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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1596	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida fulminans		[MSW3] teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).; [HMW] Nyctinomus fulminans Thomas, 1903 , “ Fianarantsoa , E. Betsileo, Madagascar .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022]  teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).; [IUCN] The African mainland population of the Malagasy Free-tailed Bat is geographically separated from the Madagascar population, and although these populations show overlap in morphological characteristics, they may ultimately be identified as separate species (Goodman &; Cardiff 2004; Monadjem et al. 2010). In this case, the mainland population could be reclassified Nyctinomus mastersoni (Roberts 1946) (Monadjem et al. 2010). Currently, no subspecies of T . fulminans are recognised (Skinner &; Chimimba 2005). The three large Tadarida species are easily distinguished from other large Molossid species by their unwrinkled upper lips (Monadjem et al. 2010).; [batnames2023]  teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).; [batnames2025_1.7] teniotisspecies group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).						mastersoni.		fulminans, mastersoni				fulminans, mastersoni		fulminans, mastersoni	The African mainland population of the Malagasy Free-tailed Bat is geographically separated from the Madagascar population, and although these populations show overlap in morphological characteristics, they may ultimately be identified as separate species (Goodman &; Cardiff 2004; Monadjem et al. 2010). In this case, the mainland population could be reclassified Nyctinomus mastersoni (Roberts 1946) (Monadjem et al. 2010). Currently, no subspecies of T . fulminans are recognised (Skinner &; Chimimba 2005). The three large Tadarida species are easily distinguished from other large Molossid species by their unwrinkled upper lips (Monadjem et al. 2010).	fulminans, mastersoni		fulminans, mastersoni	fulminans, mastersoni	fulminans, mastersoni		fulminans (O. Thomas, 1903)|mastersoni (A. Roberts, 1946)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Madagascar large freetailed bat	E Zaire, Kenya – Rhodesia, Madagascar	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Tadarida fulminans	Madagascar, Betsilio, Fianarantsoa.	Thomas	1903	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 12:501.	Distribution: Known from eastern Zaire and southern Kenya to Transvaal, also in Madagascar.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Madagascar large freetailed bat	E Zaire, Kenya – Transvaal, Madagascar	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1903	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 12:501.		E Zaire, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, Transvaal (South Africa), Madagascar.	Madagascar, Betsilio, Fianarantsoa.		THOMAS	1903	Wing tips relatively narrow. Outer lower incisor absent. No well defined lip wrinkles. Rostrum of medium width. Size relatively large (forearm length, 56-62 mm).	Distribution: Known from eastern Zaire and southern Kenya to Transvaal, also in Madagascar.	No subspecies are currently recognized.		139	species	T. fulminans	THOMAS	1903	Tadarida	genus	Tadarida fulminans				Wing tips relatively narrow. Outer lower incisor absent. No well defined lip wrinkles. Rostrum of medium width. Size relatively large (forearm length, 56-62 mm).	No subspecies are currently recognized.		5. T. fulminans (THOMAS 1903) (= mastersoni ROBERTS 1946) [teniotis group].	5	_T. f. fulminans_ (Thomas, 1903); _T. f. mastersoni_ (Roberts, 1946)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida		fulminans	Thomas	y	1903		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	12		501		Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.	E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Madagascar.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	mastersoni Roberts, 1946.	teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).	194287C9FF93BA20B1BEF06EB11EFD9F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	666	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FF93BA3FB4BDFD2ABA15F90B.xml	Tadarida fulminans	Molossidae	Tadarida	fulminans		1903	Tadaride de Thomas @fr | Madagaskar-Bulldogfledermaus @de | Murciélago rabudo de Thomas @es | Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat @en | Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat @en | Large Free-tailed Bat @en | Large Guano Bat @en | Lightning Guano Bat @en | Madagascan Large Guano Bat @en	Nyctinomus fulminans Thomas, 1903 , “ Fianarantsoa , E. Betsileo, Madagascar .” This species is monotypic.	E & SC Africa, including NE DR Congo , E Uganda , W & S Kenya , Rwanda , N Tanzania , NE & SW Zambia , Zimbabwe , N & C Mozambique , S Malawi , and Pafuri region of Kruger National Park in extreme NE South Africa ; also three records from S Madagascar , including type locality near Fianarantsoa , and recent records from Isalo National Park and Tolagnaro on SE coast.	Head—body ¢.79-95 mm, tail 53-66 mm, ear 19-25 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 56-61 mm; weight 23-49 g. The Malagasy Free-tailed Bat is larger than most other African free-tailed bat. Pelage of sexes is quite distinct, reddish brown (males) to dark chocolate-brown (females) above and fulvous pink (adult males) to white (females and subadults) below, with yellowish (adult males) to white (females and subadults) mid-ventral and flank-stripes. Upper lip lacks well-defined wrinkles and has comparatively few spoon-hairs. Ears are dark brown, comparatively small (not reaching snout when laid forward), with inner margins meeting at base of forehead to form a V-shaped valley. Tragus is large, roughly rectangular, and not concealed by antitragus, which is low, triangular, and only slightly larger than tragus. There is no interaural crest. Gular gland is naked and conspicuous, especially in males in which it is often ringed by greenish hairs. Wing membranes are brown dorsally (paler over phalanges) and whitish ventrally becoming browner toward tips. Interfemoral membrane is dorsally brown, ventrally whitish, darkening toward margins. Ventral sides of forearms and legs are naked and white. Thumb and plantar (sole) pads are present. Skull 1s not extremely flattened. Braincase is not slightly flattened as in the Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7 adarida aegyptiaca ). Anterior palatal emargination is wide, and basisphenoid pits are deep. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3(x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement in South Africa has 2n = 48 and FNa = 66.	Associated with miombo and mopane savanna woodlands containing steepsided inselbergs or mountains.	No information.	Based on a study in Zimbabwe , females give birth to a single offspring at a time, and they can have two birth seasons in a year (seasonally polyestrous). Unlike other molossids, Malagasy Free-tailed Bats give birth not only during the warm-wet season from October to November, but also during the cool-dry season from May to June. The second birth is followed by a postpartum estrus in June-July. Gestation lasts 100-110 days.	Malagasy Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal and roost during the day in crevices in cliffs and caves, under exfoliated granite sheets, and between boulders. In Zimbabwe , echolocation calls of one individual had a low peak frequency (17 kHz), narrow bandwidth (13 kHz), and long duration (15 milliseconds). Predators include Cape eagle-owl (Bubo capensis).	Malagasy Free-tailed Bats roost communally in small colonies of 30 or more individuals. In Zimbabwe , they sometimes share roosts with Ansorge’s Free-tailed Bats ( Chaerephon ansorgei ) and Spotted Freetailed Bats ( C. bivittatus ).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.	Cotterill (2001b, 2013k) | Cotterill & Fergusson (1993) | Goodman & Cardiff (2004) | Monadjem, Ranivo, Hutson, Cotterill & Racey (2017) | Taylor et al. (2015)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567930/files/figure.png	111. Malagasy Free-tailed Bat Tadarida fulminans French: Tadaride de Thomas / German: Madagaskar-Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago rabudo de Thomas Other common names: Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat , Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat , Large Free-tailed Bat , Large Guano Bat , Lightning Guano Bat , Madagascan Large Guano Bat Taxonomy. Nyctinomus fulminans Thomas, 1903 , “ Fianarantsoa , E. Betsileo, Madagascar .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. E & SC Africa, including NE DR Congo , E Uganda , W & S Kenya , Rwanda , N Tanzania , NE & SW Zambia , Zimbabwe , N & C Mozambique , S Malawi , and Pafuri region of Kruger National Park in extreme NE South Africa ; also three records from S Madagascar , including type locality near Fianarantsoa , and recent records from Isalo National Park and Tolagnaro on SE coast. Descriptive notes. Head—body ¢.79-95 mm, tail 53-66 mm, ear 19-25 mm, hindfoot 11-15 mm, forearm 56-61 mm; weight 23-49 g. The Malagasy Free-tailed Bat is larger than most other African free-tailed bat. Pelage of sexes is quite distinct, reddish brown (males) to dark chocolate-brown (females) above and fulvous pink (adult males) to white (females and subadults) below, with yellowish (adult males) to white (females and subadults) mid-ventral and flank-stripes. Upper lip lacks well-defined wrinkles and has comparatively few spoon-hairs. Ears are dark brown, comparatively small (not reaching snout when laid forward), with inner margins meeting at base of forehead to form a V-shaped valley. Tragus is large, roughly rectangular, and not concealed by antitragus, which is low, triangular, and only slightly larger than tragus. There is no interaural crest. Gular gland is naked and conspicuous, especially in males in which it is often ringed by greenish hairs. Wing membranes are brown dorsally (paler over phalanges) and whitish ventrally becoming browner toward tips. Interfemoral membrane is dorsally brown, ventrally whitish, darkening toward margins. Ventral sides of forearms and legs are naked and white. Thumb and plantar (sole) pads are present. Skull 1s not extremely flattened. Braincase is not slightly flattened as in the Egyptian Free-tailed Bat (7 adarida aegyptiaca ). Anterior palatal emargination is wide, and basisphenoid pits are deep. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3(x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement in South Africa has 2n = 48 and FNa = 66. Habitat. Associated with miombo and mopane savanna woodlands containing steepsided inselbergs or mountains. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Based on a study in Zimbabwe , females give birth to a single offspring at a time, and they can have two birth seasons in a year (seasonally polyestrous). Unlike other molossids, Malagasy Free-tailed Bats give birth not only during the warm-wet season from October to November, but also during the cool-dry season from May to June. The second birth is followed by a postpartum estrus in June-July. Gestation lasts 100-110 days. Activity patterns. Malagasy Free-tailed Bats are nocturnal and roost during the day in crevices in cliffs and caves, under exfoliated granite sheets, and between boulders. In Zimbabwe , echolocation calls of one individual had a low peak frequency (17 kHz), narrow bandwidth (13 kHz), and long duration (15 milliseconds). Predators include Cape eagle-owl (Bubo capensis). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Malagasy Free-tailed Bats roost communally in small colonies of 30 or more individuals. In Zimbabwe , they sometimes share roosts with Ansorge’s Free-tailed Bats ( Chaerephon ansorgei ) and Spotted Freetailed Bats ( C. bivittatus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Cotterill (2001b, 2013k), Cotterill & Fergusson (1993), Goodman & Cardiff (2004), Monadjem, Ranivo, Hutson, Cotterill & Racey (2017), Taylor et al. (2015).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Tadarida fulminans	Tadarida		fulminans	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 501	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	<b> mastersoni </b>Roberts, 1946.	Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.	E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Tadarida fulminans	23	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat|Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Guano Bat|Lightning Guano Bat|Madagascan Large Guano Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Tadarida	NA	fulminans	O. Thomas	1903	1	Nyctinomus_fulminans	Thomas, O. (1903). Three new species of Nyctinomus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 12, 501.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94944#page/531/mode/1up	BM 1882.3.1.34		"Fianarantsoa, E. Betsileo, Madagascar."			fulminans (O. Thomas, 1903)|mastersoni (Roberts, 1946)	NA	NA	Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Tanzania|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Mozambique|Malawi|South Africa|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_fulminans	0	sciname match	Tadarida_fulminans	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	21316	Tadarida fulminans	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Tadarida	fulminans	(Thomas, 1903)	The African mainland population of the Malagasy Free-tailed Bat is geographically separated from the Madagascar population, and although these populations show overlap in morphological characteristics, they may ultimately be identified as separate species (Goodman &; Cardiff 2004; Monadjem et al. 2010). In this case, the mainland population could be reclassified Nyctinomus mastersoni (Roberts 1946) (Monadjem et al. 2010). Currently, no subspecies of T . fulminans are recognised (Skinner &; Chimimba 2005). The three large Tadarida species are easily distinguished from other large Molossid species by their unwrinkled upper lips (Monadjem et al. 2010).	20000000	Tadarida fulminans	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide range across east and southern Africa. Although it is not a common species and can be patchily distributed, it is not thought to be facing any major threats.	This species is found in both dry and moist savanna habitats (including 'savanna woodland'). It is not thought to be dependent on caves, but is found in rocky, granite outcrops.	There appear to be no major threats to this species.	Locally common, but patchily distributed in Africa. On Madagascar this bat is an uncommon, patchily distributed species. Colonies of this species may consist of dozens of individuals (although always fewer than 100 animals).	Stable	This species ranges through East Africa, southern Africa and a few localities on the island of Madagascar. Populations have been recorded through eastern and southeastern Africa, from around the border of Kenya and Uganda as far south as the border between Zimbabwe and South Africa. The most westerly record is from eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Madagascar it is only known from a few records, mostly from the central-south region near to Fianarantsoa and Isalo National Park, and from records at Tolagnaro near the southeast coast (Jenkins et al. 2007). Further surveys are needed within Madagascar (Goodman and Cardiff 2004). It ranges from about sea level (at Fort Dauphin in Madagascar) to close to 2,000 m (Albertine Rift).		Terrestrial	It has been recorded from one protected area in Madagascar and is presumed to exist in many protected areas within its range in eastern and southern Africa, however, there appear to be no active conservation measures in place. Further studies are needed into the distribution and taxonomic status of bats allocated to Tadarida fulminans .	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Tadarida		fulminans	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 501	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	<b> mastersoni </b>Roberts, 1946.	Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.	E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Madagascar.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 teniotis species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).	Tadarida fulminans	1005263	23	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat|Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Guano Bat|Lightning Guano Bat|Madagascan Large Guano Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Tadarida	NA	fulminans	O. Thomas	1903	1	Nyctinomus_fulminans	Thomas, O. (1903). Three new species of Nyctinomus. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 12, 501.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/94944#page/531/mode/1up	BM 1882.3.1.34		"Fianarantsoa, E. Betsileo, Madagascar."			fulminans (O. Thomas, 1903)|mastersoni (Roberts, 1946)	NA	NA				Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Tanzania|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Mozambique|Malawi|South Africa|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_fulminans	0	sciname match	Tadarida_fulminans	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Tadarida_fulminans	1005263	23	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat|Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Free-tailed Bat|Large Guano Bat|Lightning Guano Bat|Madagascan Large Guano Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Tadarida	NA	fulminans	O. Thomas	1	Nyctinomus fulminans	Thomas, O. 1903-11-01. Three new species of _Nyctinomus_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)12(71):501-505.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29993267	BMNH:Mamm:1882.3.1.34	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/63c6a499-5e00-4951-923d-558ad3398c05	"Fianarantsoa, E. Betsileo, Madagascar."			NA	NA				Democratic Republic of the Congo|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Tanzania|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Mozambique|Malawi|South Africa|Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_fulminans	0	sciname match	Tadarida_fulminans	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Tadarida		fulminans	Thomas	1903	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 12: 501	Malagasy Free-tailed Bat	mastersoni Roberts, 1946.	Madagascar, Betsilo, Fianarantsoa.	E Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, Malawi, Zimbabwe, NE South Africa, Madagascar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21316/22122012/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	teniotisspecies group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995) and Cotterill (2001b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida fulminans; Tadarida fulminans; fulminans; mastersoni; mastersoni; fulminans; mastersoni; Tadaride de Thomas; Madagaskar-Bulldogfledermaus; Murciélago rabudo de Thomas; Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat; Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat; Large Free-tailed Bat; Large Guano Bat; Lightning Guano Bat; Madagascan Large Guano Bat; Malagasy Free-tailed Bat; Madagascan Large Free-tailed Bat; Madagascar Large Free-tailed Bat; Large Free-tailed Bat; Large Guano Bat; Lightning Guano Bat; Madagascan Large Guano Bat; Malagasy Free-tailed Bat; Malagasy Free-tailed Bat; T. fulminans