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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1573	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira ludovici		[MSW2] Subgenus Sturnira. Includes hondurensis; see Jones and Carter (1976:22). Bolivian records probably pertain to bogotensis; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982:6).; [MSW3] Subgenus Sturnira. Includes hondurensis; see Jones and Carter (1976). Bolivian records probably pertain to oporaphilum; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).; [HMW] Sturnira ludovici Anthony, 1924 , “near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m ],” Pichincha Province , Ecuador . Sturnira ludovici has been treated as a junior synonym or subspecies of S. oporaphilum . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Sturnira .  Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum ; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).; [MDD2022] previously included S. hondurensis; [IUCN] The species previously included S. hondurensis , now it is recognized as a distinct species (Velazco and Patterson 2013).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Sturnira .  Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum ; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).; [MDD2023] previously included S. hondurensis; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included S. hondurensis; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Sturnira. Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included S. hondurensis				hondurensis, oporophilum		hondurensis, occidentalis.	occidentalis, hondurensis	ludovici, hondurensis, occidentalis				ludovici, occidentalis		ludovici	The species previously included S. hondurensis , now it is recognized as a distinct species (Velazco and Patterson 2013).	ludovici, occidentalis		ludovici	ludovici, ludivici	ludovici, occidentalis		ludovici H. E. Anthony, 1924|ludivici L. Albuja, 1983 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Anthony's bat	NE Mexico – E Peru, Venezuela	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Sturnira ludovici	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea.	Anthony	1924	Am. Mus. Novit., 139:8.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico through Central America to Guyana and Ecuador, chiefly in the highlands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Anthony's bat	N Mexico – Ecuador, Venezuela	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Anthony	1924	Am. Mus. Novit., 139:8.	Subgenus Sturnira. Includes hondurensis; see Jones and Carter (1976:22). Bolivian records probably pertain to bogotensis; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982:6).	Ecuador and Guyana to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea.		ANTHONY	1924	Lingual cusps of anterior and middle molars (metaconid and entoconid) poorly defined, no vertical notches. Size medium (forearm length, 40-47 mm; condylobasal length, 20-22 mm). Inner upper incisors pointed, their tips not in contact.	Distribution: Ranging from tropical Mexico through Central America to Guyana and Ecuador, chiefly in the highlands.	Three subspecies are recognized here:	S. I. occidentalis (Sinaloa to Jalisco in western Mexico), S. I. hondurensis (tropical Mexico from Colima and Tamaulipas through Central America to Panama), S. /. ludovici (Ecuador, western Colombia, northern Venezuela, Guyana).	86	species	S. ludovici	ANTHONY	1924	Sturnira	subgenus	Sturnira ludovici				Lingual cusps of anterior and middle molars (metaconid and entoconid) poorly defined, no vertical notches. Size medium (forearm length, 40-47 mm; condylobasal length, 20-22 mm). Inner upper incisors pointed, their tips not in contact.	Three subspecies are recognized here:		8. S. ludovici ANTHONY 1924.	8	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony		1924		Am. Mus. Novit.	139		8		Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).	Ecuador and Guyana north to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	hondurensis Goodwin, 1940; occidentalis Jones and Phillips, 1964.	Subgenus Sturnira. Includes hondurensis; see Jones and Carter (1976). Bolivian records probably pertain to oporaphilum; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).	03A687BCFFF3FFF21699F5E0F5E8F103	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	544	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFF8DFF8C1688F9D7FEF0F3C7.xml	Sturnira ludovici	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	Sturnire d Anthony @fr | Hochland-Gelbschulterfledermaus @de | Sturniro de Anthony @es | Ludovic’s Yellow-shouldered Bat @en	Sturnira ludovici Anthony, 1924 , “near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m ],” Pichincha Province , Ecuador . Sturnira ludovici has been treated as a junior synonym or subspecies of S. oporaphilum . Monotypic.	Colombia , Venezuela , and W Ecuador .	Head—body 66-77 mm (tailless), ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm, forearm 44-50 mm; weight 22— 30 g . The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is medium-sized and robust. Fur is dense and soft. Dorsal fur is grayish brown to reddish brown, with yellowish tones, and long (8-10 mm), with four-banded hairs; adult males often have reddish brown shoulders; and ventral hairsare tricolored. Head is large, neck is wide, and snoutis short and broad. Noseleaf is medium-sized, spearshaped, and broad, without small projections of skin found on the Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. koopmanhilli ); ears are short, smaller than head; and lowerlip has three central warts, surrounded by row of smaller ones. Fourth metacarpal is equal in length to third. Uropatagium is practically absent and reduced to very narrow fringe; tail is absent; calcar is short; and feet are short and extensively furred to claws. I' project forward, and tips are not in contact; upper and lower dental rows lack spaces between premolars and molars (crowns are in contact); and lower molars have ill-defined cusps toward tongue, giving each molara flat, plain aspect.	Tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests including primary, secondary, disturbed, and gallery forests; forest edges; cultivated areas such as banana or cocoa plantations; and gardens at elevations of 30-2900 m (usually above 1000 m and in dry forests not below 1000 m ). The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat prefers humid and cloudy forests and is rare or uncommon in drier habitats. It is usually absent from isolated patches.	Although the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is known to be a frugivorous, dietary details are little known. Apparently, it is a Solanum ( Solanaceae ) specialist, butits diet includes as many as ten families and 26 species of plants. It seems to eat certain insects.	Reproductive pattern of the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat appears to be bimodal polyestry. In Ecuador , pregnant females with one fetus were captured in August-September,a lactating female in July, and a scrotal male in April.	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bats are nocturnal. They usuallyfly in interior forest or over small rivers.	No information.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is fairly common to uncommon. Its conservation status 1s stable.	Albuja (1999) | Anthony (1924b) | Castano et al. (2018) | Estrada-Villegas et al. (2010) | Fleming (1986) | Gardner ( 2008g) | Handley (1976) | Lee, Packer & Alvarado (2006) | Tirira (2012c, 2017) | Velazco & Patterson (2013)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458857/files/figure.png	124. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat Sturnira ludovici French: Sturnire dAnthony / German: Hochland-Gelbschulterfledermaus / Spanish: Sturniro de Anthony Other common names: Ludovic’s Yellow-shouldered Bat Taxonomy. Sturnira ludovici Anthony, 1924 , “near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m ],” Pichincha Province , Ecuador . Sturnira ludovici has been treated as a junior synonym or subspecies of S. oporaphilum . Monotypic. Distribution. Colombia , Venezuela , and W Ecuador . Descriptive notes. Head—body 66-77 mm (tailless), ear 12-19 mm, hindfoot 13-17 mm, forearm 44-50 mm; weight 22— 30 g . The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is medium-sized and robust. Fur is dense and soft. Dorsal fur is grayish brown to reddish brown, with yellowish tones, and long (8-10 mm), with four-banded hairs; adult males often have reddish brown shoulders; and ventral hairsare tricolored. Head is large, neck is wide, and snoutis short and broad. Noseleaf is medium-sized, spearshaped, and broad, without small projections of skin found on the Choco Yellow-shouldered Bat (S. koopmanhilli ); ears are short, smaller than head; and lowerlip has three central warts, surrounded by row of smaller ones. Fourth metacarpal is equal in length to third. Uropatagium is practically absent and reduced to very narrow fringe; tail is absent; calcar is short; and feet are short and extensively furred to claws. I' project forward, and tips are not in contact; upper and lower dental rows lack spaces between premolars and molars (crowns are in contact); and lower molars have ill-defined cusps toward tongue, giving each molara flat, plain aspect. Habitat. Tropical, subtropical, and temperate forests including primary, secondary, disturbed, and gallery forests; forest edges; cultivated areas such as banana or cocoa plantations; and gardens at elevations of 30-2900 m (usually above 1000 m and in dry forests not below 1000 m ). The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat prefers humid and cloudy forests and is rare or uncommon in drier habitats. It is usually absent from isolated patches. Food and Feeding. Although the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is known to be a frugivorous, dietary details are little known. Apparently, it is a Solanum ( Solanaceae ) specialist, butits diet includes as many as ten families and 26 species of plants. It seems to eat certain insects. Breeding. Reproductive pattern of the Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat appears to be bimodal polyestry. In Ecuador , pregnant females with one fetus were captured in August-September,a lactating female in July, and a scrotal male in April. Activity patterns. Highland Yellow-shouldered Bats are nocturnal. They usuallyfly in interior forest or over small rivers. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat is fairly common to uncommon. Its conservation status 1s stable. Bibliography. Albuja (1999), Anthony (1924b), Castano et al. (2018), Estrada-Villegas et al. (2010), Fleming (1986), Gardner ( 2008g ), Handley (1976), Lee, Packer & Alvarado (2006), Tirira (2012c, 2017), Velazco & Patterson (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira ludovici	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	0	Am. Mus. Novitates	######	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	<b> occidentalis </b>Jones and Phillips, 1964.	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).	Ecuador and Guyana north to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Sturnira .  Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum ; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sturnira ludovici	23	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	Ludovic's Yellow-shouldered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	0	Sturnira_ludovici	Anthony, H. E. (1924). Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. American Museum Novitates, 139, 8.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4328//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0139.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	AMNH 67328		"near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m]," Pichincha Province, Ecuador.			ludovici Anthony, 1924	previously included S. hondurensis	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.	Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_ludovici	0	sciname match	Sturnira_ludovici	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	90000000	Sturnira ludovici	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony, 1924	The species previously included S. hondurensis , now it is recognized as a distinct species (Velazco and Patterson 2013).	90000000	Sturnira ludovici	Least Concern		2016	2016-03-15 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern because it is widely distributed and common. Although the actual distribution has been significantly reduced, the distribution range is still large enough as to maintain healthy populations. The species is not a habitat specialist that could be severely affected by current changes to these regions.	Handley (1976) found this species in several forest habitats in Venezuela. It is strongly associated with moist habitats and tropical evergreen forests (Estrada-Villegas et al.  2010), but also Andean Oak forests (Otarola-Ardila 2003). Roosts are not known. This species is known to be frugivorous (Piper , Solanaceae and ;Melatomataceae, M. E. Thomas 1972), however, dietary details are unknown and possibly also feeds on pollen and nectar as related species do.	There are no major threats to this species. However, in Ecuador and Colombia Andean forests are rapidly being converted by small scale agriculture and illegal crops.	It is abundant in mid-elevation evergreen forest and forest edge, at least from field data in Colombia (Muñoz 2001, Estrada-Villegas et al.  2010). When it reached forests below 500 m, it is uncommon (Solari pers. observ.).	Unknown	This species occurs through Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador (Gardner 2008, Velazco and Patterson 2013). However, Gardner (2008) treated this taxon as a subspecies of S. oporaphilum , whereas Simmons (2005) used this name in a broader sense to include what is actually known as S. hondurensis (see Velazco and Patterson 2013). Lim et al.   (2005) did not list this species for the Guiana Shield, contrary to what was indicated by Simmons (2005).	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	This species occurs in some protected areas though Venezuela, Colombia and Ecuador. Taxonomic research should be conducted as this may be a species complex (see Velazco and Patterson 2013). Ecological and life history aspects should be included in these studies, as much of what was known for S. ludovici (sensu lato ) came from populations in Costa Rica, Panama and Mexico.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	0	Am. Mus. Novitates	139:08:00	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	<b> occidentalis </b>Jones and Phillips, 1964.	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).	Ecuador and Guyana north to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Sturnira .  Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum ; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).	Sturnira ludovici	1005082	23	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	Ludovic's Yellow-shouldered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	0	Sturnira_ludovici	Anthony, H. E. (1924). Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. American Museum Novitates, 139, 8.	http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4328//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N0139.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y	AMNH 67328		"near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m]," Pichincha Province, Ecuador.			ludovici Anthony, 1924	previously included S. hondurensis	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.				Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_ludovici	0	sciname match	Sturnira_ludovici	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sturnira_ludovici	1005082	23	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	Ludovic's Yellow-shouldered Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	H. E. Anthony	0	Sturnira ludovici	Anthony, H.E. 1924-10-20. Preliminary report on Ecuadorean mammals. No. 6. American Museum Novitates 139:1-9.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/170242	AMNH M-67328	holotype	http://portal.vertnet.org/o/amnh/mammals?id=urn-catalog-amnh-mammals-m-67328	"near Gualea, elevation about 4000 feet [= 1333 m]," Pichincha Province, Ecuador.			previously included S. hondurensis	Velazco, P. M., & Patterson, B. D. (2013). Diversification of the yellow-shouldered bats, genus Sturnira (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae), in the New World tropics. Molecular phylogenetics and evolution, 68(3), 683-698.				Colombia|Venezuela|Ecuador	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_ludovici	0	sciname match	Sturnira_ludovici	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Sturnira	ludovici	Anthony	1924	0	Am. Mus. Novitates	139:08:00	Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat	occidentalis Jones and Phillips, 1964.	Ecuador, Pichincha, near Gualea, ca. 4,000 ft (1,333 m).	Ecuador and Guyana north to Sonora and Tamaulipas (Mexico).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/88159722/88159731/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Sturnira. Does not include hondurensis; see Velazco and Patterson (2013). Bolivian records probably pertainto oporaphilum; Peruvian ones definitely do; see Anderson et al. (1982) and Pacheco and Patterson (1992).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Sturnira ludovici; Sturnira ludovici; Sturnira ludovici; Sturnira ludovici; Sturnira ludovici; Sturnira ludovici; ludovici; hondurensis; occidentalis; occidentalis; ludovici; Sturnire d Anthony; Hochland-Gelbschulterfledermaus; Sturniro de Anthony; Ludovic’s Yellow-shouldered Bat; Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat; Ludovic's Yellow-shouldered Bat; Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat; Highland Yellow-shouldered Bat; S. ludovici