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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1557	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma rufum		[MSW2] See Genoways and Baker (1972, Mammalian Species, 18).; [MSW3] See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).; [HMW] Stenoderma rufa [sic] Desmarest, 1820 , type locality not given. Type locality was probably the Virgin Islands because E. R. Hall andJ. R. Tamsitt in 1968 considered specimens from these islands indistinguishable from the holotype. A fossil subspecies (anthony) is known from Puerto Rico . Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).; [batnames2023] See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).; [batnames2025_1.7] See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).						anthonyi, darioi, undatus.	darioi, rufum	rufum, darioi	undatus; darioi - anthonyi	rufum, darior		rufum, darioi	rufum - undatus; darioi - anthonyi	rufum, undatus, anthonyi, darioi		rufum, darioi	rufum - undatus; darioi - anthonyi	rufum, undatus, anthonyi, darioi	rufus, rufum, undatum, anthonyi, darioi	darioi, rufum 	darioi - anthonyi; rufum - undatus	rufus Oken, 1816 [placed on index]|rufum Goldfuss, 1820|undatum de Blainville, 1840|anthonyi Choate & Birney, 1968|darioi E. R. Hall & Tamsitt, 1968		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Red fruit bat	Puerto Rico, Virgin Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Stenoderma rufum	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isis.).	Desmarest	1820	Mammalogie, p. 117.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Red fruit bat (Desmarest's fig-eating bat)	Puerto Rico, Virgin Is (Desmarest's fig-eating	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Desmarest	1820	Mammalogie, in Encycl. M6th., p. 117.	See Genoways and Baker (1972, Mammalian Species, 18).	Puerto Rico and Virgin Isis (St. John and St. Thomas).	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isis).		DESMAREST	1820	Size fairly large (forearm length, 46-52 mm; condylobasal length, 18-20 mm).	Distribution: Same as for genus.	Two living subspecies are recognized:	S. r. darioi (Puerto Rico), S. r. rufum (St. Thomas and St. John in the Virgin Islands).	93	species	S. rufum	DESMAREST	1820	Stenoderma	genus	Stenoderma rufum				Size fairly large (forearm length, 46-52 mm; condylobasal length, 18-20 mm).	Two living subspecies are recognized:		1. S. rufum DESMAREST 1820.	1	_S. r. darioi_ Hall & Tamsitt, 1968 (synonyms: _anthonyi_ Choate & Birney, 1968); _S. r. rufum_ Goldfuss, 1820 (synonyms: _rufus_ Oken, 1816, _undatum_ Blainville, 1840)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma		rufum	Desmarest		1820		Mammalogie, in Encycl. Méth.			117		Red Fruit Bat	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).	Puerto Rico and Virgin Isls (St. John and St. Thomas).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	undatus Gervais, 1855; darioi Hall and Tamsitt, 1968; anthonyi Choate and Birney, 1968.	See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).	03AD87FAFFDBF635899E325EF793F6C5	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	581	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFD0FFD013A1F878F6F0F69A.xml	Stenoderma rufum	Phyllostomidae	Stenoderma	rufum	Desmarest	1820	Sténoderme roux @fr | Roter Fruchtvampir @de | Stenodermorojizo @es | Red Fig-eating Bat @en	Stenoderma rufa [sic] Desmarest, 1820 , type locality not given. Type locality was probably the Virgin Islands because E. R. Hall andJ. R. Tamsitt in 1968 considered specimens from these islands indistinguishable from the holotype. A fossil subspecies (anthony) is known from Puerto Rico . Two subspecies recognized.	S.r.rufumDesmarest,1820—USVirginIs(St.Thomas,St.John,andSt.Croix). S. r. darior Hall & Tamsitt, 1968 — Puerto Rico ; probably on Vieques I.	Head-body 60-69 mm (tailless), ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm, forearm 48-52 mm; weight 20-31 g. Males are smaller, on average, than females in every external and cranial measurement. Dorsal pelage of the Red Fruit Bat is brown or tan; ventral hairs are tipped with gray, giving venter a lighter color. Pelage varies from 8 mm long dorsally to 6 mm long ventrally. On the Virgin Islands , dorsum can have reddish tint. Very notable white markings below each ear and on shoulders makeit easy to differentiate the Red Fruit Bat from other sympatric fruit bats. Snout is wide and short, and noseleaf is well developed, simple, and lanceolated. Ears are naked and pale to dark brown. Wing membranes are black to dark brown. Uropatagium is narrow and sparsely haired, and tail is absent. Calcar is 3-5 mm. Dental formula is I 2 /2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 32. Molars do not have W-pattern, and M, are small. Braincase is domed, with distinct sagittal crest. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Sex determining system is XX/XYY,, and the two Y-chromosomes are acrocentric.	Wide variety of habitats including xeric forests in the Virgin Islands and Vieques , mesic forests in Puerto Rico , and remnant forests in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico .	The Red Fruit Bat is a frugivore, although, despite its other English common name (Red Fig-eating Bat), figs have not been documented as part ofits diet. It might be the main disperser of Manilkara bidentate ( Sapotaceae ). Other plants commonly feed on include Cecropia ( Urticaceae ), Prestoea ( Arecaceae ), and Piper ( Piperaceae ). It has been captured under and over the canopy.	The Red Fruit Bat is polyestrous, with females often simultaneously lactating and pregnant. Pregnant females have been captured in January-August, lactating females in March—July, and males with descended testes in January-March andJune-August. Few data exist for September—-December,so it is uncertain if Red Fruit Bats reproduce during that part of the year. Young are born with dense grayish hair on dorsum and white patches. At birth, young are ¢.37% of mothers’ body weights.	The Red Fruit Bat is nocturnal. It begins its activity after dark and is active throughout the night, retreating to a roostjust before sunrise. There is no evidence that it reducesits activity in response to bright moonlight. It roosts among leaves in forest canopies, regularly changing roost locations.	Home ranges have been documented extensively by radio-tracking. Average home range is 2-5 ha, although it increased fivefold after a hurricane. It is possible that the continuous change of roostsites is related to the proximity of food sources. Home ranges of different individuals overlap considerably, and there is no evidence ofterritoriality. Nevertheless, the Red Fruit Bat is a solitary species.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Red Fruit Bat is considered common throughoutits restricted distribution and occurs in protected areas. Nevertheless,it is always found in low densities, and populations are highly sensitive to devastating effects of hurricanes. It was previously classified as Vulnerable, which might have to be reinstated depending on the effects of hurricane Maria in 2017.	Gannon & Willig (1994) | Gannon et al. (2005) | Genoways & Baker (1972) | Hall & Tamsitt (1968) | Jones, Genoways & Baker (1971) | Kwiecinski & Coles (2007) | Rodriguez-Duran (2016) | Rodriguez-Duran & Christenson (2012) | Rodriguez-Duran & Feliciano-Robles (2016) | Simmons (2005)	https://zenodo.org/record/6459017/files/figure.png	212. Red Fruit Bat Stenoderma rufum French: Sténoderme roux / German: Roter Fruchtvampir / Spanish: Stenodermo rojizo Other common names: Red Fig-eating Bat Taxonomy. Stenoderma rufa [sic] Desmarest, 1820 , type locality not given. Type locality was probably the Virgin Islands because E. R. Hall andJ. R. Tamsitt in 1968 considered specimens from these islands indistinguishable from the holotype. A fossil subspecies (anthony) is known from Puerto Rico . Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. S.r.rufumDesmarest,1820—USVirginIs(St.Thomas,St.John,andSt.Croix). S. r. darior Hall & Tamsitt, 1968 — Puerto Rico ; probably on Vieques I. Descriptive notes. Head-body 60-69 mm (tailless), ear 15-20 mm, hindfoot 12-15 mm, forearm 48-52 mm; weight 20-31 g. Males are smaller, on average, than females in every external and cranial measurement. Dorsal pelage of the Red Fruit Bat is brown or tan; ventral hairs are tipped with gray, giving venter a lighter color. Pelage varies from 8 mm long dorsally to 6 mm long ventrally. On the Virgin Islands , dorsum can have reddish tint. Very notable white markings below each ear and on shoulders makeit easy to differentiate the Red Fruit Bat from other sympatric fruit bats. Snout is wide and short, and noseleaf is well developed, simple, and lanceolated. Ears are naked and pale to dark brown. Wing membranes are black to dark brown. Uropatagium is narrow and sparsely haired, and tail is absent. Calcar is 3-5 mm. Dental formula is I 2 /2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 32. Molars do not have W-pattern, and M, are small. Braincase is domed, with distinct sagittal crest. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 30 and FN = 56. Sex determining system is XX/XYY,, and the two Y-chromosomes are acrocentric. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including xeric forests in the Virgin Islands and Vieques , mesic forests in Puerto Rico , and remnant forests in the San Juan metropolitan area, Puerto Rico . Food and Feeding. The Red Fruit Bat is a frugivore, although, despite its other English common name (Red Fig-eating Bat), figs have not been documented as part ofits diet. It might be the main disperser of Manilkara bidentate ( Sapotaceae ). Other plants commonly feed on include Cecropia ( Urticaceae ), Prestoea ( Arecaceae ), and Piper ( Piperaceae ). It has been captured under and over the canopy. Breeding. The Red Fruit Bat is polyestrous, with females often simultaneously lactating and pregnant. Pregnant females have been captured in January-August, lactating females in March—July, and males with descended testes in January-March andJune-August. Few data exist for September—-December,so it is uncertain if Red Fruit Bats reproduce during that part of the year. Young are born with dense grayish hair on dorsum and white patches. At birth, young are ¢.37% of mothers’ body weights. Activity patterns. The Red Fruit Bat is nocturnal. It begins its activity after dark and is active throughout the night, retreating to a roostjust before sunrise. There is no evidence that it reducesits activity in response to bright moonlight. It roosts among leaves in forest canopies, regularly changing roost locations. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Home ranges have been documented extensively by radio-tracking. Average home range is 2-5 ha, although it increased fivefold after a hurricane. It is possible that the continuous change of roostsites is related to the proximity of food sources. Home ranges of different individuals overlap considerably, and there is no evidence ofterritoriality. Nevertheless, the Red Fruit Bat is a solitary species. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Red Fruit Bat is considered common throughoutits restricted distribution and occurs in protected areas. Nevertheless,it is always found in low densities, and populations are highly sensitive to devastating effects of hurricanes. It was previously classified as Vulnerable, which might have to be reinstated depending on the effects of hurricane Maria in 2017. Bibliography. Gannon & Willig (1994), Gannon et al. (2005), Genoways & Baker (1972), Hall & Tamsitt (1968), Jones, Genoways & Baker (1971), Kwiecinski & Coles (2007), Rodriguez-Duran (2016), Rodriguez-Duran & Christenson (2012), Rodriguez-Duran & Feliciano-Robles (2016), Simmons (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Stenoderma rufum	Stenoderma		rufum	Desmarest	1820	0	Mammalogie, in Encycl. M&eacute;th.	p. 117	Red Fruit Bat	 undatus Gervais, 1855; <b>darioi</b> Hall and Tamsitt, 1968; anthonyi Choate and Birney, 1968	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).	Puerto Rico and Virgin Isls (St. John and St. Thomas).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Stenoderma rufum	23	Red Fruit Bat	Red Fig-eating Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Stenoderma	NA	rufum	Desmarest	1820	0	Stenoderma_rufa	Desmarest, A. (1820). Mammalogie, ou, Description des espèces de mammifères, 1, 117.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122179#page/131/mode/1up	MNHN 1997-1818		type locality not given.			rufum Desmarest, 1820|undatus (P. Gervais, 1855)|anthonyi Choate & Birney, 1968|darioi E. R. Hall & Tamsitt, 1968	NA	NA	Puerto Rico|United States Virgin Islands	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Stenoderma_rufum	0	sciname match	Stenoderma_rufum	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20743	Stenoderma rufum	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Stenoderma	rufum	Desmarest, 1820		20000000	Stenoderma rufum	Near Threatened		2016	2015-12-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened based on B1ab(iii) as its ;species extent of occurrence (EOO) is sligthly over 20,000 km<sup>2</sup>, and it is suspected to occur all through the island of Puerto Rico, although always in low density, resulting in a total of 5 locations (at least). At the few places thoroughly studied, its abundance seems to be declining due to habitat loss (human disturbance from recreational activities and tropical hurricanes).	<p>The habitat in which this species occurs often is dry arborescent vegetation (Genoways and Baker 1972). This species is poorly known. Only the subpopulation in the Luquillo Mountains has been studied extensively, and almost all knowledge of its natural history comes from animals living there. It is primarily a frugivore; the most commonly eaten fruits are from the trumpet tree, bullet-wood and sierra palm, and there is no evidence that it eats figs. It is solitary and roosts among the leaves of the forest canopy. This bat frequently changes its roosting location, and sites are seldom occupied more than once. Home range is small, about 2.5 hectares on average. Pregnant females have been captured on Puerto Rico in January, March, June, July and August, and lactating bats are known from March, May, June and July (Gannon et al. 2005).</p>	This species is threatened by human disturbance from recreational activities, as well as because of tropical hurricanes (Gannon and Willig 1994). The dry forest in these small Caribbean islands are strongly dependent on seasonal precipitation, and extreme changes in weather might cause a reduction in forests extent, and possibly a local extirpation of bat populations.	It is rare in the US Virgin Islands (Gannon et al. 2005). In Puerto Rico it is uncommon (Gannon et al . 2005); it appears to be present throughout the island but, where found, population density is low. This bat shows a relatively small home range (mean = 2.1 ha) and exhibits high site fidelity for at least several months during the rainy season (Gannon and Willig 1994).	Unknown	This species is known from Puerto Rico (main island and Vieques), and the US Virgin Islands (St. Thomas, St. John, St. Croix; Simmons 2005, Kwiecinski and Coles 2007). ;The Virgin Islands of Vieques, Culebra, St. Thomas, St. John, Tortola, Virgin Gorda, Anegada, and associated smaller cays, are collectively are known as the Northern Virgin Islands, whereas St. Croix and its smaller cays form the Southern Virgin Islands.	This species is not used.	Terrestrial	Stenoderma rufum is commonly found in the Luquillo Experimental Forest (part of the El Yunque NF) in northeastern Puerto Rico; at one time this species represented approximately 25% of the bats captured in that forest’s tabonuco section.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Stenoderma		rufum	Desmarest	1820	0	Mammalogie, in Encycl. M&eacute;th.	p. 117	Red Fruit Bat	 undatus Gervais, 1855; <b>darioi</b> Hall and Tamsitt, 1968; anthonyi Choate and Birney, 1968	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).	Puerto Rico and Virgin Isls (St. John and St. Thomas).	Not listed.	Near Threatened	See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).	Stenoderma rufum	1005054	23	Red Fruit Bat	Red Fig-eating Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Stenoderma	NA	rufum	Desmarest	1820	0	Stenoderma_rufa	Desmarest, A. (1820). Mammalogie, ou, Description des espèces de mammifères, 1, 117.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/122179#page/131/mode/1up	MNHN 1997-1818		type locality not given.			rufum Desmarest, 1820|undatus (P. Gervais, 1855)|anthonyi Choate & Birney, 1968|darioi E. R. Hall & Tamsitt, 1968	NA	NA				Puerto Rico|United States Virgin Islands	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Stenoderma_rufum	0	sciname match	Stenoderma_rufum	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Stenoderma_rufum	1005054	23	Red Fruit Bat	Red Fig-eating Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Stenoderma	NA	rufum	Goldfuss	0	Stenoderma rufum	Goldfuss, G.A. 1820. Handbuch der Zoologie. Zweite Abtheilung. Johann Leonhard Schrag, Nuremberg, 510 pp.	https://books.google.com/books?id=dJ45AAAAcAAJ	MNHN-ZM-MO-1997-1818 (= MNHN ? 934)	holotype	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1997-1818	type locality not given.			NA	NA				Puerto Rico|United States Virgin Islands	North America	Neotropic	NT	0	0	0	Stenoderma_rufum	0	sciname match	Stenoderma_rufum	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Stenoderma		rufum	Desmarest	1820	0	Mammalogie, in Encycl. M&eacute;th.	p. 117	Red Fruit Bat	undatus Gervais, 1855; darioi Hall and Tamsitt, 1968; anthonyi Choate and Birney, 1968	Not designated in original publication (probably Virgin Isls).	Puerto Rico and Virgin Isls (St. John and St. Thomas).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20743/22065638/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	See Genoways and Baker (1972) and Timm and Genoways (2003).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	Stenodermatina	Stenoderma rufum; Stenoderma rufum; Stenoderma rufum; Stenoderma rufum; Stenoderma rufum; Stenoderma rufum; rufum; darioi; undatus; darioi - anthonyi; rufum; darior; darioi; undatus; darioi - anthonyi; rufum; undatus; anthonyi; darioi; Sténoderme roux; Roter Fruchtvampir; Stenodermorojizo; Red Fig-eating Bat; Red Fruit Bat; Red Fig-eating Bat; Red Fruit Bat; Red Fruit Bat; S. rufum