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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1593	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris carolinae		[MSW3] See Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Syconycteris carolinae Rozendaal, 1984 , “beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20 ° N 127° 31’ E , northwest Halmahera [ Island , Molucca Islands], Indonesia , altitude c. 180 m .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Flannery (1995 b ).; [batnames2023] See Flannery (1995 b ).; [batnames2025_1.7] See Flannery (1995b).														carolinae				carolinae	carolinae			carolinae F. G. Rozendaal, 1984						N/A					Distribution: Known only from Hal mahera in the northern Moluccas.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Halmahera, N Moluccas; ref. 4.23	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Rozendaal	1984	Zoologische Mededelingen, 58(13):200.		Halmahera Isl (Moluccas).	Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, Gunung Gamkunora.		ROZENDAAL	1984	Size relatively large (forearm length, 60 mm). Uropatagium present.	Distribution: Known only from Hal mahera in the northern Moluccas.	No sub species.		38	species	S. carolinae	ROZENDAAL	1984	Syconycteris	genus	Syconycteris carolinae				Size relatively large (forearm length, 60 mm). Uropatagium present.	No sub species.		3. S. carolinae ROZENDAAL 1984.	3	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris		carolinae	Rozendaal		1984		Zoologische Mededelingen	58	13	200		Halmaheran Blossom Bat	Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, S base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E), ca 180 m.	Bacan and Halmahera Isls (Moluccas).	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.		See Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFFEBF6058C6731ECF7A0F211	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	105	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFEBF60589633E57F85DFA30.xml	Syconycteris carolinae	Pteropodidae	Syconycteris	carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	Syconyctere d’'Halmahera @fr | Halmahera-Blitenflughund @de | Syconicterio de Halmahera @es | Halmahera Blossom Bat @en | North Moluccan Blossom Bat @en	Syconycteris carolinae Rozendaal, 1984 , “beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20 ° N 127° 31’ E , northwest Halmahera [ Island , Molucca Islands], Indonesia , altitude c. 180 m .” This species is monotypic.	N Moluccas on Halmahera and Bacan Is.	Head-body 83-97- 8 mm (tailless), ear 12:3-16- 8 mm , hindfoot 15- 4 mm , forearm 55-6-61- 1 mm ; weight 35-47 g . The Halmaheran Blossom Bat can be distinguished from the Southern Blossom Bat (S. australis ) by its darker pelage, largersize, slightly longer rostrum, heavier zygomatic arches, more strongly developed postorbital processes, and lack of prominent lambdoid crest. Head and muzzle are elongated, with raised forward-facing nostrils. Fur is somewhat woolly and longer than in the Mossforest Blossom Bat (S. hobbit ). Dorsal pelage is dark brown and darker on head and nape; ventral pelage is more dark blonde, being grayer and somewhat lighter than dorsum and having silvery tipped hairs, giving grizzled appearance. Eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises; ears are elongated, with bluntly rounded tips, and colored like dorsum. Wings are black; second digits of wings have a claw. There is no uropatagium, but there is a strip of longer fur along inside legs where uropatagium would be; calcar is absent. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum, and jaws and dentition are much more robust than in species of Macroglossus . Molars and premolars are largely reduced, narrow, and linear with flat tops; upper incisors are uniformly large and procumbent; I, are much larger than I, and do not have any gap between them; dentition is generally weaker than in the Southern Blossom Bat and more elongate in the occlusal view; and diastemata between lower premolars are wider than in the Southern Blossom Bat.	Most commonly moderately disturbed areas including secondary forests and gardens but also relict forests.	The Halmaheran Blossom Bat is most likely nectarivorous.	Nine lactating and two visibly pregnant Halmaheran Blossom Bats were collected in January on northern Halmahera. Young might be left in roosts until they are able to fly, although this needs confirmation.	Halmaheran Blossom Bats are nocturnal.	No information.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Halmaheran Blossom Bat is known from only three locations on two islands in Indonesia . It is considered rare due to low number of captures despite many sampling attempts. Halmahera is experiencing ongoing habitat destruction from gold and nickel mining, logging operations, and urban development. In 2017, the Halmaheran Blossom Bat was ranked as the eighth highest research priority for island-endemic bats because of the conservation situation on Halmahera and current lack of knowledge on its basic ecology.	Boeadi & Flannery (1992) | Conenna et al. (2017) | Flannery (1995a) | Helgen & Salas (2008) | Koopman & Gordon (1992) | Lawrence (1991) | Rozendaal (1984)		76. Halmaheran Blossom Bat Syconycteris carolinae French: Syconyctere d’'Halmahera / German: Halmahera-Blitenflughund / Spanish: Syconicterio de Halmahera Other common names: Halmahera Blossom Bat , North Moluccan Blossom Bat Taxonomy. Syconycteris carolinae Rozendaal, 1984 , “beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20 ° N 127° 31’ E , northwest Halmahera [ Island , Molucca Islands], Indonesia , altitude c. 180 m .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. N Moluccas on Halmahera and Bacan Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 83-97- 8 mm (tailless), ear 12:3-16- 8 mm , hindfoot 15- 4 mm , forearm 55-6-61- 1 mm ; weight 35-47 g . The Halmaheran Blossom Bat can be distinguished from the Southern Blossom Bat (S. australis ) by its darker pelage, largersize, slightly longer rostrum, heavier zygomatic arches, more strongly developed postorbital processes, and lack of prominent lambdoid crest. Head and muzzle are elongated, with raised forward-facing nostrils. Fur is somewhat woolly and longer than in the Mossforest Blossom Bat (S. hobbit ). Dorsal pelage is dark brown and darker on head and nape; ventral pelage is more dark blonde, being grayer and somewhat lighter than dorsum and having silvery tipped hairs, giving grizzled appearance. Eyes are large, with dark reddish-brown irises; ears are elongated, with bluntly rounded tips, and colored like dorsum. Wings are black; second digits of wings have a claw. There is no uropatagium, but there is a strip of longer fur along inside legs where uropatagium would be; calcar is absent. Skull is elongated, with long rostrum, and jaws and dentition are much more robust than in species of Macroglossus . Molars and premolars are largely reduced, narrow, and linear with flat tops; upper incisors are uniformly large and procumbent; I, are much larger than I, and do not have any gap between them; dentition is generally weaker than in the Southern Blossom Bat and more elongate in the occlusal view; and diastemata between lower premolars are wider than in the Southern Blossom Bat. Habitat. Most commonly moderately disturbed areas including secondary forests and gardens but also relict forests. Food and Feeding. The Halmaheran Blossom Bat is most likely nectarivorous. Breeding. Nine lactating and two visibly pregnant Halmaheran Blossom Bats were collected in January on northern Halmahera. Young might be left in roosts until they are able to fly, although this needs confirmation. Activity patterns. Halmaheran Blossom Bats are nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Halmaheran Blossom Bat is known from only three locations on two islands in Indonesia . It is considered rare due to low number of captures despite many sampling attempts. Halmahera is experiencing ongoing habitat destruction from gold and nickel mining, logging operations, and urban development. In 2017, the Halmaheran Blossom Bat was ranked as the eighth highest research priority for island-endemic bats because of the conservation situation on Halmahera and current lack of knowledge on its basic ecology. Bibliography. Boeadi & Flannery (1992), Conenna et al. (2017), Flannery (1995a), Helgen & Salas (2008), Koopman & Gordon (1992), Lawrence (1991), Rozendaal (1984).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Syconycteris carolinae	Syconycteris		carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	0	Zool. Med. Leiden	58(13): 200	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	None.	Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, S base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E), ca 180 m.	Bacan and Halmahera Isls (Moluccas).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Flannery (1995 b ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Syconycteris carolinae	23	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	Halmahera Blossom Bat|North Moluccan Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Syconycteris	NA	carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	0						"beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20' N 127° 31' E, northwest Halmahera [Island, Molucca Islands], Indonesia, altitude c. 180 m."	1.3333	127.52	carolinae Rozendaal, 1984	NA	NA	Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	sciname match	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	21184	Syconycteris carolinae	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Syconycteris	carolinae	Rozendaal, 1984		20000000	Syconycteris carolinae	Near Threatened	C2a(ii)	2021	2020-11-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>Syconycteris carolinae is assessed as Near Threatened, approaching qualifying under criterion C2a(ii), as the species is endemic to Halmahera Island, Indonesia with an estimated 10,000–11,000 mature individuals restricted to one subpopulation. The population size is inferred to be declining. The species is known from a range of habitat conditions and appears to be most common in intermediately disturbed or degraded forest habitats. Its forest habitats are declining due to intensified forest loss as it is converted to production forests and increasing mining.</p>	The type specimen of Syconycteris carolinae was from undisturbed primary forest on (Rozendaal 1984). Based on subsequent research and insights from the closely related S. australis (Aplin and Armstrong 2016), the species is most common in moderately disturbed areas, such as secondary forest and gardens (Flannery 1995). Approximately 60 individuals were captured in forests disturbed by timber-cutting and converted to fields to grow dry rice (Flannery 1995). Research is needed to illuminate the species roosting and foraging preference and other aspects of its ecology.	Although Syconycteris carolinae is known from a range of disturbed habitats, it is assumed to be threatened from intensifying habitat destruction, especially that of expanding nickel and gold mining, logging, and infrastructure development (M. Sinaga pers. comm.). Most of the protected forests in Halmahera have been damaged by open pit mining or have been converted to production forests which offer very limited habitat for this species. Most open pit mines have been converted to production forests, and an expansion of mining activity is anticipated. A mining ban is in place, but legal concessions gave 13 mining companies the right to ignore the mining ban, resulting in more logging activity. Research is needed to determine the extent of threats to the species.	Although data are limited, the species population is an estimated 10–11,000 mature individuals that are endemic to Halmahera Island, Indonesia. The population is suspected to be relatively stable or declining at low levels as the species has been found across a range of forest conditions, including in disturbed forests that have been converted to agriculture, orchards, and gardens (Flannery 1995). Intensifying habitat loss, especially that of mining, threatens the species. Given the species limited known distribution, Syconycteris carolinae is assumed to be from a single population. Research is needed to establish the species population status and trends.	Decreasing	This species is endemic to Halmahera Island in the north Moluccas in Indonesia where it has been confirmed at three sites (Rozendaal 1984, Koopman and Gordon 1992, Flannery 1995). The type locality for this species is the south base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E; 180 m), Halmahera Island in Indonesia (Rozendaal 1984). These limited surveys suggest it is found at lower elevations Syconycteris carolinae is assumed to be absent from the small islands of Tidore and Ternate as it was not detected during intensive survey expeditions (Flannery 1995); it may be extant on Bacan Island. Research is needed to determine the species full distribution.		Terrestrial	<p>Syconycteris carolinae is known from five (5) Key Biodiversity Areas on Halmahera Island (Burung Indonesia 2014), but is not known from any protected areas; four (4) proposed protected areas could be within its range. There are no species-specific conservation initiatives in place for the species. Conservation and research are needed on the species distribution, population status, trends, ecology, and threats.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Syconycteris		carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	0	Zool. Med. Leiden	58(13): 200	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	None.	Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, S base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E), ca 180 m.	Bacan and Halmahera Isls (Moluccas).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Flannery (1995 b ).	Syconycteris carolinae	1004410	23	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	Halmahera Blossom Bat|North Moluccan Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	MACROGLOSSUSINAE	NA	Syconycteris	NA	carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	0						"beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20' N 127° 31' E, northwest Halmahera [Island, Molucca Islands], Indonesia, altitude c. 180 m."	1.333333	127.5167	carolinae Rozendaal, 1984	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	sciname match	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Syconycteris_carolinae	1004410	23	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	Halmahera Blossom Bat|North Moluccan Blossom Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Macroglossusinae	NA	Syconycteris	NA	carolinae	F. G. Rozendaal	0	Syconycteris carolinae	Rozendaal, F.G. 1984. Notes on macroglossine bats from Sulawesi and the Moluccas, Indonesia, with the description of a new species of _Syconycteris_ Matschie, 1899 from Halmahera (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Zoologische Mededelingen 58(13):187-212.		RMNH.MAM.32246	holotype	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.32246.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.32246.b	"beside a stream running through undisturbed primary forest at the southern base of Gunung (= Mount) Gamkunora, east of Baru and north of Tosoa, 1° 20' N 127° 31' E, northwest Halmahera [Island, Molucca Islands], Indonesia, altitude c. 180 m."	1.333333	127.5167	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	NT	0	0	0	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	sciname match	Syconycteris_carolinae	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Syconycteris		carolinae	Rozendaal	1984	0	Zool. Med. Leiden	58(13): 200	Halmaheran Blossom Bat	None.	Indonesia, Moluccas, Halmahera Isl, S base of Gamkunora (01°20'N, 127°31'E), ca 180 m.	Bacan and Halmahera Isls (Moluccas).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/21184/22125551/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	See Flannery (1995b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Syconycteris carolinae; Syconycteris carolinae; Syconycteris carolinae; Syconycteris carolinae; Syconycteris carolinae; Syconycteris carolinae; carolinae; Syconyctere d’'Halmahera; Halmahera-Blitenflughund; Syconicterio de Halmahera; Halmahera Blossom Bat; North Moluccan Blossom Bat; Halmaheran Blossom Bat; Halmahera Blossom Bat; North Moluccan Blossom Bat; Halmaheran Blossom Bat; Halmaheran Blossom Bat; S. carolinae