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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1575	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna	Sturnira magna		[MSW2] Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Hauser (1985, Mammalian Species, 240).; [MSW3] Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).; [HMW] Sturnira magna de la Torre, 1966 , “Santa Cecilia ( 100 m ), Rio Maniti, Iquitos, Department of Loreto , Peru .” This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Sturnira .  See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Sturnira .  See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).														magna				magna	magna			magna de la Torre, 1961 [unpublished thesis]|magna de la Torre, 1966|magna Rodríguez-Mahecha, Hernández-Camacho, M. S. Alberico, Mast, Mittermeier, & Cadena, 1995 [unjustified emendation]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Amazonian Colombia – E Peru	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Sturnira magna	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Rio Maniti, Santa Cecilia.	de la Torre	1966	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 79:267.	Distribution: Largely restricted to the Andean region from southern Colombia to central Bolivia.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Amazonian Colombia – Bolivia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	de la Torre	1966	Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 79:267.	Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Hauser (1985, Mammalian Species, 240).	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia.	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Rio Maniti, Santa Cecilia.		DE LA TORRE	1966	Lingual cusps of anterior and middle premolars (metaconid and entoconid) poorly defined, no vertical notches. Size relatively large (forearm length, 55-60 mm; condylobasal length, 24-26 mm).	Distribution: Largely restricted to the Andean region from southern Colombia to central Bolivia.	No subspecies.		86	species	S. magna	DE LA TORRE	1966	Sturnira	subgenus	Sturnira magna				Lingual cusps of anterior and middle premolars (metaconid and entoconid) poorly defined, no vertical notches. Size relatively large (forearm length, 55-60 mm; condylobasal length, 24-26 mm).	No subspecies.		10. S. magna DE LA TORRE 1966.	10	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira magna	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre		1966		Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	79		267		Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia.	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).		Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).	03A687BCFF8CFF8F1642F6C0FF1CF141	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	548	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFF1FFF1138CFA3FF5A9F7C3.xml	Sturnira magna	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	Grande Sturnire @fr | Grof3e Gelbschulterfledermaus @de | Sturnirogigante @es	Sturnira magna de la Torre, 1966 , “Santa Cecilia ( 100 m ), Rio Maniti, Iquitos, Department of Loreto , Peru .” This species is monotypic.	From Colombia (W periphery of the Amazon Basin), S by the Amazonian slope of Andes in E Ecuador and Peru to N Bolivia (La Paz and Cochabamba departments), and Brazil (along Peruvian border, Acre State ).	Head-body 84-93 mm (tailless), ear 21-22 mm, hindfoot 14-21 mm, forearm 56-1-61-6 mm; weight 41-59 g. Greatest lengths of skulls are 27-9-29-9 mm. Along with the Arata-Thomas Yellowshouldered Bat (S. aratathomasi ), the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat are the largest known species of Sturnira . Fur is yellowish or golden brown, but in Bolivia ,it can be darker or grayish,similar to the Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat that is commonly dark grayish. Hairs have white bases, light grayish brown epibasal bands (c.2: 5 mm ), light buff subterminal bands (3-5 mm), and dark brown terminal bands (c.0-5 mm). This banding gives the appearance of a conspicuously mottled fur on shoulders, back, and rump. Ventral pelage is pale yellow, brown, or gray and paler than dorsal pelage. Hairs are tricolored, with pale tips longer than tips of dorsal hairs. Banding patterns of hairs are less evident in subadults. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is heavily furred on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tibia is also heavily furred dorsally, with hairs 3-5 mm long. Tail is absent, and uropatagium is greatly reduced, although it is fringed with long hairs (c.5-8 mm). Calcar is shorter than foot, which is large and dorsally covered with hair. Wing membranes, noseleaf, and ears are dark brown or blackish brown. Ears become darker toward medial and distal margins. Presence of epaulettes (stained and stiffed shoulder hairs)is variable in both sexes but generally prominent in males. In Colombia , epaulettes are conspicuous and vary in brightness in some males, while hairs on others are conspicuously frosted but indistinguishable from surrounding fur. In females, epaulette color can vary from ocherous to orange, with soft and less extensive hairs than in males. Variation in shoulder color can be correlated with reproductive state or breeding season. The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat most closely resembles the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. ludovici ) in general shape and proportions, but it is much larger and broader, with broad zygomatic breadth. Morphometric analyses revealed significant secondary sexual dimorphism;it is not evident in external characters, but in alar, cranial, and dental characters, males are larger than females. Males have considerably longer canines and longer length through upper and lower canines, which results in a wider muzzle in males. These differences could have a functional significance; males might be able to consume food items of greater size and hardness. Teeth are relatively small (only slightly larger than in largest specimen of the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat). Lingual cusps on M and M, are poorly defined, and lower incisors are trilobed, with middle lobe slightly lower than lateral lobes. Upper tooth rows arch symmetrical, and upper molars are flatter, with broader occlusal surface than in the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat and with low, rounded labial and lingual cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56.	Lowland tropical forest at elevations of 300 m orless in localities proximal to the Amazon Basin in Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru and pre-montane and montane forest in Peru and Bolivia at elevations of 200-2300 m ( Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia ) and 100-915 m ( Colombia ). In Brazil , the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat occurs in dense, hilly, primary forest. It has also been found in secondary forests, clearings surrounded by tropical forest, farms, and fruit crops.	A study in Ecuador found seeds and pulp of Anthurium (Araceae) , Marcgravia helverseniana ( Marcgraviaceae ) and Piper ( Piperaceae ) in feces of Greater Yellow-shouldered Bats. It has been suggested that it could be in an insectivorous and nectarivorous secondary feeding guild.	In Peru , a pregnant Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat was found in March and several lactating females in May-June. Actively reproductive males, with enlarged testes, have been caught in May and July in Peru . In Colombia , there is a record of a pregnant female with one fetus (crown-rump length of 14 mm ) in November and postlactating females with enlarged mammae surrounded by bare areas of skin in May. No records of reproductive males in Colombia have been published. In Bolivia , there are only records of males with enlarged testes (greater than 6 mm in length) in July. Data from the most extensive collection of bats in Ecuador revealed records of pregnant females in February, April, and November; lactating females in March, December, and October; and reproductive males in January and May. In Brazil , lactating, postlactating, and early pregnant females were recorded in July. This rather scarce published information suggests that the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat exhibits a bimodal polyestrous pattern. It has been suggested that parturition can occur in local dry and wet seasons.	The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat is nocturnal. It is expected to mainly forage in understories where it finds its food resources and to roost in tree cavities, bases of palm fronds, caves, tunnels, and other man-made structures.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.	Aguirre (2007) | Anderson et al. (1982) | Arguero et al. (2012) | Baker (1979) | Bernard et al. (2011) | Gardner (1976) | Graham (1983) | Hice et al. (2004) | Nogueira et al. (1999) | Peterson & Tamsitt (1968) | Tamsitt & Hauser (1985) | Tamsitt & Valdivieso (1986) | Tamsitt et al. (1986) | de la Torre (1966) | Villalobos & Valerio (2002)		135. Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat Sturnira magna French: Grande Sturnire / German: Grof3e Gelbschulterfledermaus / Spanish: Sturniro gigante Taxonomy. Sturnira magna de la Torre, 1966 , “Santa Cecilia ( 100 m ), Rio Maniti, Iquitos, Department of Loreto , Peru .” This species is monotypic. Distribution. From Colombia (W periphery of the Amazon Basin), S by the Amazonian slope of Andes in E Ecuador and Peru to N Bolivia (La Paz and Cochabamba departments), and Brazil (along Peruvian border, Acre State ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 84-93 mm (tailless), ear 21-22 mm, hindfoot 14-21 mm, forearm 56-1-61-6 mm; weight 41-59 g. Greatest lengths of skulls are 27-9-29-9 mm. Along with the Arata-Thomas Yellowshouldered Bat (S. aratathomasi ), the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat are the largest known species of Sturnira . Fur is yellowish or golden brown, but in Bolivia ,it can be darker or grayish,similar to the Arata-Thomas Yellow-shouldered Bat that is commonly dark grayish. Hairs have white bases, light grayish brown epibasal bands (c.2: 5 mm ), light buff subterminal bands (3-5 mm), and dark brown terminal bands (c.0-5 mm). This banding gives the appearance of a conspicuously mottled fur on shoulders, back, and rump. Ventral pelage is pale yellow, brown, or gray and paler than dorsal pelage. Hairs are tricolored, with pale tips longer than tips of dorsal hairs. Banding patterns of hairs are less evident in subadults. Proximal two-thirds of forearm is heavily furred on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Tibia is also heavily furred dorsally, with hairs 3-5 mm long. Tail is absent, and uropatagium is greatly reduced, although it is fringed with long hairs (c.5-8 mm). Calcar is shorter than foot, which is large and dorsally covered with hair. Wing membranes, noseleaf, and ears are dark brown or blackish brown. Ears become darker toward medial and distal margins. Presence of epaulettes (stained and stiffed shoulder hairs)is variable in both sexes but generally prominent in males. In Colombia , epaulettes are conspicuous and vary in brightness in some males, while hairs on others are conspicuously frosted but indistinguishable from surrounding fur. In females, epaulette color can vary from ocherous to orange, with soft and less extensive hairs than in males. Variation in shoulder color can be correlated with reproductive state or breeding season. The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat most closely resembles the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. ludovici ) in general shape and proportions, but it is much larger and broader, with broad zygomatic breadth. Morphometric analyses revealed significant secondary sexual dimorphism;it is not evident in external characters, but in alar, cranial, and dental characters, males are larger than females. Males have considerably longer canines and longer length through upper and lower canines, which results in a wider muzzle in males. These differences could have a functional significance; males might be able to consume food items of greater size and hardness. Teeth are relatively small (only slightly larger than in largest specimen of the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat). Lingual cusps on M and M, are poorly defined, and lower incisors are trilobed, with middle lobe slightly lower than lateral lobes. Upper tooth rows arch symmetrical, and upper molars are flatter, with broader occlusal surface than in the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat and with low, rounded labial and lingual cusps. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Habitat. Lowland tropical forest at elevations of 300 m orless in localities proximal to the Amazon Basin in Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru and pre-montane and montane forest in Peru and Bolivia at elevations of 200-2300 m ( Ecuador , Peru , and Bolivia ) and 100-915 m ( Colombia ). In Brazil , the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat occurs in dense, hilly, primary forest. It has also been found in secondary forests, clearings surrounded by tropical forest, farms, and fruit crops. Food and Feeding. A study in Ecuador found seeds and pulp of Anthurium (Araceae) , Marcgravia helverseniana ( Marcgraviaceae ) and Piper ( Piperaceae ) in feces of Greater Yellow-shouldered Bats. It has been suggested that it could be in an insectivorous and nectarivorous secondary feeding guild. Breeding. In Peru , a pregnant Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat was found in March and several lactating females in May-June. Actively reproductive males, with enlarged testes, have been caught in May and July in Peru . In Colombia , there is a record of a pregnant female with one fetus (crown-rump length of 14 mm ) in November and postlactating females with enlarged mammae surrounded by bare areas of skin in May. No records of reproductive males in Colombia have been published. In Bolivia , there are only records of males with enlarged testes (greater than 6 mm in length) in July. Data from the most extensive collection of bats in Ecuador revealed records of pregnant females in February, April, and November; lactating females in March, December, and October; and reproductive males in January and May. In Brazil , lactating, postlactating, and early pregnant females were recorded in July. This rather scarce published information suggests that the Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat exhibits a bimodal polyestrous pattern. It has been suggested that parturition can occur in local dry and wet seasons. Activity patterns. The Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat is nocturnal. It is expected to mainly forage in understories where it finds its food resources and to roost in tree cavities, bases of palm fronds, caves, tunnels, and other man-made structures. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust. Bibliography. Aguirre (2007), Anderson et al. (1982), Arguero et al. (2012), Baker (1979), Bernard et al. (2011), Gardner (1976), Graham (1983), Hice et al. (2004), Nogueira et al. (1999), Peterson & Tamsitt (1968), Tamsitt & Hauser (1985), Tamsitt & Valdivieso (1986), Tamsitt et al. (1986), de la Torre (1966), Villalobos & Valerio (2002).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira magna	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	83:27:00	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia.	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Sturnira .  See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sturnira magna	23	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	0	Sturnira_magna	de la Torre, L. (1966). New bats of the genus Sturnira (Phyllostomidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru and the Windward Islands, West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 79, 267.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107518#page/647/mode/1up	FMNH 87059		"Santa Cecilia (100 m), Río Manití, Iquitos, Department of Loreto, Perú."			magna de la Torre, 1961 [unavailable name]|magna de la Torre, 1966	NA	NA	Colombia|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_magna	0	sciname match	Sturnira_magna	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20956	Sturnira magna	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre, 1966		20000000	Sturnira magna	Least Concern		2015	2015-07-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	It is strongly associated with moist habitats and tropical evergreen forests, both lowland forests and in montane areas. Little is known about this species. It is frugivorous and feeds on Solanaceae (Tavares pers. comm.).	No threats are known to this species. In Colombia, production of illicit crops may be a threat. In Bolivia, montane forest habitats are threatened and this species is considered vulnerable.	This species is not rare and can be regionally common (Muños and Mantilla pers. comm.).	Stable	This species occurs throughout Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (Simmons 2005). There is also a record from Acre, Brazil (Nogueira and Peracchi ;1999).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	This species occurs in some protected areas.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	83:27:00	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia.	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Sturnira .  See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).	Sturnira magna	1005084	23	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	0	Sturnira_magna	de la Torre, L. (1966). New bats of the genus Sturnira (Phyllostomidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of Peru and the Windward Islands, West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 79, 267.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/107518#page/647/mode/1up	FMNH 87059		"Santa Cecilia (100 m), Río Manití, Iquitos, Department of Loreto, Perú."			magna de la Torre, 1961 [unavailable name]|magna de la Torre, 1966	NA	NA				Colombia|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_magna	0	sciname match	Sturnira_magna	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sturnira_magna	1005084	23	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	0	Sturnira magna	de la Torre, L. 1966-12-01. New bats of the genus _Sturnira_ (Phyllostomidae) from the Amazonian lowlands of Perú and the Windward Islands, West Indies. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 79:267-272.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34562961	FMNH:Mamm:87059	holotype	http://portal.vertnet.org/o/fmnh/mammals?id=93e7c608-7210-4ac0-a1ed-79cae1edee57	"Santa Cecilia (100 m), Río Manití, Iquitos, Department of Loreto, Perú."			NA	NA				Colombia|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia|Brazil	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_magna	0	sciname match	Sturnira_magna	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Sturnira	magna	de la Torre	1966	0	Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.	83:27:00	Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Iquitos, Río Maniti, Santa Cecilia.	Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, W Brazil, Bolivia.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20956/22049622/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Sturnira. See Tamsitt and Häuser (1985).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Sturnira magna; Sturnira magna; Sturnira magna; Sturnira magna; Sturnira magna; Sturnira magna; magna; Grande Sturnire; Grof3e Gelbschulterfledermaus; Sturnirogigante; Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat; Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat; Greater Yellow-shouldered Bat; S. magna