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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1556	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum		[MSW3] See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.; [HMW] Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Peters, 1882 , “America tropicalis.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto , northern Peru . Morphology of S. toxophyllum is very distinct, and its taxonomy has remained stable. Although its specific epithet has been associated to other Stenodermatini genera, the original combination is accepted. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).; [IUCN] In revision (Tavares pers. comm.).; [batnames2023] See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).; [batnames2025_1.7] See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).														toxophyllum	In revision (Tavares pers. comm.).			toxophyllum	toxophyllum			toxophyllum W. C. H. Peters, 1882		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Colombia, E Peru – Venezuela, Bolivia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.	Peters	1882	Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 45:989.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Colombia, E Peru – Venezuela, Bolivia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1882	Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 45:989.		Colombia to Venezuela, Peru and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.		PETERS	1882	Size fairly small (forearm length, 36-41 mm; condylobasal length, 13-15 mm).	Distribution: Same as for genus.	No subspecies.		93	species	S. toxophyllum	PETERS	1882	Sphaeronycteris	genus	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum				Size fairly small (forearm length, 36-41 mm; condylobasal length, 13-15 mm).	No subspecies.		1. S. toxophyllum PETERS 1882.	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris		toxophyllum	Peters		1882		Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	45		989		Visored Bat	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.	Colombia to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).		See Emmons (1997) for distribution map.	03A687BCFFD0FFD013A1F878F6F0F69A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	582	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/A6/87/03A687BCFFD3FFD2168FF9D9FE01F0CC.xml	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Phyllostomidae	Sphaeronycteris	toxophyllum	Peters	1882	Sténoderme a visiére @fr | Schirmfledermaus @de | Stenodermode visera @es	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Peters, 1882 , “America tropicalis.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto , northern Peru . Morphology of S. toxophyllum is very distinct, and its taxonomy has remained stable. Although its specific epithet has been associated to other Stenodermatini genera, the original combination is accepted. Monotypic.	N South America from N & E Colombia and Venezuela to W Brazil , E Ecuador , E Peru , and N Bolivia .	Head-body 58-85 mm (tailless), ear 14-17 mm, hindfoot 11-17 mm, forearm 36-41 mm; weight 11-21 g. The Visored Bat is a small fruit-eating and sexually dimorphic species. Dorsal fur is reddish brown to deep brown, with paler venter that can be buff to pale grayish to whitish. Dorsal hair has four bands: narrow basal whitish band, broader reddish-brown band, another broader white to buff band, and terminal narrow band thatis reddish brown to light brown. There are four white spots arranged in two pairs: one on each shoulder where wing meets body, similar to those in the closely related Wrinkle-faced Bat ( Centurio senex ), and another more diffuse pairjust below base of ear. Ears are small and slightly elongated, and eyes are large and golden brown. Males have striking sexual dimorphic,visor-like, fleshy appendage, soft to the touch, that extends forward from forehead and arises from just above inner corner of eyes. This visor is approximately square, with rounded corners. Males also have fold of skin in the neck than can be extended at will over part of the face, similar to that in Wrinkle-faced Bat. Rostrum is very short. Face is naked except for top of visor that is covered with sparse short hairs. There is no discernible noseleaf on males because it is fused with underside of visor. Females have no visor, but they do have a discernible noseleaf thatis short and rounded. Uropatagium is narrow and furry, with fringe of hairs that extends beyond its edge. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 32. Cranium is relatively large and globose, with short rostrum. Anterior margin of orbit consists of conspicuously thin plate, and zygomatic arches expand laterally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 52. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric.	Variety of tropical habitats including tropical deciduous forests, Amazon rainforests, cloud forests, secondary forests, gardens, and even pastures from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 3000 m .	The Visored Bat feeds on fruit. Its taxonomic affinity to the Wrinklefaced Bat and other shortfaced stenodermatines suggests that it feeds on soft, fleshy fruits, butit also might be able to crush hard food items such as seeds.	Female Visored Bats have one embryo per pregnancy. There are two birth peaks, one at beginning of rainy season and one toward the end of rainy season. Pregnant and lactating females have been found in April and September—October.	Most Visored Bats have been caught in mist nets well after dusk. Two bats were found in the morning roosting on a small ( 2m tall) ornamental Ficus ( Moraceae ) tree in Iquitos, Peru . One specimen was found in a cavity in the ground, and two others were found in a building housing an electrical plant.	Visored Bats are usually caught singly or in pairs, often a male and a female. It has been suggested that it is an elevational migrant. It is rarely common, but at one locality in south-eastern Peru , more than 20 individuals were netted near streams associated to bamboo thickets.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List.	Angulo & Diaz (2004) | Angulo et al. (2008) | Cabrera (1958) | Gardner (2008f) | Rodriguez-Posada & Cardenas-Gonzalez (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/6459023/files/figure.png	215. Visored Bat Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum French: Sténoderme a visiére / German: Schirmfledermaus / Spanish: Stenodermo de visera Taxonomy. Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum Peters, 1882 , “America tropicalis.” Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto , northern Peru . Morphology of S. toxophyllum is very distinct, and its taxonomy has remained stable. Although its specific epithet has been associated to other Stenodermatini genera, the original combination is accepted. Monotypic. Distribution. N South America from N & E Colombia and Venezuela to W Brazil , E Ecuador , E Peru , and N Bolivia . Descriptive notes. Head-body 58-85 mm (tailless), ear 14-17 mm, hindfoot 11-17 mm, forearm 36-41 mm; weight 11-21 g. The Visored Bat is a small fruit-eating and sexually dimorphic species. Dorsal fur is reddish brown to deep brown, with paler venter that can be buff to pale grayish to whitish. Dorsal hair has four bands: narrow basal whitish band, broader reddish-brown band, another broader white to buff band, and terminal narrow band thatis reddish brown to light brown. There are four white spots arranged in two pairs: one on each shoulder where wing meets body, similar to those in the closely related Wrinkle-faced Bat ( Centurio senex ), and another more diffuse pairjust below base of ear. Ears are small and slightly elongated, and eyes are large and golden brown. Males have striking sexual dimorphic,visor-like, fleshy appendage, soft to the touch, that extends forward from forehead and arises from just above inner corner of eyes. This visor is approximately square, with rounded corners. Males also have fold of skin in the neck than can be extended at will over part of the face, similar to that in Wrinkle-faced Bat. Rostrum is very short. Face is naked except for top of visor that is covered with sparse short hairs. There is no discernible noseleaf on males because it is fused with underside of visor. Females have no visor, but they do have a discernible noseleaf thatis short and rounded. Uropatagium is narrow and furry, with fringe of hairs that extends beyond its edge. Dental formulais12/2,C1/1,P 2/2, M 3/3 ( x2 ) = 32. Cranium is relatively large and globose, with short rostrum. Anterior margin of orbit consists of conspicuously thin plate, and zygomatic arches expand laterally. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 28 and FN = 52. X-chromosome is subtelocentric, and Y-chromosome is submetacentric. Habitat. Variety of tropical habitats including tropical deciduous forests, Amazon rainforests, cloud forests, secondary forests, gardens, and even pastures from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 3000 m . Food and Feeding. The Visored Bat feeds on fruit. Its taxonomic affinity to the Wrinklefaced Bat and other shortfaced stenodermatines suggests that it feeds on soft, fleshy fruits, butit also might be able to crush hard food items such as seeds. Breeding. Female Visored Bats have one embryo per pregnancy. There are two birth peaks, one at beginning of rainy season and one toward the end of rainy season. Pregnant and lactating females have been found in April and September—October. Activity patterns. Most Visored Bats have been caught in mist nets well after dusk. Two bats were found in the morning roosting on a small ( 2m tall) ornamental Ficus ( Moraceae ) tree in Iquitos, Peru . One specimen was found in a cavity in the ground, and two others were found in a building housing an electrical plant. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Visored Bats are usually caught singly or in pairs, often a male and a female. It has been suggested that it is an elevational migrant. It is rarely common, but at one locality in south-eastern Peru , more than 20 individuals were netted near streams associated to bamboo thickets. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Bibliography. Angulo & Diaz (2004), Angulo et al. (2008), Cabrera (1958), Gardner (2008f), Rodriguez-Posada & Cardenas-Gonzalez (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Phyllostomidae	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Sphaeronycteris		toxophyllum	Peters	1882	0	Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	61:29:00	Visored Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.	Colombia to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.	Not listed.	Least Concern	See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	23	Visored Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Sphaeronycteris	NA	toxophyllum	W. Peters	1882	0	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	Peters, W. C. H. (1881). Ãœber Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, eine neue Gattung und Art der frugivoren blattnasigen Flederthiere, aus dem tropischen America. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1882, 989.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93353#page/455/mode/1up	ZMB 5984		"America tropicalis." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto, northern Peru.			toxophyllum W. Peters, 1882	NA	NA	Colombia|Venezuela|Brazil|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	sciname match	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20599	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PHYLLOSTOMIDAE	Sphaeronycteris	toxophyllum	Peters, 1882	In revision (Tavares pers. comm.).	20000000	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Least Concern		2018	2017-10-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The basic knowledge on this species has been improved in recent years, but it is poorly collected as it is uncommon through most of its distribution. This information has shown that the species can occur on very distinct habitats, including a wide elevational range, and can be present at some disturbed habitats. Also, despite it is not a common species, it is present at several protected areas too. Thus, the species is best listed as Least Concern given that no current threats are known, and even if there are some minor concerns, it is widely distributed. Still, further research on the species' distribution, abundance, basic ecology and threats is required.	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum is habitat specialist; though it prefers primary habitat, it has been found in secondary forests in Venezuela (Ochoa per comm) and it is known from well-preserved and highly intervened habitats (Rodríguez-P. and Cárdenas-G. 2012). Poorly known in terms of most of its ecology, but some recent information is improving this situation (Angulo and Diaz 2004, Angulo et al. 2012). Its wide distribution suggests certain ecological plasticity (Rodríguez-P. and Cárdenas-G. 2012). The species may follow gallery forest into dry habitats but is usually associated with multistratal tropical evergreen forest, and may be able to tolerate man-made clearings. The diet of these bats in unknown, but it is probably primarily frugivorous (Gardner 1977). A pregnant female was collected in Bolivia in October (Anderson and Webster 1983). In Venezuela, females were pregnant when taken in February, April, July, August, and October, and lactating females were caught from April through October. A Colombian female from Puerto Nariño, Amazonas, was pregnant when taken in April (Gardner 2008).	The species is affected by habitat loss in some parts of its range, although this is not considered a major threat.	Low density throughout its geographic range but can be locally common in appropriate habitat (Angulo et al.  2008). For example, it is more abundant along flanks of the Cordillera la Costa, Venezuela (Ochoa pers. comm.) or the tropical lowlands of SE Peru (Solari pers. comm.).	Unknown	This species occurs from Venezuela and eastern Colombia, east of the Andes, south to Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia, and northwestern Brazil (Angulo et al.  2008, Gardner 2008). In Venezuela, specimens have been taken at up to 2,240 m (Handley 1976) and records from Colombia include elevations up to 2600 m (Rodríguez-P- and Cárdenas-G. 2012), but most localities are from the Amazonian lowlands		Terrestrial	Further research on distribution, abundance, basic ecology and threats is required. Maintain intact habitat. The species is present on several protected areas on the Amazonian versant of the Andes.	Neotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Phyllostomidae	Sphaeronycteris		toxophyllum	Peters	1882	0	Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	61:29:00	Visored Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.	Colombia to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.	Not listed.	Least Concern	See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	1005053	23	Visored Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	NOCTILIONOIDEA	Phyllostomidae	STENODERMATINAE	STENODERMATINI	Sphaeronycteris	NA	toxophyllum	W. Peters	1882	0	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	Peters, W. C. H. (1881). Ãœber Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum, eine neue Gattung und Art der frugivoren blattnasigen Flederthiere, aus dem tropischen America. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1882, 989.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/93353#page/455/mode/1up	ZMB 5984		"America tropicalis." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto, northern Peru.			toxophyllum W. Peters, 1882	NA	NA				Colombia|Venezuela|Brazil|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	sciname match	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	1005053	23	Visored Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Noctilionoidea	Phyllostomidae	Stenodermatinae	Stenodermatini	Sphaeronycteris	NA	toxophyllum	W. C. H. Peters	0	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum	Peters, W.C.H. 1882. Ãœber _Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum_, eine neue Gattung imd Art der frugivoren blattnasigen Flederthiere, aus dem tropischen America. Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1882:987-990.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29494473	ZMB 5984	holotype		"America tropicalis." Restricted by A. Cabrera in 1958 to Pebas, Loreto, northern Peru.			NA	NA				Colombia|Venezuela|Brazil|Ecuador|Peru|Bolivia	South America	Neotropic	LC	0	0	0	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	sciname match	Sphaeronycteris_toxophyllum	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Phyllostomidae	Sphaeronycteris		toxophyllum	Peters	1882	0	Sitzb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss.	61:29:00	Visored Bat	None.	Peru, Loreto, Pebas.	Colombia to Venezuela, Peru, and Bolivia; Amazonian Brazil.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20599/22078791/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	See Emmons (1997) for distribution map. Locality of the type was given as "America tropicalis" by Peters (1882). Cabrera (1958) restricted the type locality to Pebas, Loreto, Peru, based on a specimen reported by Rehn (1901). Subsequently, Husson (1958) restricted the type to the neighborhood of M&eacute;rida Venezuela, following a note by Thomas (1898) of a specimen collected at that locality. We accept Cabrera's restriction as having precedent (but see also Peracchi, 1986). See also Angulo et al. (2008).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	Stenodermatina	Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; Sphaeronycteris toxophyllum; toxophyllum; Sténoderme a visiére; Schirmfledermaus; Stenodermode visera; Visored Bat; Visored Bat; Visored Bat; S. toxophyllum