http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1595	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida brasiliensis		[MSW2] Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981:68) and Owen et al. (1990). See Wilkins (1989, Mammalian Species, 331).; [MSW3] aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall (1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).; [HMW] Nyctinomus brasiliensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 , “le district de Curityba [= Curitiba],” Parana , Brazil . Recent genetic analyses suggest that subspecies designations need to be reevaluated, and that there are potential cryptic species requiring further study. Nine subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus ( Rhizomops ) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).; [IUCN] This species is in the aegyptiaca species group.The Caribbean subspecies was reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).; [batnames2023]  aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus ( Rhizomops ) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).; [batnames2025_1.7] aegyptiacaspecies group. Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).						antillularum, bahamensis, californicus, constanzae, cynocephala, fuliginosus, intermedia, mexicana, mohavensis, multispinosus, murina, muscula, naso, nasutus, peruanus, rugosus, texana.	cynocephala, mexicana, intermedia, brasiliensis, bahamensis, muscula, murina, constanzae, antillularum	brasiliensis, antillularum, bahamensis, constanzae, cynocephala, intermedia, mexicana, murina, muscula	multispinosus, naso, nasutus, peruanus, rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus, mohavensis, texana	brasiliensis, antillularum, bahamensis, constanzae, cynocephala, intermedia, mexicana, murina, muscula		brasiliensis, antillularum, bahamensis, constanzae, cynocephala, intermedia, mexicana, murina, muscula	brasiliensis - multispinosus, naso, nasutus, peruanus, rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus, mohavensis, texana	brasiliensis, nasutus, murinus, cynocephala, fuliginosus, rugosus, naso, mexicanus, multispinosus, musculus, mohavensis, antillularum, bahamensis, peruanus, constanzae, intermedia, texana	This species is in the aegyptiaca species group.The Caribbean subspecies was reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	brasiliensis, antillularum, bahamensis, constanzae, cynocephala, intermedia, mexicana, murina, muscula	brasiliensis - multispinosus, naso, nasutus, peruanus, rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus, mohavensis, texana	brasiliensis, nasutus, murinus, cynocephala, fuliginosus, rugosus, naso, mexicanus, multispinosus, musculus, mohavensis, antillularum, bahamensis, peruanus, constanzae, intermedia, texana	brasiliensis, murina, cynocephala, azara, fuliginosa, rugosa, naso, mexicana, multispinosa, musculus, mohavensis, californica, antillularum, bahamensis, peruana, constanzae, intermedia, texana, muscula	antillularum, bahamensis, brasiliensis, constanzae, cynocephala, intermedia, mexicana, murina, muscula	brasiliensis - multispinosus, naso, nasutus, peruanus, rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus, mohavensis, texana	brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824)|murina (J. E. Gray, 1827)|cynocephala (Le Conte in McMurtrie, 1831)|azara (Lesson, 1836)|fuliginosa (W. Cooper, 1837)|rugosa (d'Orbigny, 1837)|naso (J. A. Wagner, 1840)|mexicana (de Saussure, 1860)|multispinosa (Burmeister, 1861)|musculus (W. C. H. Peters, 1861)|cooperi (Fitzinger, 1870) [nomen novum]|mohavensis (C. H. Merriam, 1889)|californica (H. Allen, 1894)|braziliensis (de Seabra, 1900) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|antillularum (G. S. Miller, 1902)|bahamensis (Rehn, 1902)|peruana (J. A. Allen, 1914)|constanzae Shamel, 1931|intermedia Shamel, 1931|texana Stager, 1942|muscula Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Brazilian free-tailed bat	W, S USA – C Chile, Argentina, Bahamas, Antilles	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Tadarida brasiliensis	Brazil, Parana, Curitiba.	I. Geoffroy	1824	Ann. Sei. Nat. Zool., 1:343.	Distribution: Ranging from the southern half of the United States south through Middle America and western South America to eastern Brazil and the northern edge of Patagonia; also through the West Indies south to St. Lucia.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Brazilian free-tailed bat	W, S USA – C Chile, Argentina, Bahamas, Antilles	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	I. Geoffroy	1824	Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 1:343.	Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981:68) and Owen et al. (1990). See Wilkins (1989, Mammalian Species, 331).	S Brazil, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.	Brazil, Parana, Curitiba.		I. GEOFFROY	1824	Ears definitely separate. Basisphenoid pits shallow. Wing tips relatively broad. Outer lower incisor usually present. Anterior upper premolar reduced. Upper lip wrinkles well developed but relatively few in number. Size relatively small (forearm length, 31-47 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from the southern half of the United States south through Middle America and western South America to eastern Brazil and the northern edge of Patagonia; also through the West Indies south to St. Lucia.	Nine subspecies are currently recognized:	T. b. cynocephala (southeastern United States), T. b. mexicana (central and southwestern United States and most of Mexico). T. b. intermedia (extreme southern Mexico and northern Central America), T. b. brasiliensis (southern Central America and the entire South American range), T. b. bahamensis (Bahamas), T. b. muscula (Cuba), T. b. murina (Jamaica), T. b. constanzae (Hispaniola), T. b. antillularum (Puerto Rico to central Lesser Antilles).	139	species	T. brasiliensis	I. GEOFFROY	1824	Tadarida	genus	Tadarida brasiliensis				Ears definitely separate. Basisphenoid pits shallow. Wing tips relatively broad. Outer lower incisor usually present. Anterior upper premolar reduced. Upper lip wrinkles well developed but relatively few in number. Size relatively small (forearm length, 31-47 mm).	Nine subspecies are currently recognized:		1. T. brasiliensis (I. GEOFFROY 1824) [aegyptiaca group].	1	_T. b. antillularum_ (Miller, 1902); _T. b. bahamensis_ (Rehn, 1902); _T. b. brasiliensis_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824) (synonyms: _azara_ (Lesson, 1836), _multispinosa_ (Burmeister, 1861), _naso_ (Wagner, 1840), _nasutus_ (Spix, 1823), _peruana_ (Allen, 1914), _rugosa_ (d'Orbigny, 1837)); _T. b. constanzae_ Shamel, 1931; _T. b. cynocephala_ (Le Conte, 1831) (synonyms: _cooperi_ (Fitzinger, 1870), _fuliginosa_ (Cooper, 1837)); _T. b. intermedia_ Shamel, 1931; _T. b. mexicana_ (Saussure, 1860) (synonyms: _californica_ (Allen, 1894), _mohavensis_ (Merriam, 1889), _texana_ Stager, 1942); _T. b. murina_ (Gray, 1827); _T. b. musculus_ (Peters, 1861)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Molossidae	Molossinae		Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida		brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy	y	1824		Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.	1		343		Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (known as the Mexican Free-tailed Bat in North America)	Brazil, Paraná, Curitiba (= Curityba).	S Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	multispinosus Burmeister, 1861; naso Wagner, 1840; nasutus Temminck, 1827; peruanus J. A. Allen, 1914; rugosus D’Orbigny, 1837; antillularum Miller, 1902; bahamensis Rhen, 1902; constanzae Shamel, 1931; cynocephala Le Conte, 1831; fuliginosus Cooper, 1837; intermedia Shamel, 1931; mexicana Saussure, 1860; californicus H. Allen, 1894; mohavensis Merriam, 1889; texana Stager, 1942; murina Gray, 1827; muscula Gundlach, 1861.	aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall (1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	194287C9FF93BA3FB4BDFD2ABA15F90B	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Molossidae_598.pdf.imf	hash://md5/e57bffb1ffbcba10b412f760b226ffce	664	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/19/42/87/194287C9FF91BA3DB4B5FA72B5D6F33E.xml	Tadarida brasiliensis	Molossidae	Tadarida	brasiliensis		1824	Tadaride du Brésil @fr | Brasilianische Bulldogfledermaus @de | Murciélago rabudo de Brasil @es | Mexican Free-tailed Bat @en	Nyctinomus brasiliensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 , “le district de Curityba [= Curitiba],” Parana , Brazil . Recent genetic analyses suggest that subspecies designations need to be reevaluated, and that there are potential cryptic species requiring further study. Nine subspecies recognized.	T. b. brasiliensis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 — Costa Rica and Panama , SouthAmerica W of the Orinoco Basin and W & S of Amazon Basin, and Trinidad I. T.b. antillularum G. S. Miller, 1902 — Puerto Rico S through the Lesser Antilles to Tobago I. T. b. bahamensis Rhen, 1902 — Bahamas . T. b. constanzae Shamel, 1931 — Hispaniola I ( Haiti and Dominican Republic ). T. b. cynocephala Le Conte, 1831 — E USA . T. b. intermedia Shamel, 1931 — S Mexico ( Chiapas ) to Honduras . T. b. mexicana Saussure, 1860 — W USA S to S Mexico ( Oaxaca and Veracruz ). T. b. murina J. E. Gray, 1827 — Jamaica . T. b. muscula Gundlach, 1861 — Cuba and Grand Cayman I.	Head—body 46-62 mm, tail 28-42 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, ear 14— 20 mm ,forearm 36-47 mm; weight 8-15 g. Females are slightly heavier than males. Dorsal pelage ranges from light to dark brown, with hairs uniformly colored and short (2-3 mm) on trunk and head; ventral pelage is paler with slight frosting on tips and hairs slightly longer ( 3—4 mm ). Cave-roosting bats may have light-colored fur because of effect of ammonia-fume bleaching. Albinism has also been reported in this species. Upper lip has deep vertical grooves, and overhangs lower lip. Ears are medium brown, rounded with small bumps on leading edge, reach nose tip when laid forward, and do not connect medially on forehead. Tragus is blunt and short, whereas antitragusis larger and rounded. Both sexes have a gular gland, but it is well developed only in adult males. Wing and interfemoral membranes are dark brown. Distal one-half oftail extends beyond uropatagium. Basisphenoid pits are undeveloped and anterior border of palate is emarginated. Upper incisors are not in contact. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) =300r11/3, C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 56.	Dry forest, montane forest, pine-oak forest, thorn scrub, desert, and urban areas, but not in primary rainforest, as in the Amazon Basin. The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat occurs from sea level to 3000 m elevation.	The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat feeds mainly on moths ( Lepidoptera ), but also beetles ( Coleoptera ), ants ( Formicidae ), and flies ( Diptera ). It also forages at high altitudes to feed on migrating moths ( Noctuidae ).	Most information is from populations in North America with few data from South America. In Florida, spermatogenesis begins in September, with mature spermatozoa present in the testes and epididymides primarily in February and March. Ovulation occurs chiefly during a 1week period in late March, which is followed by mating within the next 5 weeks, and births in June. In Mexico, mating season is probably in spring, and migration to the USA occurs in summer, with offspring born in late June and early July after a c.11week gestation period. In Ecuador , pregnant females have also been documented in August.	Brazilian Free-tailed Bats emerge from cave roosts at dusk and large colonies may take several hoursto exit, all returning around dawn. The species roosts in caves, bridges, mine tunnels, culverts, and buildings. The search-phase echolocation call structure is QCF averaging c.26 kHz with a downward modulation, butis variable based on the local ambient noise produced by insects. Avian predators include American kestrels ( Falco sparverius), Mississippi kites (Ictinia mississippiensis), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), greater roadrunners (Geococeyx californianus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and common barn-owls (7yto alba). Mammalian predators include skunks (Mephitis mephitis and Conepatus mesoleucus), Northern Raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Northern Black-eared Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Snake predators include Texas rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus), coachwhips (Masticophis flagellum), copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), and eastern coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius).	Colony size can reach up to 20 million individuals, in maternity cave roosts. There is partial segregation in roosts with females and their young, but some males may be present. Mothers recognize their young by scent and auditory cues. Smaller numbers of bats may also use a night roost. Individuals may fly long distances of 50 km or more to forage each evening. Of four migratory populations in the USA , two migrate south as much as 1840 km to Mexico for autumn and winter seasons. Other bat species found roosting with the Brazilian Free-tailed Bat include Peters’s Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), the North American Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis), the South-eastern Myotis ( Myotis austroriparius), and the Cave Myotis (M. velifer).	Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. However, some caves with colonies of millions of bats have experienced population collapses due to human disturbance.	Arita & Ortega (2014) | Eger (2008) | Gamboa & Diaz (2018) | Gillam & McCracken (2007) | Jung et al. (2014) | Krauel et al. (2018) | Lee Yafu & McCracken (2001) | Morales et al. (2018) | Reid (1997) | Russell et al. (2005) | Speer et al. (2017) | Tirira (2017) | Wilkins (1989)	https://zenodo.org/record/6567918/files/figure.png	106. Brazilian Free-tailed Bat Tadarida brasiliensis French: Tadaride du Brésil / German: Brasilianische Bulldogfledermaus / Spanish: Murciélago rabudo de Brasil Other common names: Mexican Free-tailed Bat Taxonomy. Nyctinomus brasiliensis 1. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 , “le district de Curityba [= Curitiba],” Parana , Brazil . Recent genetic analyses suggest that subspecies designations need to be reevaluated, and that there are potential cryptic species requiring further study. Nine subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. T. b. brasiliensis I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824 — Costa Rica and Panama , SouthAmerica W of the Orinoco Basin and W & S of Amazon Basin, and Trinidad I. T.b. antillularum G. S. Miller, 1902 — Puerto Rico S through the Lesser Antilles to Tobago I. T. b. bahamensis Rhen, 1902 — Bahamas . T. b. constanzae Shamel, 1931 — Hispaniola I ( Haiti and Dominican Republic ). T. b. cynocephala Le Conte, 1831 — E USA . T. b. intermedia Shamel, 1931 — S Mexico ( Chiapas ) to Honduras . T. b. mexicana Saussure, 1860 — W USA S to S Mexico ( Oaxaca and Veracruz ). T. b. murina J. E. Gray, 1827 — Jamaica . T. b. muscula Gundlach, 1861 — Cuba and Grand Cayman I. Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-62 mm, tail 28-42 mm, hindfoot 7-11 mm, ear 14— 20 mm ,forearm 36-47 mm; weight 8-15 g. Females are slightly heavier than males. Dorsal pelage ranges from light to dark brown, with hairs uniformly colored and short (2-3 mm) on trunk and head; ventral pelage is paler with slight frosting on tips and hairs slightly longer ( 3—4 mm ). Cave-roosting bats may have light-colored fur because of effect of ammonia-fume bleaching. Albinism has also been reported in this species. Upper lip has deep vertical grooves, and overhangs lower lip. Ears are medium brown, rounded with small bumps on leading edge, reach nose tip when laid forward, and do not connect medially on forehead. Tragus is blunt and short, whereas antitragusis larger and rounded. Both sexes have a gular gland, but it is well developed only in adult males. Wing and interfemoral membranes are dark brown. Distal one-half oftail extends beyond uropatagium. Basisphenoid pits are undeveloped and anterior border of palate is emarginated. Upper incisors are not in contact. Dental formulais11/2,C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) =300r11/3, C1/1,P2/2,M 3/3 (x2) = 32. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 48 and FN = 56. Habitat. Dry forest, montane forest, pine-oak forest, thorn scrub, desert, and urban areas, but not in primary rainforest, as in the Amazon Basin. The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat occurs from sea level to 3000 m elevation. Food and Feeding. The Brazilian Free-tailed Bat feeds mainly on moths ( Lepidoptera ), but also beetles ( Coleoptera ), ants ( Formicidae ), and flies ( Diptera ). It also forages at high altitudes to feed on migrating moths ( Noctuidae ). Breeding. Most information is from populations in North America with few data from South America. In Florida, spermatogenesis begins in September, with mature spermatozoa present in the testes and epididymides primarily in February and March. Ovulation occurs chiefly during a 1week period in late March, which is followed by mating within the next 5 weeks, and births in June. In Mexico, mating season is probably in spring, and migration to the USA occurs in summer, with offspring born in late June and early July after a c.11week gestation period. In Ecuador , pregnant females have also been documented in August. Activity patterns. Brazilian Free-tailed Bats emerge from cave roosts at dusk and large colonies may take several hoursto exit, all returning around dawn. The species roosts in caves, bridges, mine tunnels, culverts, and buildings. The search-phase echolocation call structure is QCF averaging c.26 kHz with a downward modulation, butis variable based on the local ambient noise produced by insects. Avian predators include American kestrels ( Falco sparverius), Mississippi kites (Ictinia mississippiensis), red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis), greater roadrunners (Geococeyx californianus), great horned owls (Bubo virginianus), and common barn-owls (7yto alba). Mammalian predators include skunks (Mephitis mephitis and Conepatus mesoleucus), Northern Raccoons (Procyon lotor), and Northern Black-eared Opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). Snake predators include Texas rat snakes (Pantherophis obsoletus), coachwhips (Masticophis flagellum), copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix), and eastern coral snakes (Micrurusfulvius). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colony size can reach up to 20 million individuals, in maternity cave roosts. There is partial segregation in roosts with females and their young, but some males may be present. Mothers recognize their young by scent and auditory cues. Smaller numbers of bats may also use a night roost. Individuals may fly long distances of 50 km or more to forage each evening. Of four migratory populations in the USA , two migrate south as much as 1840 km to Mexico for autumn and winter seasons. Other bat species found roosting with the Brazilian Free-tailed Bat include Peters’s Ghost-faced Bat (Mormoops megalophylla), the Big Brown Bat (Eptesicus fuscus), Rafinesque’s Big-eared Bat (Corynorhinus rafinesquii), the North American Evening Bat (Nycticeius humeralis), the South-eastern Myotis ( Myotis austroriparius), and the Cave Myotis (M. velifer). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. However, some caves with colonies of millions of bats have experienced population collapses due to human disturbance. Bibliography. Arita & Ortega (2014), Eger (2008), Gamboa & Diaz (2018), Gillam & McCracken (2007), Jung et al. (2014), Krauel et al. (2018), Lee Yafu & McCracken (2001), Morales et al. (2018), Reid (1997), Russell et al. (2005), Speer et al. (2017), Tirira (2017), Wilkins (1989).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Molossidae	Tadarida brasiliensis	Tadarida		brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy	1824	1	Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.	0.2799	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	 multispinosus Burmeister, 1861; naso Wagner, 1840; nasutus Temminck, 1827; peruanus J. A. Allen, 1914; rugosus D&#39;Orbigny, 1837; <b> antillularum </b> Miller, 1902; <b>bahamensis</b> Rhen, 1902; <b> constanzae </b> Shamel, 1931; <b> cynocephala </b> Le Conte, 1831; fuliginosus Cooper, 1837; <b> intermedia </b> Shamel, 1931; <b>mexicana</b> Saussure, 1860; californicus H. Allen, 1894; mohavensis Merriam, 1889; texana Stager, 1942; <b> murina </b> Gray, 1827; <b>muscula</b> Gundlach, 1861.	Brazil, Paran&aacute;, Curitiba (= Curityba).	S Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus ( Rhizomops ) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Tadarida brasiliensis	23	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	Mexican Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	MOLOSSIDAE	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Tadarida	NA	brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1824	1	Nyctinomus_brasiliensis	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1824). Mémoire sur une Chauve-souris Américaine, formant une nouvelle espéce dans le genre Nyctinome. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1, 343.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752603#page/364/mode/1up	MNHN 1997-1813		"le district de Curityba [= Curitiba]," Paraná, Brazil.			brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824)|nasutus (Temminck, 1826)|murinus (J. E. Gray, 1827)|cynocephala (Le Conte, 1831)|fuliginosus (W. Cooper, 1837)|rugosus (d'Orbigny, 1837)|naso (J. A. Wagner, 1840)|mexicanus (Saussure, 1860)|multispinosus (Burmeister, 1861)|musculus (Gundlach, 1861)|mohavensis (Merriam, 1889)|antillularum (G. S. Miller, 1902)|bahamensis (Rehn, 1902)|peruanus (J. A. Allen, 1914)|constanzae Shamel, 1931|intermedia Shamel, 1931|texana Stager, 1942	NA	NA	United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Bahamas|Cuba|Cayman Islands|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Anguilla|Antigua & Barbuda|Aruba|Barbados|Bonaire|Sint Eustatius|Saba|Dominica|Grenada|Guadeloupe|Martinique|Montserrat|Saint Barthélemy|Saint Kitts & Nevis|Saint Lucia|Saint Martin|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Uruguay|Argentina|Chile|Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	sciname match	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	21314	Tadarida brasiliensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	MOLOSSIDAE	Tadarida	brasiliensis	(I. Geoffroy, 1824)	This species is in the aegyptiaca species group.The Caribbean subspecies was reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003).	20000000	Tadarida brasiliensis	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It occurs in wide range of habitats (Barquez pers. comm.). It is an insectivorous, migratory species forming large colonies with millions of individuals. In the Antilles it forms small colonies (Rodriguez pers. comm.)	There are no major threats affecting this species across its entire range. Some subopulations have been exterminated as plagues in several places in Uruguay (Gonzalez pers. comm.). In northern Mexico and the southern US there was a documented reduction in the population in the 1980s. Mining in caves in the Antilles is a threat (Armando Rodriguez pers. comm.).	It is an abundant species (Barquez pers. comm.)	Stable	This species is found from southern Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina and Chile to Oregon, southern Nebraska and Ohio (USA), and in the Greater and Lesser Antilles (Simmons 2005). The distribution extends to the Falkland Islands. It is not found in Nicaragua (Medina pers. comm.)	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	There is a large subpopulation protected in Tucuman, Argentina. There is a large conservation program in Mexico.	Nearctic|Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Molossidae	Tadarida		brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1824	1	Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.	0.279861	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	 multispinosus Burmeister, 1861; naso Wagner, 1840; nasutus Temminck, 1827; peruanus J. A. Allen, 1914; rugosus D&#39;Orbigny, 1837; <b> antillularum </b> Miller, 1902; <b>bahamensis</b> Rhen, 1902; <b> constanzae </b> Shamel, 1931; <b> cynocephala </b> Le Conte, 1831; fuliginosus Cooper, 1837; <b> intermedia </b> Shamel, 1931; <b>mexicana</b> Saussure, 1860; californicus H. Allen, 1894; mohavensis Merriam, 1889; texana Stager, 1942; <b> murina </b> Gray, 1827; <b>muscula</b> Gundlach, 1861.	Brazil, Paran&aacute;, Curitiba (= Curityba).	S Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 aegyptiaca species group. Placed in distinct genus ( Rhizomops ) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).	Tadarida brasiliensis	1005262	23	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	Mexican Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Molossidae	MOLOSSINAE	NA	Tadarida	NA	brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1824	1	Nyctinomus_brasiliensis	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. (1824). Mémoire sur une Chauve-souris Américaine, formant une nouvelle espéce dans le genre Nyctinome. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, 1, 343.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752603#page/364/mode/1up	MNHN 1997-1813		"le district de Curityba [= Curitiba]," Paraná, Brazil.			brasiliensis (I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1824)|nasutus (Temminck, 1826)|murinus (J. E. Gray, 1827)|cynocephala (Le Conte, 1831)|fuliginosus (W. Cooper, 1837)|rugosus (d'Orbigny, 1837)|naso (J. A. Wagner, 1840)|mexicanus (Saussure, 1860)|multispinosus (Burmeister, 1861)|musculus (Gundlach, 1861)|mohavensis (Merriam, 1889)|antillularum (G. S. Miller, 1902)|bahamensis (Rehn, 1902)|peruanus (J. A. Allen, 1914)|constanzae Shamel, 1931|intermedia Shamel, 1931|texana Stager, 1942	NA	NA			USA(OR,CA,NV,UT,AZ,CO,NM,OK,TX,NE,KS,IA,IL,IN,OH,AR,LA,TN,SC,GA,AL,MS,FL)	United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Bahamas|Cuba|Cayman Islands|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Anguilla|Antigua & Barbuda|Aruba|Barbados|Bonaire|Sint Eustatius|Saba|Dominica|Grenada|Guadeloupe|Martinique|Montserrat|Saint Barthélemy|Saint Kitts & Nevis|Saint Lucia|Saint Martin|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad & Tobago|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Uruguay|Argentina|Chile|Falkland Islands (Malvinas)	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	sciname match	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Tadarida_brasiliensis	1005262	23	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	Mexican Free-tailed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Molossidae	Molossinae	NA	Tadarida	NA	brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1	Nyctinomus Brasiliensis	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, I. 1824. Mémoire sur une chauve-souris américaine, formant une nouvelle espèce dans le genre Nyctinome. Annales des sciences naturelles 1:337-347.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5752603	MNHN-ZM-MO-1997-1813, MNHN ? 800 (= MNHN ? 230), MNHN ? 801 (= MNHN ? 230a), MNHN ? 802 (= MNHN ? 230b), MNHN ? 803 (= MNHN ? 230c)	syntypes	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1997-1813	"le district de Curityba [= Curitiba]," Paraná, Brazil.			NA	NA			USA(OR,CA,NV,UT,AZ,CO,NM,OK,TX,NE,KS,IA,IL,IN,OH,AR,LA,TN,SC,GA,AL,MS,FL)	United States|Mexico|Guatemala|Honduras|El Salvador|Nicaragua|Costa Rica|Panama|Bahamas|Cuba|Cayman Islands|Jamaica|Haiti|Dominican Republic|Anguilla|Antigua and Barbuda|Aruba|Barbados|Bonaire|Sint Eustatius|Saba|Dominica|Grenada|Guadeloupe|Martinique|Montserrat|Saint Barthélemy|Saint Kitts and Nevis|Saint Lucia|Sint Maarten|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|British Virgin Islands|United States Virgin Islands|Colombia|Venezuela|Trinidad and Tobago|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil|Paraguay|Uruguay|Argentina|Chile|Falkland Islands	North America|South America	Nearctic|Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	sciname match	Tadarida_brasiliensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Molossidae	Tadarida		brasiliensis	I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1824	1	Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool.	0.279861	Brazilian Free-tailed Bat	multispinosus Burmeister, 1861; naso Wagner, 1840; nasutus Temminck, 1827; peruanus J. A. Allen, 1914; rugosus D&#39;Orbigny, 1837; antillularum Miller, 1902; bahamensis Rhen, 1902; constanzae Shamel, 1931; cynocephala Le Conte, 1831; fuliginosus Cooper, 1837; intermedia Shamel, 1931; mexicana Saussure, 1860; californicus H. Allen, 1894; mohavensis Merriam, 1889; texana Stager, 1942; murina Gray, 1827; muscula Gundlach, 1861.	Brazil, Paran&aacute;, Curitiba (= Curityba).	S Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, and Chile to Oregon, S Nebraska and Ohio (USA); Greater and Lesser Antilles.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21314/22121621/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	aegyptiacaspecies group. Placed in distinct genus (Rhizomops) by Legendre (1984), but see Freeman (1981) and R. D. Owen et al. (1990). See Hall(1981) and Wilkins (1989); also see Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Caribbean subspecies reviewed by Timm and Genoways (2003). Known from Honduras only from recorded echolocation calls (Turcios-Casco et al., 2020).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Tadarida brasiliensis; Tadarida brasiliensis; Tadarida brasiliensis; Tadarida brasiliensis; Tadarida brasiliensis; Tadarida brasiliensis; brasiliensis; antillularum; bahamensis; constanzae; cynocephala; intermedia; mexicana; murina; muscula; multispinosus; naso; nasutus; peruanus; rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus; mohavensis; texana; brasiliensis; antillularum; bahamensis; constanzae; cynocephala; intermedia; mexicana; murina; muscula; antillularum; bahamensis; constanzae; cynocephala; intermedia; mexicana; murina; muscula; multispinosus; naso; nasutus; peruanus; rugosus; cynocephala - fuliginosus; mexicana - californicus; mohavensis; texana; brasiliensis; nasutus; murinus; cynocephala; fuliginosus; rugosus; naso; mexicanus; multispinosus; musculus; mohavensis; antillularum; bahamensis; peruanus; constanzae; intermedia; texana; Tadaride du Brésil; Brasilianische Bulldogfledermaus; Murciélago rabudo de Brasil; Mexican Free-tailed Bat; Brazilian Free-tailed Bat; Mexican Free-tailed Bat; Brazilian Free-tailed Bat (known as the Mexican Free-tailed Bat in North America); Brazilian Free-tailed Bat; T. brasiliensis