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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1564	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira bidens		[MSW2] Subgenus Corvira. Formerly included in genus Corvira; see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter (1976:21). See Molinari and Soriano (1987, Mammalian Species, 276).; [MSW3] Subgenus Corvira. Formerly placed in a distinct genus (Corvira); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter (1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).; [HMW] Corvira bidens Thomas, 1915 , “Bacza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo ] of N. Ecuador . Alt. 6500’ [= 1981 m ].” The taxon bidens was the basis for a new genus, Corvira, which was later included as a subgenus of Sturnira . Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that S. bidens is not closely related to S. nana , so if the name Corvira is used as a generic name again,it should only include S. bidens . Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Corvira .  Formerly placed in a distinct genus ( Corvira ); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Corvira .  Formerly placed in a distinct genus ( Corvira ); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Corvira. Formerly placed in a distinct genus (Corvira); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).														bidens				bidens	bidens			bidens (O. Thomas, 1915)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Colombia, E Ecuador, E Peru	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Sturnira bidens	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6500 ft. (1981 m).	Thomas	1915	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 16:310.	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		E Peru – Venezuela, Brazil	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1915	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 16:310.	Subgenus Corvira. Formerly included in genus Corvira; see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter (1976:21). See Molinari and Soriano (1987, Mammalian Species, 276).	Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).		THOMAS	1915	Size fairly small (forearm length, 39-44 mm; condylobasal length, 16-18 mm). Outer lower incisors absent.	Distribution: Same as for subgenus.	No subspecies.		86	species	S. bidens	THOMAS	1915	Corvira	subgenus	Sturnira bidens				Size fairly small (forearm length, 39-44 mm; condylobasal length, 16-18 mm). Outer lower incisors absent.	No subspecies.		12. S. bidens (THOMAS 1915).	12	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	Thomas		1915		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	16		310		Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).	Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).		Subgenus Corvira. Formerly placed in a distinct genus (Corvira); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter (1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).	03A687BCFF8EFFF116BDF431FD55F778	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	543	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFF8AFF8A1343FDF0FCBFF814.xml	Sturnira bidens	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	bidens		1915	Sturnire bidentée @fr | Gelbschulterfledermaus @de | Sturnirobidente @es	Corvira bidens Thomas, 1915 , “Bacza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo ] of N. Ecuador . Alt. 6500’ [= 1981 m ].” The taxon bidens was the basis for a new genus, Corvira, which was later included as a subgenus of Sturnira . Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that S. bidens is not closely related to S. nana , so if the name Corvira is used as a generic name again,it should only include S. bidens . Monotypic.	Andean regions of W Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru .	Head-body 62-67 mm (tailless), ear 13-17 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm, forearm 39-7-43-3 mm; weight 14-21 g. The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat 1s medium-sized. Upperparts are variable, from pale brown to brown or dark grayish brown. Shoulder patches are almost indistinguishable. Underparts are dark brown. Pelage is soft and woolly, with long (7-8 mm) dorsal hairs having 3-4 bands; almost whitish basal band can be absent in populations near Merida (north-western Venezuela ). Tail membrane is very short and densely furred. Forearm, femur, and adjacent parts of wings are sparsely haired, but legs and feet are densely furred. Skull is relatively long, narrow, and anteriorly sloping, with weak or incomplete zygomatic arches. There is a single pair of lower incisors (I) and small molars and premolars separated by narrow gaps. Dental formulais12/1,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. It is similar to most known karyotypes of species of Sturnira in having an acrocentric Y-chromosome.	Andean forests at elevations of 1700-3000 m (mostly above 2200 m ). The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat is found in evergreen and cloud forests, although it can be netted on forest edges and secondary forests.	Being a highland specialist, diet of the Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat is comparatively less diverse than other species with broader elevational ranges. It includes at least 17 plant species in its diet, mostly fruits of Solanum ( Solanaceae ). Other fruits include Vismia ( Hypericaceae ), Ficus ( Moraceae ), Piper ( Piperaceae ), and Anthurium (Araceae) . Lack of insects in several dietary studies might indicate that it is strictly frugivorous, which would be reinforced by its sedentary habits.	In central Peru , pregnant Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats were recorded in August. More extensive data from Merida conform to bimodal polyestry. Pregnancy and lactation should occur through the year, with at least two peaks of pregnancy: February-March (end of dry season) and June-July (short dry season). This means parturition occurs right before rainy seasons begin.	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats are nocturnal. Activity peaks in first two hours after dusk, with lower peaks throughout the night. Only known roost is a cave in Colombia .	High recapture rate of Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats at the Cordillera de Mérida could indicate they have small and rather fixed home ranges (or foraging areas).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large populations.	Baker (1979) | Castano et al. (2018) | Gardner ( 2008g) | Gardner & O'Neill (1969) | Molinari & Soriano (1987) | Pacheco & Patterson (1991) | Velazco & Patterson (2013)	https://zenodo.org/record/6458847/files/figure.png	119. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat Sturnira bidens French: Sturnire bidentée / German: Gelbschulterfledermaus / Spanish: Sturniro bidente Taxonomy. Corvira bidens Thomas, 1915 , “Bacza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo ] of N. Ecuador . Alt. 6500’ [= 1981 m ].” The taxon bidens was the basis for a new genus, Corvira, which was later included as a subgenus of Sturnira . Recent phylogenetic analyses indicate that S. bidens is not closely related to S. nana , so if the name Corvira is used as a generic name again,it should only include S. bidens . Monotypic. Distribution. Andean regions of W Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , and Peru . Descriptive notes. Head-body 62-67 mm (tailless), ear 13-17 mm, hindfoot 14-16 mm, forearm 39-7-43-3 mm; weight 14-21 g. The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat 1s medium-sized. Upperparts are variable, from pale brown to brown or dark grayish brown. Shoulder patches are almost indistinguishable. Underparts are dark brown. Pelage is soft and woolly, with long (7-8 mm) dorsal hairs having 3-4 bands; almost whitish basal band can be absent in populations near Merida (north-western Venezuela ). Tail membrane is very short and densely furred. Forearm, femur, and adjacent parts of wings are sparsely haired, but legs and feet are densely furred. Skull is relatively long, narrow, and anteriorly sloping, with weak or incomplete zygomatic arches. There is a single pair of lower incisors (I) and small molars and premolars separated by narrow gaps. Dental formulais12/1,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. It is similar to most known karyotypes of species of Sturnira in having an acrocentric Y-chromosome. Habitat. Andean forests at elevations of 1700-3000 m (mostly above 2200 m ). The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat is found in evergreen and cloud forests, although it can be netted on forest edges and secondary forests. Food and Feeding. Being a highland specialist, diet of the Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat is comparatively less diverse than other species with broader elevational ranges. It includes at least 17 plant species in its diet, mostly fruits of Solanum ( Solanaceae ). Other fruits include Vismia ( Hypericaceae ), Ficus ( Moraceae ), Piper ( Piperaceae ), and Anthurium (Araceae) . Lack of insects in several dietary studies might indicate that it is strictly frugivorous, which would be reinforced by its sedentary habits. Breeding. In central Peru , pregnant Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats were recorded in August. More extensive data from Merida conform to bimodal polyestry. Pregnancy and lactation should occur through the year, with at least two peaks of pregnancy: February-March (end of dry season) and June-July (short dry season). This means parturition occurs right before rainy seasons begin. Activity patterns. Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats are nocturnal. Activity peaks in first two hours after dusk, with lower peaks throughout the night. Only known roost is a cave in Colombia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. High recapture rate of Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bats at the Cordillera de Mérida could indicate they have small and rather fixed home ranges (or foraging areas). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat has a wide distribution and presumably large populations. Bibliography. Baker (1979), Castano et al. (2018), Gardner ( 2008g ), Gardner & O'Neill (1969), Molinari & Soriano (1987), Pacheco & Patterson (1991), Velazco & Patterson (2013).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira bidens	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	Thomas	1915	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 16: 310	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).	Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Corvira .  Formerly placed in a distinct genus ( Corvira ); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sturnira bidens	23	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	O. Thomas	1915	1	Corvira_bidens	Thomas, O. (1915). A new genus of Phyllostome bats and a new Rhipidomys from Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16, 311.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71991#page/323/mode/1up	BM 1915.7.11.7		"Baeza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo] of N. Ecuador. Alt. 6500' [= 1981 m]."			bidens (O. Thomas, 1915)	NA	NA	Venezuela|Colombia|Ecuador|Peru	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_bidens	0	sciname match	Sturnira_bidens	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20950	Sturnira bidens	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Sturnira	bidens	Thomas, 1915		20000000	Sturnira bidens	Least Concern		2018	2018-03-02 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category. Although some cloud forests could be under risk by changes in their use, impact is usually less wider than in lowlands.	Sturnira bidens is strongly associated with moist habitats and cloud forests (Gardner 2008). This species is strongly frugivorous, it possibly feeds on pollen and nectar. It is frequently recorded from mist-nets. A single young is born annually. In central Peru breeding occurs in July with pregnant females taken in August. A bimodal breeding pattern has been noted in Venezuela (Molinari and Soriano 1987). Ripe fruits are taken in season, and insects are rare to absent in the diet (Eisenberg 1989, Gardner 1977, Molinari and Soriano 1987). Eats fruit of Aracia (J. Molinari, pers. comm.).	None known.	In montane forests of Peru and Ecuador, this species can be locally common to frequent (V. Pacheco and D. Tirira, pers. comm.). In Colombia and Venezuela it is common in primary cloud forest above 2,000 m (J. Molinari, pers. comm.).	Stable	This species is found in Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and Venezuela (Simmons 2005), records from Amazonian Brazil ;do not correspond to this Andean species (Gardner 2008). It is found between 1,700-3,000 m.		Terrestrial	The conservation of cloud forests and their connectivity is important for this species.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	Thomas	1915	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 16(94): 311	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).	Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Corvira .  Formerly placed in a distinct genus ( Corvira ); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).	Sturnira bidens	1005074	23	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STURNIRINI	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	O. Thomas	1915	1	Corvira_bidens	Thomas, O. (1915). A new genus of Phyllostome bats and a new Rhipidomys from Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, 16, 311.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/71991#page/323/mode/1up	BM 1915.7.11.7		"Baeza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo] of N. Ecuador. Alt. 6500' [= 1981 m]."			bidens (O. Thomas, 1915)	NA	NA				Venezuela|Colombia|Ecuador|Peru	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_bidens	0	sciname match	Sturnira_bidens	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sturnira_bidens	1005074	23	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Sturnirini	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	O. Thomas	1	Corvira bidens	Thomas, O. 1915-10-01. A new genus of phyllostome bats and a new _Rhipidomys_ from Ecuador. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)16(94):310-312.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/16003941	BMNH:Mamm:1915.7.11.7	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/aa65a472-8d64-4a6a-9dc5-231d3863d901	"Baeza, Upper Coca River, Oriente [= Napo] of N. Ecuador. Alt. 6500' [= 1981 m]."			NA	NA				Venezuela|Colombia|Ecuador|Peru	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sturnira_bidens	0	sciname match	Sturnira_bidens	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Sturnira	Corvira	bidens	Thomas	1915	1	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 16(94): 311	Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat	None.	Ecuador, Napo, Baeza, Upper Coca River, 6,500 ft. (1,981 m).	Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, perhaps Amazonian Brazil.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20950/22052060/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Corvira. Formerly placed in a distinct genus (Corvira); see Gardner and O'Neill (1969) and Jones and Carter(1976). See Molinari and Soriano (1987).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Sturnira bidens; Sturnira bidens; Sturnira bidens; Sturnira bidens; Sturnira bidens; Sturnira bidens; bidens; Sturnire bidentée; Gelbschulterfledermaus; Sturnirobidente; Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat; Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat; Bidentate Yellow-shouldered Bat; S. bidens