fr | German @en | ndomalayische Bambusfledermaus @en | Tilonicterioindomalayo @es | Amber Bamboo Bat @en	Scotophilus fulvidus Blyth, 1859 , “Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma .” Previously included in 7. pachypus as a subspecies or synonym, but molecular evidence suggests it represents a distinct species occurring throughout mainland South-east Asia; it 1s considered sister to 1. pachypus from Sundaland. Distributional limits and morphological distinctions between the two species have not been thoroughly investigated and are considered putative here. Listed subspecies have not recently been compared on morphological or molecular basis; there may be cryptic species in China , based on morphological data. Two subspecies tentatively recognized.	T.f.fulvidaBlyth,1859—E&NEIndia(Sikkim,WestBengal,Assam,ArunachalPradesh,Meghalaya,Manipur,Mizoram,andTripura),Bangladesh,SEChina(Yunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,Guangxi,Guangdong,andHongKong),andmainlandSEAsia,aswellasAndamanIs(Karmatang,Webi,andtheSouthAndaman);possiblyalsoinBhutan. T. f. aurex Thomas, 1915 — S India ( Kerala and Karnataka ).	Head-body 34-43 mm, tail 19-8-31-7 mm, ear 610 mm , hindfoot 3:9-6-3 mm, forearm 22-9-27-9 mm; weight 3-1-3.5 g. Head is dorso-ventrally flattened and broadened. Dorsal pelage is thick, short, and shiny golden brown with a variably reddish hue; ventral pelage is slightly lighter and very sparsely furred with pink skin. Juveniles are typically darker and less reddish. Muzzle, ears, and membranes are hairless and dark brown. Ears are subtriangular, relatively long with a broadly rounded tip; tragusis short and blunt. Base of thumbs and soles of hindfeet have well-developed rounded fleshy pads for gripping smooth surfaces; these pads are extremely smooth and are made up of 40% epidermis, a small layer of dermis, and a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Wing membrane attaches at base of metatarsus; uropatagium extends to tip oftail, and calcar is over halfway to tail from ankle. Skull is small, very broad, and flattened; nasal emargination is shorter than in any of the greater bamboo bats; rostrum is short; there is no sagittal crest; lambdoid crests are very well developed. I? is narrow and bicuspid; I is unicuspid and subequal to second cusp of I*; P* is small with crown area about a quarter part of M'; there is a well-developed protocone on P*lower incisors are tricuspid; P, and P_ are subequal in size; skull is similar to that of Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat ( 7. pachypus ) overall and specific morphometric comparison is needed to diagnose both species fully, based on skull morphology. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 56 ( Malaysia ); and 2n = 30 and FN = 56 ( Guangdong , China ).	Primary tropical deciduous forests with abundant bamboo. Recorded from sea level up to 1262 m in India , and up to 1220 m in Malaysia .	Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bats appear to forage in areas highly cluttered with vegetation; they catch insects in the mouth and eat them on the wing. In Guangxi, diet consisted largely of Hymenoptera (53-4% by volume), Diptera (29%), and Coleoptera (13:4%) with smaller amounts of Hemiptera (2:1%), Homoptera, Blattodea , and Embioptera. They have been observed feeding on termite swarms in Malaysia . There is seasonal variation in the diet, and in Guangxi they progressively fed more on Hymenoptera and less on Diptera from spring to autumn; percentage volume of Coleoptera in diet decreased to its lowest point in May, and diet seemed to be most varied in March and April, when no food item made up over 50% of the total volume; from May to October, Hymenoptera made up over 50% of diet. In the submandibular glands of this species, a bacteria was reported which may aid in digestion, but further research is needed.	Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bats are polygynous and breed once a year, probably copulating between September and November when the males’ testes are enlarged. Females will generally mate with a number of males throughout a season and throughout their life-span. Spermatogenesis occurs in late October and seems to near termination by late November and early December. Preparation for ovulation seems to occur in late May to June, and follicular growth may begin prior to weaning in juvenile females. Ovulation generally occurs in early January and appears to be triggered by higher afternoon temperatures associated with the dry season. Females appear to store sperm until prey abundance increases between December and June, which is relatively uncommon in tropical bats. Sperm has been recorded in the females’ reproductive track clumped together with heads in the epithelium and tails outwards in November, December, and January. In Malaysia , pregnant females have been recorded in February, March, and April. Gestation lasts ¢.12-13 weeks and twins are born in April and May. Although twins are most common, there have been reports of single and triplet litters; twins are usually dizygotic, but a monozygotic set was recently reported in China . Young are hairless and blind at birth, with body mass ¢.0-6 g. They cling to their mothers’ body while she flies, but as they get older they are eventually left in the roost while she forages. Lactating females have been recorded in May in Malaysia with the emergence of volant, weaned juveniles by the end of May. Young become volant at ¢.22-25 days of age. Males and females become sexually mature by their first breeding season.	The Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat is nocturnal and leaves the roost around dusk to forage. Day roosts are inside hollow bamboo internodes. Chosen roosts have entrances that are small vertical slits (mean vertical length of 33 mm and mean horizontal width of 4-9 mm in Malaysia ), which are only accessible because of the flattened skull and body shape. Cracks used by these bats to enter the bamboo are created by the emergence of beetle larvae (particularly Lasiochila gory: in Malaysia ). In Malaysia , they primarily used the bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii ( Poaceae ) for roosting. Although they usually roost in bamboo shafts, they have also been observed roosting in small rock crevices and may use the abandoned holes of the Indomalayan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse ( Chiropodomys gliroides ). Unlike many other vespertilionids, the species does not enter torpor, but it may become more lethargic at higher temperatures. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF sweep. In Thailand , average peak frequency was recorded at 50-5 kHz, maximum frequency 134-4 kHz, minimum frequency 39-4 kHz, duration 1-6 milliseconds, and pulse interval 26-8 milliseconds.	Females are more gregarious, with average group sizes of 4-9 individuals (maximum 20) in Malaysia , whereas males typically roost solitarily or with a group of females. An average roostsize of 12-6 individuals was recorded in Guangxi, with maximum of 38 in a single roost, and roosts with several males (2-6) were reported in the same region. Both sexes switch roosts almost daily, and group size within roosts changes often. When females are in estrus, one male in a group of females may prevent other males from roosting with them.	Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a separate species from the Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. The Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Batis generally common throughout its distribution, but was considered locally extinct in Singapore until a single specimen was collected in 1997.	Aul (2014) | Aul et al. (2014) | Bates, Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Heaney, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008) | Eguren & McBee (2014) | Hua Panyu et al. (2011) | Huang Chujing et al. (2014) | Hughes et al. (2011) | Kruskop (2013a) | Medway & Marshall (1970) | Pottie et al. (2005) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Srinivasulu et al. (2017) | Tandler et al. (1995) | Thewissen & Etnier (1995) | Tu Vuong Tan, Csorba et al. (2017) | Yong et al. (1971) | Zhang Libiao, Jones, Parsons et al. (2005) | Zhang Libiao, Jones, Rossiter et al. (2005) | Zhang Libiao, Liang Bing, Parsons et al. (2007) | Zhang Libiao, Liang Bing, Zhou Shanyi et al. (2004a)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397880/files/figure.png	52. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat Tylonycteris fulvida French: Vespertilion fauve / German: Indomalayische Bambusfledermaus / Spanish: Tilonicterio indomalayo Other common names: Amber Bamboo Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus fulvidus Blyth, 1859 , “Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma .” Previously included in 7. pachypus as a subspecies or synonym, but molecular evidence suggests it represents a distinct species occurring throughout mainland South-east Asia; it 1s considered sister to 1. pachypus from Sundaland. Distributional limits and morphological distinctions between the two species have not been thoroughly investigated and are considered putative here. Listed subspecies have not recently been compared on morphological or molecular basis; there may be cryptic species in China , based on morphological data. Two subspecies tentatively recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. T.f.fulvidaBlyth,1859—E&NEIndia(Sikkim,WestBengal,Assam,ArunachalPradesh,Meghalaya,Manipur,Mizoram,andTripura),Bangladesh,SEChina(Yunnan,Sichuan,Guizhou,Guangxi,Guangdong,andHongKong),andmainlandSEAsia,aswellasAndamanIs(Karmatang,Webi,andtheSouthAndaman);possiblyalsoinBhutan. T. f. aurex Thomas, 1915 — S India ( Kerala and Karnataka ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 34-43 mm, tail 19-8-31-7 mm, ear 610 mm , hindfoot 3:9-6-3 mm, forearm 22-9-27-9 mm; weight 3-1-3.5 g. Head is dorso-ventrally flattened and broadened. Dorsal pelage is thick, short, and shiny golden brown with a variably reddish hue; ventral pelage is slightly lighter and very sparsely furred with pink skin. Juveniles are typically darker and less reddish. Muzzle, ears, and membranes are hairless and dark brown. Ears are subtriangular, relatively long with a broadly rounded tip; tragusis short and blunt. Base of thumbs and soles of hindfeet have well-developed rounded fleshy pads for gripping smooth surfaces; these pads are extremely smooth and are made up of 40% epidermis, a small layer of dermis, and a thicker layer of subcutaneous fat. Wing membrane attaches at base of metatarsus; uropatagium extends to tip oftail, and calcar is over halfway to tail from ankle. Skull is small, very broad, and flattened; nasal emargination is shorter than in any of the greater bamboo bats; rostrum is short; there is no sagittal crest; lambdoid crests are very well developed. I? is narrow and bicuspid; I is unicuspid and subequal to second cusp of I*; P* is small with crown area about a quarter part of M'; there is a well-developed protocone on P*lower incisors are tricuspid; P, and P_ are subequal in size; skull is similar to that of Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat ( 7. pachypus ) overall and specific morphometric comparison is needed to diagnose both species fully, based on skull morphology. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 46 and FN = 56 ( Malaysia ); and 2n = 30 and FN = 56 ( Guangdong , China ). Habitat. Primary tropical deciduous forests with abundant bamboo. Recorded from sea level up to 1262 m in India , and up to 1220 m in Malaysia . Food and Feeding. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bats appear to forage in areas highly cluttered with vegetation; they catch insects in the mouth and eat them on the wing. In Guangxi, diet consisted largely of Hymenoptera (53-4% by volume), Diptera (29%), and Coleoptera (13:4%) with smaller amounts of Hemiptera (2:1%), Homoptera, Blattodea , and Embioptera. They have been observed feeding on termite swarms in Malaysia . There is seasonal variation in the diet, and in Guangxi they progressively fed more on Hymenoptera and less on Diptera from spring to autumn; percentage volume of Coleoptera in diet decreased to its lowest point in May, and diet seemed to be most varied in March and April, when no food item made up over 50% of the total volume; from May to October, Hymenoptera made up over 50% of diet. In the submandibular glands of this species, a bacteria was reported which may aid in digestion, but further research is needed. Breeding. Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bats are polygynous and breed once a year, probably copulating between September and November when the males’ testes are enlarged. Females will generally mate with a number of males throughout a season and throughout their life-span. Spermatogenesis occurs in late October and seems to near termination by late November and early December. Preparation for ovulation seems to occur in late May to June, and follicular growth may begin prior to weaning in juvenile females. Ovulation generally occurs in early January and appears to be triggered by higher afternoon temperatures associated with the dry season. Females appear to store sperm until prey abundance increases between December and June, which is relatively uncommon in tropical bats. Sperm has been recorded in the females’ reproductive track clumped together with heads in the epithelium and tails outwards in November, December, and January. In Malaysia , pregnant females have been recorded in February, March, and April. Gestation lasts ¢.12-13 weeks and twins are born in April and May. Although twins are most common, there have been reports of single and triplet litters; twins are usually dizygotic, but a monozygotic set was recently reported in China . Young are hairless and blind at birth, with body mass ¢.0-6 g. They cling to their mothers’ body while she flies, but as they get older they are eventually left in the roost while she forages. Lactating females have been recorded in May in Malaysia with the emergence of volant, weaned juveniles by the end of May. Young become volant at ¢.22-25 days of age. Males and females become sexually mature by their first breeding season. Activity patterns. The Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat is nocturnal and leaves the roost around dusk to forage. Day roosts are inside hollow bamboo internodes. Chosen roosts have entrances that are small vertical slits (mean vertical length of 33 mm and mean horizontal width of 4-9 mm in Malaysia ), which are only accessible because of the flattened skull and body shape. Cracks used by these bats to enter the bamboo are created by the emergence of beetle larvae (particularly Lasiochila gory: in Malaysia ). In Malaysia , they primarily used the bamboo Gigantochloa scortechinii ( Poaceae ) for roosting. Although they usually roost in bamboo shafts, they have also been observed roosting in small rock crevices and may use the abandoned holes of the Indomalayan Pencil-tailed Tree Mouse ( Chiropodomys gliroides ). Unlike many other vespertilionids, the species does not enter torpor, but it may become more lethargic at higher temperatures. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF sweep. In Thailand , average peak frequency was recorded at 50-5 kHz, maximum frequency 134-4 kHz, minimum frequency 39-4 kHz, duration 1-6 milliseconds, and pulse interval 26-8 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Females are more gregarious, with average group sizes of 4-9 individuals (maximum 20) in Malaysia , whereas males typically roost solitarily or with a group of females. An average roostsize of 12-6 individuals was recorded in Guangxi, with maximum of 38 in a single roost, and roosts with several males (2-6) were reported in the same region. Both sexes switch roosts almost daily, and group size within roosts changes often. When females are in estrus, one male in a group of females may prevent other males from roosting with them. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The IUCN Red List as a separate species from the Sunda Lesser Bamboo Bat, which is classified as Least Concern. The Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Batis generally common throughout its distribution, but was considered locally extinct in Singapore until a single specimen was collected in 1997. Bibliography. Aul (2014), Aul et al. (2014), Bates, Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Heaney, Molur & Srinivasulu (2008), Eguren & McBee (2014), Hua Panyu et al. (2011), Huang Chujing et al. (2014), Hughes et al. (2011), Kruskop (2013a), Medway & Marshall (1970), Pottie et al. (2005), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Srinivasulu et al. (2017), Tandler et al. (1995), Thewissen & Etnier (1995), Tu Vuong Tan, Csorba et al. (2017), Yong et al. (1971), Zhang Libiao, Jones, Parsons et al. (2005), Zhang Libiao, Jones, Rossiter et al. (2005), Zhang Libiao, Liang Bing, Parsons et al. (2007), Zhang Libiao, Liang Bing, Zhou Shanyi et al. (2004a).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Tylonycteris fulvida	Tylonycteris		fulvida	Blyth	1859	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	28(1859): 293	Amber Bamboo Bat	 rubidus Thomas, 1915	Myanmar, Sittang River	Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Burma, S China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia	Not listed	Least Concern under Tylonycteris pachypus 	Distinct from pachypus ; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Tylonycteris fulvida	23	Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat	Amber Bamboo Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Tylonycteris	NA	fulvida	Blyth	1859	1						"Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma."			fulvida (Blyth, 1859)|aurex O. Thomas, 1915|rubidus O. Thomas, 1915	split from T. pachypus	Tu, V. T., Csorba, G., Ruedi, M., Furey, N. M., Son, N. T., Thong, V. D., ... & Hassanin, A. (2017). Comparative phylogeography of bamboo bats of the genus Tylonycteris (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Southeast Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy, 274, 1-38.	India|Bangladesh|China|Myanmar|Andaman Islands|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	NA	0	0	0	Tylonycteris_fulvida	0	unmatched	NA	1	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	13381	Trinycteris nicefori	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Trinycteris	nicefori	Sanborn, 1949	This was raised to generic level as a monotypic genus (Simmons and Voss 1998).	20000000	Trinycteris nicefori	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. However, this species is represented in monospecific genus and should be considered for further research and potential conservation efforts.	This bat is poorly known. It is found in evergreen and dry deciduous lowland forest. Its roosts include hollow trees and buildings. This species seems to be most active for an hour after sunset and an hour before dawn (Reid 1997). In Peru, Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela, it is found also in secondary forests though it seems to prefer primary habitats (Velazco pers. comm.)	There are no major threats throughout its range.	It is apparently rare and local in Central America (Reid 1997) and South America (Tavares pers. comm.). In Ecuador it is rare (Tirira in prep.).	Unknown	This species occurs throughout Belize to north Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Amazonian and northeastern Brazil, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia. It is also found on Trinidad (Simmons 2005). In Bolivia it is found to 1,000 m asl (Aguirre pers. comm.). It is found in Mexico (Arroyo-Cabrales pers. comm.) and also occurs in central forest of western pacific in Panama (Samudio pers. comm.).	There is no use or trade information.	Terrestrial	It occurs in protected areas but is always rare and at low densities. This species is considered Vulnerable in Bolivia.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Tylonycteris		fulvida	Blyth	1859	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	28(1859): 293	Amber Bamboo Bat	 rubidus Thomas, 1915	Myanmar, Sittang River	Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Burma, S China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia	Not listed	Least Concern under Tylonycteris pachypus 	Distinct from pachypus ; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b ).	Tylonycteris fulvida	1005777	23	Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat	Amber Bamboo Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Tylonycteris	NA	fulvida	Blyth	1859	1						"Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma."			fulvida (Blyth, 1859)|aurex O. Thomas, 1915|rubidus O. Thomas, 1915	split from T. pachypus	Tu, V. T., Csorba, G., Ruedi, M., Furey, N. M., Son, N. T., Thong, V. D., ... & Hassanin, A. (2017). Comparative phylogeography of bamboo bats of the genus Tylonycteris (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Southeast Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy, 274, 1-38.				India|Bangladesh|China|Myanmar|Andaman Islands|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	NA	0	0	0	Tylonycteris_fulvida	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Tylonycteris_fulvida	1005777	23	Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat	Amber Bamboo Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Tylonycteris	NA	fulvida	E. Blyth	1	Scotophilus fulvidus	Blyth, E. 1859. Report of Curator, Zoological Department, for February to May Meetings, 1859. Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 28:271-298.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40263545	ZSI 15619, ZSI 15620, ZSI 15621	syntypes		"Schwegyin, Sittang River, Southeast Burma."			split from T. pachypus	Tu, V. T., Csorba, G., Ruedi, M., Furey, N. M., Son, N. T., Thong, V. D., ... & Hassanin, A. (2017). Comparative phylogeography of bamboo bats of the genus Tylonycteris (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae) in Southeast Asia. European Journal of Taxonomy, 274, 1-38.				India|Bangladesh|China|Myanmar|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Thailand|Vietnam|Laos|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic	NE	0	0	0	Tylonycteris_fulvida	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Tylonycteris		fulvida	Blyth	1859	1	J. Asiat. Soc. Bengal	28(1859): 293	Amber Bamboo Bat	rubidus Thomas, 1915	Myanmar, Sittang River	Nepal, Bangladesh, India, Burma, S China, Thailand, Burma, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam to Peninsular Malaysia	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	Not Evaluated	Distinct from pachypus; see Tu et al. (2017). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Hendrichsen et al. (2001 b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Trinycteris nicefori; Tylonycteris fulvida; Tylonycteris fulvida; Tylonycteris fulvida; Trinycteris nicefori; Tylonycteris fulvida; fulvida; aurex; rubidus; fulvida; aurex; rubidus; Vespertilion fauve; German; ndomalayische Bambusfledermaus; Tilonicterioindomalayo; Amber Bamboo Bat; Indomalayan Lesser Bamboo Bat; Amber Bamboo Bat; Niceforo's Bat; Amber Bamboo Bat; T. fulvida
