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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1555	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias blanfordi		[MSW3] Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [HMW] Cynopterus blanfordi Thomas, 1891 , “Leito, Cheba, on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m ,” Burma (= Myanmar ). Subspecies motuoensis from south-eastern Tibet is considered a synonym. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [batnames2023] Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).; [batnames2025_1.7] Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).									motuoensis		motuoensis	blanfordi 	blanfordi - motuoensis	blanfordi, motuoensis		blanfordi 	blanfordi - motuoensis	blanfordi, motuoensis	blanfordi, motuoensis, medogensis	blanfordi 	blanfordi - motuoensis	blanfordi (O. Thomas, 1891)|motuoensis Cai Guiquan & Zhang Naizhi, 1980|medogensis Wang Yingxiang, 2003 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Blanford's fruit bat	NE India – NW Thailand	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Sphaerias blanfordi	Burma, Karin Hills.	Thomas	1891	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, 10:884, 921, 922.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Blanford's fruit bat	NE India, S Tibet – NW Thailand, SW China	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Thomas	1891	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, 10:884, 921, 922.		N India, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma, N Thailand, SW China.	Burma, Karin Hills.		THOMAS	1891	Size fairly small (forearm length, 50-52 mm).	Distribution: Same as for genus.	No subspecies.		34	species	S. blanfordi	THOMAS	1891	Sphaerias	genus	Sphaerias blanfordi				Size fairly small (forearm length, 50-52 mm).	No subspecies.		1. S. blanfordi (THOMAS 1891).	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias		blanfordi	Thomas	y	1891		Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2	10		884, 921, 922		Blanford's Fruit Bat	Burma, Karin Hills, Cheba, Leito.	N India, Bhutan, Burma, N Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	motuoensis Cai and Zhang, 1980.	Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).	03A687BCFFD3FFD2168FF9D9FE01F0CC	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	72	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFCAF62489B4395DF6ECF6FE.xml	Sphaerias blanfordi	Pteropodidae	Sphaerias	blanfordi		1891	Cynopteére de Blanford @fr | Blanford-Flughund @de | Cynéptero de Blanford @es	Cynopterus blanfordi Thomas, 1891 , “Leito, Cheba, on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m ,” Burma (= Myanmar ). Subspecies motuoensis from south-eastern Tibet is considered a synonym. Monotypic.	N India ( Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Sikkim , West Bengal , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , and Mizoram ), E Nepal , Bhutan , N Myanmar , SW China (SE Tibet [= Xizang ] and W & S Yunnan ), N Thailand , NW Laos , and N & C Vietnam . Distribution appears fragmented into these areas, but this may be an artifact of insufficient sampling.	Head-body 75-90 mm (tailless), ear 17-22 mm , hindfoot 12- 16 mm , forearm 52-61 mm ; mean weight 31 g . Rhinarium of Blanford’s Fruit Bat has moderately divergent nostrils, pointed muzzle, and few papillae on inner lip. Eyes are medium-sized; iris is dark orange-brown. Ears are oval, with median rim narrowly edged with white and small, triangular antitragal lobe. Head pelage is brownish gray. Dorsal pelage is long, soft, woolly, and brownish gray, extending onto forearm and wing membranes, and thickly over hindlegs. Uropatagium is a narrow rim between femur and middle tibia, calcar is absent, and tibia is short and furred. Throat pelage is brown and sexually dimorphic, with males possessing paired grayish yellow spots of hair on each side. Chest and belly are gray, and pelage is soft but shorter than on dorsum and longer and woolly extending into forearm, ventral side of wing membrane, and undersurface of hindlegs. Wing membranes are grayish and attach on first toe; index claw is present. Skull is delicate; rostrum is thin and tapering; premaxilla is proclivous; orbit is large; zygoma is thin and straight; braincase is globose and deflected ventrally; paranasal recesses are barely inflated and short, not reaching short postorbital processes; and postorbital foramen is absent. Mandible is thin, coronoid is sloping, condyle is below alveolar line level, and angle is rounded. Dental formula is12/2. C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 30. Upper incisors are procumbent and large, with crown triangularly pointed. C' is small and slightly proclivous, slanted laterally, with anterior groove and cuspless cingulum. P! is a spicule, and next premolars (P? and P*) and M' are triangular laterally and very narrow. Lower incisors are triangular but smaller than upper incisors, Phas well-defined crown, lower premolars are tall and triangular, and lower molars are low (M, peg-like).	Mist and monsoon forests, wet evergreen broadleaf forests, mixed forests, and forest edges at elevations of 300-2700 m .	Gracile skull and dentition of Blanford’s Fruit Bat suggest it eats soft fruits.	No information.	No information.	Colonies of Blanford’s Fruit Bats have 2-5 individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Blanford’s Fruit Bat is considered a vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Although it is uncommon,it is less rare than previously thought and is one of the most common pteropodids in south-western China . It might be threatened by habitat loss mainly due to harvest of bamboo forest, and it is hunted and sold in village markets in Laos .	Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates, Bumrungsri, Csorba & Francis (2008) | Cai Guiquan & Zhang Naizhi (1980) | Douangboubpha et al. (2012) | Feng Qing, Jiang Xuelong & Wang Yingxiang etal. (2008) | Jones, Bielby et al. (2009) | Lunde et al. (2003) | Simmons (2005) | Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010)		18. Blanford’s Fruit Bat Sphaerias blanfordi French: Cynopteére de Blanford / German: Blanford-Flughund / Spanish: Cynéptero de Blanford Taxonomy. Cynopterus blanfordi Thomas, 1891 , “Leito, Cheba, on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m ,” Burma (= Myanmar ). Subspecies motuoensis from south-eastern Tibet is considered a synonym. Monotypic. Distribution. N India ( Uttarakhand , Uttar Pradesh , Sikkim , West Bengal , Arunachal Pradesh , Assam , and Mizoram ), E Nepal , Bhutan , N Myanmar , SW China (SE Tibet [= Xizang ] and W & S Yunnan ), N Thailand , NW Laos , and N & C Vietnam . Distribution appears fragmented into these areas, but this may be an artifact of insufficient sampling. Descriptive notes. Head-body 75-90 mm (tailless), ear 17-22 mm , hindfoot 12- 16 mm , forearm 52-61 mm ; mean weight 31 g . Rhinarium of Blanford’s Fruit Bat has moderately divergent nostrils, pointed muzzle, and few papillae on inner lip. Eyes are medium-sized; iris is dark orange-brown. Ears are oval, with median rim narrowly edged with white and small, triangular antitragal lobe. Head pelage is brownish gray. Dorsal pelage is long, soft, woolly, and brownish gray, extending onto forearm and wing membranes, and thickly over hindlegs. Uropatagium is a narrow rim between femur and middle tibia, calcar is absent, and tibia is short and furred. Throat pelage is brown and sexually dimorphic, with males possessing paired grayish yellow spots of hair on each side. Chest and belly are gray, and pelage is soft but shorter than on dorsum and longer and woolly extending into forearm, ventral side of wing membrane, and undersurface of hindlegs. Wing membranes are grayish and attach on first toe; index claw is present. Skull is delicate; rostrum is thin and tapering; premaxilla is proclivous; orbit is large; zygoma is thin and straight; braincase is globose and deflected ventrally; paranasal recesses are barely inflated and short, not reaching short postorbital processes; and postorbital foramen is absent. Mandible is thin, coronoid is sloping, condyle is below alveolar line level, and angle is rounded. Dental formula is12/2. C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2 (x2) = 30. Upper incisors are procumbent and large, with crown triangularly pointed. C' is small and slightly proclivous, slanted laterally, with anterior groove and cuspless cingulum. P! is a spicule, and next premolars (P? and P*) and M' are triangular laterally and very narrow. Lower incisors are triangular but smaller than upper incisors, Phas well-defined crown, lower premolars are tall and triangular, and lower molars are low (M, peg-like). Habitat. Mist and monsoon forests, wet evergreen broadleaf forests, mixed forests, and forest edges at elevations of 300-2700 m . Food and Feeding. Gracile skull and dentition of Blanford’s Fruit Bat suggest it eats soft fruits. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Blanford’s Fruit Bats have 2-5 individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Blanford’s Fruit Bat is considered a vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. Although it is uncommon,it is less rare than previously thought and is one of the most common pteropodids in south-western China . It might be threatened by habitat loss mainly due to harvest of bamboo forest, and it is hunted and sold in village markets in Laos . Bibliography. Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Bumrungsri, Csorba & Francis (2008), Cai Guiquan & Zhang Naizhi (1980), Douangboubpha et al. (2012), Feng Qing, Jiang Xuelong & Wang Yingxiang etal. (2008), Jones, Bielby et al. (2009), Lunde et al. (2003), Simmons (2005), Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Sphaerias blanfordi	Sphaerias		blanfordi	Thomas	1891	1	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova	ser. 2, 10: 884, 921, 922	Blanford's Fruit Bat	 motuoensis Cai and Zhang, 1980.	Burma, Karin Hills, Cheba, Leito.	N India, Bhutan, Burma, N Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Sphaerias blanfordi	23	Blanford's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Sphaerias	NA	blanfordi	O. Thomas	1891	1						"Leitò, Chebà , on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m," Burma (= Myanmar).			blanfordi (O. Thomas, 1891)|motuoensis Cai Guiquan and Zhang Naizhi, 1980	NA	NA	India|Nepal|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	sciname match	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20521	Sphaerias blanfordi	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Sphaerias	blanfordi	(Thomas, 1891)		20000000	Sphaerias blanfordi	Least Concern		2021	2021-07-02 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<span id="docs-internal-guid-4e2161e9-7fff-268b-85ba-62c773adb6c9"><p>Sphaerias blanfordi is listed as Least Concern due to its wide distribution, occurrence in protected areas across its range, and its large extent of occurrence (EOO) and area of occupancy (AOO) values. Its population is inferred to be stable. ;</p>	<span id="docs-internal-guid-3307e644-7fff-c2a6-9449-7b0a66591d75">Sphaerias blanfordi is a frugivorous species that primarily inhabits bamboo forests (Molur et al. 2002) and can be found within forested mountainous habitats (Douangboupha et al. 2012). It has an estimated generation length of 4–6 years (Molur et al . 2002).	<span id="docs-internal-guid-599d77ca-7fff-51d7-9d26-d1abd5908e7c"><p><span id="docs-internal-guid-da7b6d33-7fff-e68f-0839-974ee1457c48">In South Asia, this species faces the threat of habitat loss due to commercial harvesting of bamboo within the region (Molur et al. 2002). The species is also exploited for food and faces habitat loss within Lao PDR (Douangboupha et al. 2012).</p></span>	<span id="docs-internal-guid-776d6a99-7fff-bceb-ee50-907c38277153">Population data are scarce for Sphaerias blanfordi , although this species has a wide distribution. The species population is inferred to be stable due to its wide distribution and occurrence in protected areas.	Stable	<span id="docs-internal-guid-f2c50c03-7fff-36fe-4d96-47588ca0e1cb">Sphaerias blanfordi has a wide distribution, ranging from northern South Asia, into southern China and northern parts of Southeast Asia.In South Asia, this species is found in Bhutan (Ganghlakha), India (Arunachal Pradesh, Mizoram, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), and eastern Nepal ;<span id="docs-internal-guid-e9e6d196-7fff-75de-124b-e0c528351548">(Lekagul and McNeely 1977, Molur et al. 2002, Srinivasulu et al. 2012). In China, this species is found in southern Xizang (Motuo) and northwest Yunnan (Zhang et al. 2010). In Southeast Asia, this species has been recorded from northern Myanmar, northern Thailand and northern Vietnam (Lunde et al. 2003). It has also been recorded in Lao PDR (Douangboupha et al. 2012). This species has been recorded from 308 m to 2,710 m asl (Molur et al. 2002).</span>	<span id="docs-internal-guid-44e1460f-7fff-9c71-d47e-2ac4a7251c0a">The species was found to be sold at Muang Kahu market in Lao PDR (Douangboupha et al. 2012).	Terrestrial	<span id="docs-internal-guid-2f606a30-7fff-1f23-8aad-3fdd1d7dd4c8">This species is considered to be vermin in South Asia under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act, which allows for this species to be captured or killed (Singaravelan et al. 2009). The species occurs in protected areas in India, such as the Namdapha National Park in Assam and the Phambong Lho Wildlife Sanctuary in Sikkim (Molur et al. 2002). Conservation recommendations for this species in South Asia include field surveys, population monitoring, habitat management and public awareness initiatives (Molur et al. 2002). Further research is needed on this species’ ecology, threats, and population size and trends.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Sphaerias		blanfordi	Thomas	1891	1	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova	ser. 2, 10: 884, 921, 922	Blanford's Fruit Bat	 motuoensis Cai and Zhang, 1980.	Burma, Karin Hills, Cheba, Leito.	N India, Bhutan, Burma, N Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).	Sphaerias blanfordi	1004371	23	Blanford's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	CYNOPTERINAE	BALIONYCTERINI	Sphaerias	NA	blanfordi	O. Thomas	1891	1						"Leitò, Chebà , on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m," Burma (= Myanmar).			blanfordi (O. Thomas, 1891)|motuoensis Cai Guiquan and Zhang Naizhi, 1980	NA	NA				India|Nepal|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	sciname match	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Sphaerias_blanfordi	1004371	23	Blanford's Fruit Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Cynopterinae	Balionycterini	Sphaerias	NA	blanfordi	O. Thomas	1	Cynopterus blanfordi	Thomas, O. 1891-06-25. Diagnoses of three new mammals collected by Signor L. Fea in the Carin Hills, Burma. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova 30:884.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30150395	BMNH:Mamm:1890.4.7.6, MSNG (no number given)	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/e5073dd9-637f-49b4-a051-8a73637444dc	"Leitò, Chebà , on the Carin [= Karin] Hills, 1000 m," Burma (= Myanmar).			NA	NA				India|Nepal|Bhutan|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	sciname match	Sphaerias_blanfordi	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Sphaerias		blanfordi	Thomas	1891	1	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova	ser. 2, 10: 884, 921, 922	Blanford's Fruit Bat	motuoensis Cai and Zhang, 1980.	Burma, Karin Hills, Cheba, Leito.	N India, Bhutan, Burma, N Thailand, Vietnam, SW China.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20521/22100101/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Sphaerias blanfordi; Sphaerias blanfordi; Sphaerias blanfordi; Sphaerias blanfordi; Sphaerias blanfordi; Sphaerias blanfordi; motuoensis; motuoensis; motuoensis; blanfordi; motuoensis; Cynopteére de Blanford; Blanford-Flughund; Cynéptero de Blanford; Blanford's Fruit Bat; Blanford's Fruit Bat; Blanford's Fruit Bat; S. blanfordi