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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1581	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Sturnira lilium [synonym of]	N/A	Sturnira lilium [synonym of]	N/A	Sturnira lilium paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira paulsoni		[HMW] Sturnira paulsoni de la Torre & Schwartz, 1966 , “Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m ], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent , British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles.” Two subspecies from the Lesser Antilles are relevant to this account: S. Lilium luciae by J. K. Jones, Jr. and C. J. Phillips in 1976 from Saint Lucia and S. Lilium serotinus by H. H. Genoways in 1998 from Grenada . Molecular and morphological analyses recognized these forms as a single taxonomic entity, for which the oldest name is S. paulsoni . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni .; [MDD2022] split from S. lilium; [IUCN] <span>Previously it was recognized as subspecies of S. lilium , it has now been elevated to species rank (Velazco and Patterson 2013).; [batnames2023] See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni .; [MDD2023] split from S. lilium; [MDD2025_2.0] split from S. lilium; [batnames2025_1.7] See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni.; [MDD2025_2.2] split from S. lilium												paulsoni, luciae, serotinus		paulsoni	<span>Previously it was recognized as subspecies of S. lilium , it has now been elevated to species rank (Velazco and Patterson 2013).	paulsoni, luciae, serotinus		paulsoni	paulsoni, luciae, serotina	luciae, paulsoni, serotinus		paulsoni de la Torre & A. Schwartz, 1966|luciae J. K. Jones & C. J. Phillips, 1976|serotina Genoways, 1998						N/A																																								NA																											03A687BCFF8FFF8E1690F3D4FCE2F46C	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	550	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFF3FFF31691FD4AF69AF849.xml	Sturnira paulsoni	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	paulsoni	de la Torre & Schwartz	1966	Sturnire de Paulson @fr | Paulson-Gelbschulterfledermaus @de | Sturniro de Paulson @es	Sturnira paulsoni de la Torre & Schwartz, 1966 , “Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m ], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent , British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles.” Two subspecies from the Lesser Antilles are relevant to this account: S. Lilium luciae by J. K. Jones, Jr. and C. J. Phillips in 1976 from Saint Lucia and S. Lilium serotinus by H. H. Genoways in 1998 from Grenada . Molecular and morphological analyses recognized these forms as a single taxonomic entity, for which the oldest name is S. paulsoni . Monotypic.	Endemic to the Lesser Antilles, including St. Lucia , St. Vincent , and Grenada Is.	Head-body 64-67 mm (tailless), ear 14-16 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm, forearm 40-42 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat is small and most similar to the Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. angeli ) and the Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. Lilium ). Dorsum is pale grayish brown; hair has narrow white basal band (c.0-5 mm), followed by broader dull grayish brown band and equally broad pale buff band, and narrow dark grayish brown apical band. Underparts are dark yellowish buff, with long, thick, silky fur composed of bicolored hairs. Muzzle is blunt, and forehead is rounded. Shoulder areas are clearly tinged in reddish or light brown. Legs, feet, and uropatagium are densely covered with short hairs. Skull is relatively long, braincase is small, and rostrum is elongated. I, and I, are trilobed and subequalin size. Lingual cusps (metaconid and entoconid) of M, and M, are low, rounded,ill-defined, and separated by shallow notch.	Wet interior valleys, near native trees and cultivated fruit crops, and wet dense montane forests with fairly open understories from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 300 m . Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is always netted near streams and never in dry coastal areas.	Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Batis expected to be predominantly frugivorous, eating fruits of Solanum spp. ( Solanaceae ) and species of other Solanaceae and Melastomataceae .	Pregnant Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bats have been recorded in August and lactating females in May.	Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat seems to be very active throughout the night when fruit resources were abundant.	No information.	Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. More information on ecology of Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is necessary for an appropriate assessment ofits population status and to identify potential threats.	Gannon et al. (1989) | Genoways (1998) | Hernandez-Canchola & Leén-Paniagua (2017) | Jones & Phillips (1976) | Koopman (1968) | de la Torre & Schwartz (1966) | Velazco & Patterson (2013)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458888/files/figure.png	141. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat Sturnira paulsoni French: Sturnire de Paulson / German: Paulson-Gelbschulterfledermaus / Spanish: Sturniro de Paulson Taxonomy. Sturnira paulsoni de la Torre & Schwartz, 1966 , “Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m ], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent , British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles.” Two subspecies from the Lesser Antilles are relevant to this account: S. Lilium luciae by J. K. Jones, Jr. and C. J. Phillips in 1976 from Saint Lucia and S. Lilium serotinus by H. H. Genoways in 1998 from Grenada . Molecular and morphological analyses recognized these forms as a single taxonomic entity, for which the oldest name is S. paulsoni . Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to the Lesser Antilles, including St. Lucia , St. Vincent , and Grenada Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 64-67 mm (tailless), ear 14-16 mm, hindfoot 11-13 mm, forearm 40-42 mm. No specific data are available for body weight. Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat is small and most similar to the Dominica Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. angeli ) and the Little Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. Lilium ). Dorsum is pale grayish brown; hair has narrow white basal band (c.0-5 mm), followed by broader dull grayish brown band and equally broad pale buff band, and narrow dark grayish brown apical band. Underparts are dark yellowish buff, with long, thick, silky fur composed of bicolored hairs. Muzzle is blunt, and forehead is rounded. Shoulder areas are clearly tinged in reddish or light brown. Legs, feet, and uropatagium are densely covered with short hairs. Skull is relatively long, braincase is small, and rostrum is elongated. I, and I, are trilobed and subequalin size. Lingual cusps (metaconid and entoconid) of M, and M, are low, rounded,ill-defined, and separated by shallow notch. Habitat. Wet interior valleys, near native trees and cultivated fruit crops, and wet dense montane forests with fairly open understories from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 300 m . Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is always netted near streams and never in dry coastal areas. Food and Feeding. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Batis expected to be predominantly frugivorous, eating fruits of Solanum spp. ( Solanaceae ) and species of other Solanaceae and Melastomataceae . Breeding. Pregnant Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bats have been recorded in August and lactating females in May. Activity patterns. Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat seems to be very active throughout the night when fruit resources were abundant. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Not assessed on The [UCN Red List. More information on ecology of Paulson’s Yellow-shouldered Bat is necessary for an appropriate assessment ofits population status and to identify potential threats. Bibliography. Gannon et al. (1989), Genoways (1998), Hernandez-Canchola & Leén-Paniagua (2017), Jones & Phillips (1976), Koopman (1968), de la Torre & Schwartz (1966), Velazco & Patterson (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira paulsoni	Sturnira		paulsoni	de la Torre	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	84:01:00	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat	<b> luciae </b>Jones and Phillips, 1976; <b> serotinus </b>Genoways, 1988.	St. Vincent, St. Andrew Parish, Lowrt 1000 ft.		Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sturnira paulsoni	23	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	paulsoni	de la Torre & A. Schwartz	1966	0	Sturnira_paulsoni	de la Torre, L, & Schwartz, A. (1966). New Species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 79, 301.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107518#page/683/mode/1up	USNM 361882		"Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent, British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles."			paulsoni de la Torre & A. Schwartz, 1966	split from S. lilium	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.	Saint Lucia|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Grenada	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Sturnira_paulsoni	0	unmatched	NA	1	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	90000000	Sturnira paulsoni	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Sturnira	paulsoni	de la Torre and Schwartz, 1966	<span>Previously it was recognized as subspecies of S. lilium , it has now been elevated to species rank (Velazco and Patterson 2013).	90000000	Sturnira paulsoni	Near Threatened	B1a	2019	2019-02-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is listed as Near Threatened because of the smaller population size at islands, so it is suspected that migration does not occur frequently as to maintain high genetic diversity (Genoways 1988). In addition, severe weather (storms, hurricanes) and even volcanic eruptions, in addition to habitat changes may have fragmented these populations, although it occurs in a few protected areas. Current data almost meet "Endangered" under criterion B1a, with its extent of occurrence (EOO) being less than 5,000 km², although there is no evidence of continuing decline in populations.	Little is known of the ecology of this species; presumably it is the locally dominantly frugivorous as are other members of the genus (Jones and Genoways 1975). ;The holotype was trapped in a net across a 20-feet wide mountain stream, in an area adjacent to rain forest. Presumably the immediate area had been originally forested, but cultivation has opened up the region along the river. The forest now stands about 100 feet from the bank of the river. No other bats were taken in the net at this particular locality, although at night Artibeus were seen foraging in fruit trees near the net and along the river. Specimens from Granada come from higher elevations and wet interior valleys of the island; specimens were captured in nets over a branch of the Balthazar river, the vegetation at the area was a mixture of fruit and native trees. Other areas include wet, dense montane forest, which become fairly open under the canopy away from disturbed areas (Genoways 1988). ;These studies reveal that ;Sturnira ; species could be relatively uncommon and unlike other frugivorous bats possibly needs native humid forests instead of tropical agriculture to flourish (Genoways 1988).	Like other bat species in tropical islands, ;populations ;of ;Sturnira paulsoni ; are subject to natural threats like hurricanes, as well as changes of land cover, and agriculture use (Genoways 1988, Pedersen et al. 2013).	Studies at the Lesser Antilles reveal that ;Sturnira ; species could be relatively uncommon and unlike other frugivorous bats possibly needs native humid forests instead of tropical agriculture to flourish (Genoways 1988).	Decreasing	This species is known from the islands of Saint Vincent, Grenada and Saint Lucia, in the Lesser Antilles (de la Torre and Schwartz 1966, Jones and Phillips 1976, Genoways 1988, Velazco and Patterson 2013).		Terrestrial	Some protected areas (nature, wildlife and forest reserves, national parks) exist on Saint Vincent and Saint Lucia islands, but these are lacking at Grenada.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira		paulsoni	de la Torre & Schwartz	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	84:01:00	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat	<b> luciae </b>Jones and Phillips, 1976; <b> serotinus </b>Genoways, 1988.	St. Vincent, St. Andrew Parish, Lowrt 1000 ft.		Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni .	Sturnira paulsoni	1005090	23	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	paulsoni	de la Torre & A. Schwartz	1966	0	Sturnira_paulsoni	de la Torre, L, & Schwartz, A. (1966). New Species of Sturnira (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the Islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 79, 301.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107518#page/683/mode/1up	USNM 361882		"Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent, British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles."			paulsoni de la Torre & A. Schwartz, 1966	split from S. lilium	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.				Saint Lucia|Saint Vincent & the Grenadines|Grenada	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Sturnira_paulsoni	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sturnira_paulsoni	1005090	23	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira	Sturnira	paulsoni	de la Torre & A. Schwartz	0	Sturnira paulsoni	de la Torre, L. and Schwartz, A. 1966-12-01. New species of _Sturnira_ (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) from the islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Vincent, Lesser Antilles. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 79:297-304.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34562997	USNM:MAMM:361882	holotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/3d1bddcf9-d409-4f0f-af74-6f92a2f00a35	"Lowrt, 1000 ft [= 305 m], St. Andrew Parish, Saint Vincent, British Windward Islands, Lesser Antilles."			split from S. lilium	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.				Saint Lucia|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Grenada	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Sturnira_paulsoni	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira		paulsoni	de la Torre & Schwartz	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	84:01:00	Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat	luciae Jones and Phillips, 1976; serotinus Genoways, 1988.	St. Vincent, St. Andrew Parish, Lowrt 1000 ft.		<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/88154558/88154562/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	See Velzco and Patterson (2013) for discussion of subspecies in S. paulsoni.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Sturnira paulsoni; Sturnira paulsoni; Sturnira paulsoni; Sturnira paulsoni; Sturnira paulsoni; luciae; serotinus; paulsoni; Sturnire de Paulson; Paulson-Gelbschulterfledermaus; Sturniro de Paulson; Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat; Paulson's Yellow-shouldered Bat; S. paulsoni