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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1536	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Scotophilus kuhli	Scotophilus kuhli	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhli	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus kuhlii		[MSW2] Generally called temmincki; but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972:191-193).; [MSW3] Often called temminckii, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus; see Kitchener et al. (1997b). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [HMW] Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821 , India . Genetic data placed S. kuhlii sister to all other species of Scotophilus and completely separate from the widespread Asiatic species, S. heathii . Seven subspecies ( kuhlii , castaneus , consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, and temminckii) have been recognized, but some names have been moved back and forth between S. kuhlii and S. heathii , and there 1s no well-defined distribution for any subspecies. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Often called temminckii , but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus ; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [MDD2022] may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status; [IUCN] Earlier included under Scotophilus heathii Horsfield, 1831 (Tate 1942, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), the taxon kuhlii Leach, 1821, is now considered distinct species (Hill in Peterson 1968, Hill and Thonglongya 1972, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005). The taxon wroughtoni Thomas, 1897, earlier considered to be a subspecies (Bates and Harrison 1997), is now synonymized with this taxon (Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). Scotophilus kuhlii might represent a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. Revised by Trujillo et al. (2009).; [batnames2023] Often called temminckii , but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus ; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [MDD2023] may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status; [MDD2025_2.0] may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status; [batnames2025_1.7] Often called temminckii, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).; [MDD2025_2.2] may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status				temmincki		castaneus, collinus, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, swinhoei, temmincki, wroughtoni.	temmincki, panayensis, castaneus, gairdneri, consobrinus, kuhli	kuhlii, castaneus, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, temminckii	wroughtoni; castaneus - castaneus, sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei, temminckii - fulvus			kuhlii, castaneus, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, temminckii	kuhlii - wroughtoni; castaneus - castaneus, sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei; temminckii - fulvus	kuhlii, temminckii, castaneus, sumatrana, fulvus, castaneus, swinhoei, wroughtoni, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus	Earlier included under Scotophilus heathii Horsfield, 1831 (Tate 1942, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), the taxon kuhlii Leach, 1821, is now considered distinct species (Hill in Peterson 1968, Hill and Thonglongya 1972, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005). The taxon wroughtoni Thomas, 1897, earlier considered to be a subspecies (Bates and Harrison 1997), is now synonymized with this taxon (Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). Scotophilus kuhlii might represent a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. Revised by Trujillo et al. (2009).	kuhlii, castaneus, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, temminckii	kuhlii - wroughtoni; castaneus - castaneus, sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei; temminckii - fulvus	kuhlii, temminckii, castaneus, sumatrana, fulvus, castaneus, swinhoei, wroughtoni, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus	kuhlii, temminckii, frederici, castaneus, sumatrana, fulvus, fulvus, castaneus, swinhoei, wroughtoni, consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, kuhli	castaneus, consobrinus, gairdneri, kuhlii, panayensis, solutatus, temminckii	castaneus - castaneus, sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei; kuhlii - wroughtoni; temminckii - fulvus	kuhlii Leach, 1821|temminckii (Horsfield, 1824)|frederici (Lesson, 1836)|castaneus J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]|leachii J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen novum]|sumatrana J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]|fulvus (J. E. Gray, 1842) [nomen nudum]|fulvus J. E. Gray, 1843 [nomen nudum]|castaneus (Horsfield, 1851)|swinhoei (E. Blyth, 1860)|temmincki (Zelebor, 1868) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|sumatranus (Fitzinger, 1870)|wroughtoni O. Thomas, 1897|kuhli Bonhote, 1901 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|consobrinus J. A. Allen, 1906|gairdneri Kloss, 1917|panayensis (Sody, 1928)|solutatus Sody, 1936		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Asiatic lesser yellow house bat	Pakistan – Hainan – Timor, Borneo, Philippines, Taiwan; ref. 4.37,104	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Scotophilus kuhli	"India".	Leach	1822	Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., 13:71.	Distribution: Ranging from Pakistan and Ceylon to Taiwan, Philippines, Celebes, Timor, and perhaps to the Aru islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Asiatic lesser yellow house bat	Pakistan – Hainan – Timor, Aru Is, Philippines, Taiwan	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Leach	1821	Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 13:71.	Generally called temmincki; but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972:191-193).	Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka and W Malaysia, southeast to Philippines and Aru Isis (Indonesia).	"India".		LEACH	1822	Size relatively small (forearm length, 45-55 mm). Cingula of upper incisors relatively narrow. Thumb relatively long.	Distribution: Ranging from Pakistan and Ceylon to Taiwan, Philippines, Celebes, Timor, and perhaps to the Aru islands.	Six subspecies are here recognized:	S. k. temmincki (Java and the Lesser Sundas), S. k. panayensis (Philippines), S. k. castaneus (Celebes to the Malay peninsula and Nicobars), S. k. gairdneri (Thailand, Vietnam), S. k. consobrinus (southern China, including Hainan and Taiwan), S. k. kuhli (Pakistan, India, Burma, Ceylon).	128	species	S. kuhli	LEACH	1822	Scotophilus	genus	Scotophilus kuhli				Size relatively small (forearm length, 45-55 mm). Cingula of upper incisors relatively narrow. Thumb relatively long.	Six subspecies are here recognized:		1. S. kuhli LEACH 1822.	1	_S. k. castaneus_ (Horsfield, 1851) (synonyms: _frederici_ (Lesson, 1836), _sumatrana_ Gray, 1838, _sumatranus_ (Fitzinger, 1870)); _S. k. consobrinus_ Allen, 1906 (synonyms: _swinhoei_ (Blyth, 1860)); _S. k. gairdneri_ Kloss, 1917; _S. k. kuhlii_ Leach, 1821 (synonyms: _leachii_ Gray, 1838, _wroughtoni_ Thomas, 1897); _S. k. panayensis_ Sody, 1928; _S. k. solutatus_ Sody, 1936; _S. k. temminckii_ (Horsfield, 1824) (synonyms: _fulvus_ (Gray, 1842), _fulvus_ Gray, 1843)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Nycticeiini	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus		kuhlii	Leach		1821		Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.	13		71		Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	"India".	Bangladesh, Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), southeast to Philippines and Aru Isls (Indonesia).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	wroughtoni Thomas, 1897; castaneus Horsfield, 1851; castaneus Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]; sumatrana Gray, 1838; consobrinus Allen, 1906; swinhoei Blyth, 1860; gairdneri Kloss, 1917; panayensis Sody, 1928; solutatus Sody, 1936; temminckii Horsfield, 1824; fulvus Gray, 1843.	Often called temminckii, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus; see Kitchener et al. (1997b). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).	4C3D87E8FF7B6AC5FA8B94901D82BAAE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	885	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FF856A3AFF74945D1604BFC1.xml	Scotophilus kuhlii	Vespertilionidae	Scotophilus	kuhlii	Leach	1821	Scotophile de Kuhl @fr | Kleine Asiatische Hausfledermaus @de | Scotofilo de Kuhl @es | Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat @en | Lesser Asian House Bat @en | Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat @en	Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821 , India . Genetic data placed S. kuhlii sister to all other species of Scotophilus and completely separate from the widespread Asiatic species, S. heathii . Seven subspecies ( kuhlii , castaneus , consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, and temminckii) have been recognized, but some names have been moved back and forth between S. kuhlii and S. heathii , and there 1s no well-defined distribution for any subspecies. Monotypic.	NE & SE Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , SE Nepal , Bangladesh , Myanmar , SC & SE China ( Yunnan , Guangxi , Guangdong , Hong Kong , and Fujian) including Hainan, Taiwan , and Pescadores Is, Thailand , Laos , Vietham (including Cat Ba I), Cambodia , Peninsular Malaysia , Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and Philippines .	Head—-body 54:8-82- 1 mm ,tail 31- 3-65 mm , ear 7- 4-17 mm , hindfoot 8-13- 8 mm , forearm 44-56- 4 mm ; weight 12-5-30- 3 g . The Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat is very similar but smaller than the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat (S. heathii ), being distinguished primarily by its smaller forearm length (usually less than 55 mm ) and weight. Dorsal pelage is chestnut-brown; venter is lighter buffy to buffy yellow. Membranes and bare skin are dark brown. Muzzle is broad and blunt and has swollen glands on both sides and simple nostrils. Ears are small, with transverse ridges; antitragus is separated from posterior margin of ear by distinct notch and well developed; tragus is one-half the ear length and is crescent-shaped with basal notch. Tail extends c. 2-3 mm past margin of uropatagium. Baculum is small and bluntly triangular in dorsal view but very thin in lateral view, and base is barely bulged; it is similar to that of the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat, although it appears to be thicker in lateral view with a more dorso-ventrally expanded base. Skull measurements are similar to but smaller than those of the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat, but lambdoidal crests are undeveloped and do not protrude back and upward; condylo-canine lengths are 16- 3-18 mm . Dental formula for all species of Scotophilusis11/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30, except perhaps for the Lesser Yellow Bat (S. borbonicus ) that is known from one specimen in very poor condition. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 48 or 52.	Primary and secondary habitats in rural and urban settings, including primary and secondary tropical and subtropical forests, agricultural areas, plantations, and villages from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m (typically lowland habitats).	Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats forage by aerial hawking and are fast and maneuverable fliers. They primarily forage in open and semi-open habitats, including crowns of trees in urban environments, around streetlights, overfields, and over water. On Hainan, annual diets contained Lepidoptera (97-5% by frequency), Coleoptera (64-7%), Hemiptera (20%), Hymenoptera (9-4%), and Diptera (5-5%), with only small fluctuations in frequency throughoutthe year. Diptera ( Anisopodidae , Chironomidae , Culicidae , and Scathophagidae ), Coleoptera ( Carabidae and Scarabaeidae ), and Hymenoptera ( Ichneumonidae ) were recorded in the feces of 10-12 individuals in Andhra Pradesh , eastern India .	Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats breed once a year. Pregnant females are known from March—July in Bangalore, south-central India , and gestation lasts 105-115 days in India . In Bihar , northern India , pregnant females were collected in April-May. They gave birth to 1-2 young in June-July. Postnatal development was rapid, with forearm length and weight increasing rapidly and linearly during the first four weeks, gradually decreasing to reach a stable growth rate. Young begin to fly, on average, at 39 days old.	Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats arouse early in the evening compared with other sympatric bats. They spend the day roosting in roofs of houses, leaves of palm tree, tree hollows, and occasionally caves. Call shape is FM sweep, with multiple harmonics. Males and females on Hainan had average start frequencies of 88-7 kHz and 89-4 kHz (overall range 64-2-104-5 kHz), average end frequencies of 37-9 kHz and 38-1 kHz (12-8-42.7 kHz), average peak frequencies of 45-7 kHz and 45-8 kHz (39-9-51-4 kHz), average durations of 5-1 milliseconds and 5-4 milliseconds (2:9-14-1 milliseconds), and average interpulse intervals of 46-8 milliseconds and 43 milliseconds (13-1-127-4 milliseconds), respectively. In Singapore , average start frequency was 84-9 kHz, average end frequency was 36-6 kHz, average peak frequency was 43-3 kHz, and average duration was 4 milliseconds. In the Western Ghats, India , in two separate studies with three and two samples, average start frequency was 117-4 kHz (107-5-126-7 kHz) and 56-7 kHz (52:4-61-3 kHz), average end frequency was 41 kHz (40-2-41-4 kHz) and 43-5 kHz (42-1-44-9 kHz), average peak frequency was 52-8 kHz (47-8-56-9 kHz) and 45-3 kHz (44-47 kHz), and average duration was 3-2 milliseconds (2:7-3-7 milliseconds) and 3 milliseconds (2:2-3-5 milliseconds), respectively.	Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats roost in colonies of a few individuals to a few hundred, with colonies of 300 bats found in Sri Lanka . Males and females seem to roost together year-round. Colonies are characterized by an unpleasant smell. In Peninsular Malaysia , home ranges of males were larger in agricultural areas (mean of 1-2 km ?) than urban areas (0-03 km?), but this relationship was reversed for females ( 0-35 km ? vs. 0-72 km ?).	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat is widespread and common and does not seem to face any major threats. It might be locally threatened by roost disturbance and is eaten as an aphrodisiac in north-eastern Luzon, Philippines . In Cambodia , free-ranging individuals are farmed for guano with artificial roosts made from palm leaves, providing income for local farms.	Alcala & Alviola (1970) | Atigah et al. (2015) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates, Kingston et al. (2008) | Bong et al. (1999) | Chen Shiangfan et al. (2016) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Dahal et al. (2016) | Das (2003) | Dookia & Mishra (2018) | Francis (2008a) | Harada & Kobayashi (1980) | Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982) | Harrison & Brownlow (1978) | Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998) | Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016) | Hill (1968b) | Hill & Thonglongya (1972) | Javid et al. (2014) | Jones & Maa (1976) | Kitcheneret al. (1997) | Kruskop (2013a) | Lin Liangkong, Motokawa & Harada (2002a) | Naidu (1985) | Pathak & Sharma (1969) | Pottie et al. (2005) | Raghuram etal. (2014) | Rickart, Heideman & Utzurrum (1989) | Rickart, Mercier & Heaney (1999) | Rubio (1977) | Siddiqi (1960) | Smith & Xie Yan (2008) | Sokmanine (2012) | Srinivasulu, B. et al. (2010) | Srinivasulu, C. & Srinivasulu (2012) | Supanuam etal. (2012) | Trujillo (2006) | Trujillo et al. (2009) | Vanitharani (2006) | Wong et al. (2002) | Wordley et al. (2014) | Yu Wenhua et al. (2012) | Zhu Guangjian et al. (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/6398382/files/figure.png	269. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat Scotophilus kuhlii French: Scotophile de Kuhl / German: Kleine Asiatische Hausfledermaus / Spanish: Scotofilo de Kuhl Other common names: Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat , Lesser Asian House Bat , Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat Taxonomy. Scotophilus kuhlii Leach, 1821 , India . Genetic data placed S. kuhlii sister to all other species of Scotophilus and completely separate from the widespread Asiatic species, S. heathii . Seven subspecies ( kuhlii , castaneus , consobrinus, gairdneri, panayensis, solutatus, and temminckii) have been recognized, but some names have been moved back and forth between S. kuhlii and S. heathii , and there 1s no well-defined distribution for any subspecies. Monotypic. Distribution. NE & SE Pakistan , India , Sri Lanka , SE Nepal , Bangladesh , Myanmar , SC & SE China ( Yunnan , Guangxi , Guangdong , Hong Kong , and Fujian) including Hainan, Taiwan , and Pescadores Is, Thailand , Laos , Vietham (including Cat Ba I), Cambodia , Peninsular Malaysia , Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, and Philippines . Descriptive notes. Head—-body 54:8-82- 1 mm ,tail 31- 3-65 mm , ear 7- 4-17 mm , hindfoot 8-13- 8 mm , forearm 44-56- 4 mm ; weight 12-5-30- 3 g . The Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat is very similar but smaller than the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat (S. heathii ), being distinguished primarily by its smaller forearm length (usually less than 55 mm ) and weight. Dorsal pelage is chestnut-brown; venter is lighter buffy to buffy yellow. Membranes and bare skin are dark brown. Muzzle is broad and blunt and has swollen glands on both sides and simple nostrils. Ears are small, with transverse ridges; antitragus is separated from posterior margin of ear by distinct notch and well developed; tragus is one-half the ear length and is crescent-shaped with basal notch. Tail extends c. 2-3 mm past margin of uropatagium. Baculum is small and bluntly triangular in dorsal view but very thin in lateral view, and base is barely bulged; it is similar to that of the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat, although it appears to be thicker in lateral view with a more dorso-ventrally expanded base. Skull measurements are similar to but smaller than those of the Greater Asiatic Yellow Bat, but lambdoidal crests are undeveloped and do not protrude back and upward; condylo-canine lengths are 16- 3-18 mm . Dental formula for all species of Scotophilusis11/3,C1/1,P 1/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30, except perhaps for the Lesser Yellow Bat (S. borbonicus ) that is known from one specimen in very poor condition. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 48 or 52. Habitat. Primary and secondary habitats in rural and urban settings, including primary and secondary tropical and subtropical forests, agricultural areas, plantations, and villages from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1100 m (typically lowland habitats). Food and Feeding. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats forage by aerial hawking and are fast and maneuverable fliers. They primarily forage in open and semi-open habitats, including crowns of trees in urban environments, around streetlights, overfields, and over water. On Hainan, annual diets contained Lepidoptera (97-5% by frequency), Coleoptera (64-7%), Hemiptera (20%), Hymenoptera (9-4%), and Diptera (5-5%), with only small fluctuations in frequency throughoutthe year. Diptera ( Anisopodidae , Chironomidae , Culicidae , and Scathophagidae ), Coleoptera ( Carabidae and Scarabaeidae ), and Hymenoptera ( Ichneumonidae ) were recorded in the feces of 10-12 individuals in Andhra Pradesh , eastern India . Breeding. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats breed once a year. Pregnant females are known from March—July in Bangalore, south-central India , and gestation lasts 105-115 days in India . In Bihar , northern India , pregnant females were collected in April-May. They gave birth to 1-2 young in June-July. Postnatal development was rapid, with forearm length and weight increasing rapidly and linearly during the first four weeks, gradually decreasing to reach a stable growth rate. Young begin to fly, on average, at 39 days old. Activity patterns. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats arouse early in the evening compared with other sympatric bats. They spend the day roosting in roofs of houses, leaves of palm tree, tree hollows, and occasionally caves. Call shape is FM sweep, with multiple harmonics. Males and females on Hainan had average start frequencies of 88-7 kHz and 89-4 kHz (overall range 64-2-104-5 kHz), average end frequencies of 37-9 kHz and 38-1 kHz (12-8-42.7 kHz), average peak frequencies of 45-7 kHz and 45-8 kHz (39-9-51-4 kHz), average durations of 5-1 milliseconds and 5-4 milliseconds (2:9-14-1 milliseconds), and average interpulse intervals of 46-8 milliseconds and 43 milliseconds (13-1-127-4 milliseconds), respectively. In Singapore , average start frequency was 84-9 kHz, average end frequency was 36-6 kHz, average peak frequency was 43-3 kHz, and average duration was 4 milliseconds. In the Western Ghats, India , in two separate studies with three and two samples, average start frequency was 117-4 kHz (107-5-126-7 kHz) and 56-7 kHz (52:4-61-3 kHz), average end frequency was 41 kHz (40-2-41-4 kHz) and 43-5 kHz (42-1-44-9 kHz), average peak frequency was 52-8 kHz (47-8-56-9 kHz) and 45-3 kHz (44-47 kHz), and average duration was 3-2 milliseconds (2:7-3-7 milliseconds) and 3 milliseconds (2:2-3-5 milliseconds), respectively. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bats roost in colonies of a few individuals to a few hundred, with colonies of 300 bats found in Sri Lanka . Males and females seem to roost together year-round. Colonies are characterized by an unpleasant smell. In Peninsular Malaysia , home ranges of males were larger in agricultural areas (mean of 1-2 km ?) than urban areas (0-03 km?), but this relationship was reversed for females ( 0-35 km ? vs. 0-72 km ?). Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Lesser Asiatic Yellow Bat is widespread and common and does not seem to face any major threats. It might be locally threatened by roost disturbance and is eaten as an aphrodisiac in north-eastern Luzon, Philippines . In Cambodia , free-ranging individuals are farmed for guano with artificial roosts made from palm leaves, providing income for local farms. Bibliography. Alcala & Alviola (1970), Atigah et al. (2015), Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Kingston et al. (2008), Bong et al. (1999), Chen Shiangfan et al. (2016), Corbet & Hill (1992), Dahal et al. (2016), Das (2003), Dookia & Mishra (2018), Francis (2008a), Harada & Kobayashi (1980), Harada, Minezawa et al. (1982), Harrison & Brownlow (1978), Heaney, Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Hill (1968b), Hill & Thonglongya (1972), Javid et al. (2014), Jones & Maa (1976), Kitcheneret al. (1997), Kruskop (2013a), Lin Liangkong, Motokawa & Harada (2002a), Naidu (1985), Pathak & Sharma (1969), Pottie et al. (2005), Raghuram etal. (2014), Rickart, Heideman & Utzurrum (1989), Rickart, Mercier & Heaney (1999), Rubio (1977), Siddiqi (1960), Smith & Xie Yan (2008), Sokmanine (2012), Srinivasulu, B. et al. (2010), Srinivasulu, C. & Srinivasulu (2012), Supanuam etal. (2012), Trujillo (2006), Trujillo et al. (2009), Vanitharani (2006), Wong et al. (2002), Wordley et al. (2014), Yu Wenhua et al. (2012), Zhu Guangjian et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Scotophilus kuhlii	Scotophilus		kuhlii	Leach	1821	0	Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.	0.591	Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	 wroughtoni Thomas, 1897; <b>castaneus</b> Horsfield, 1851; castaneus Gray, 1838 [ nomen nudum ]; sumatrana Gray, 1838; <b> consobrinus </b> Allen, 1906; swinhoei Blyth, 1860; <b> gairdneri </b> Kloss, 1917; <b> panayensis </b> Sody, 1928; <b> solutatus </b> Sody, 1936; <b>temminckii</b> Horsfield, 1824; fulvus Gray, 1843.	"India".	Bangladesh, Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), southeast to Philippines and Aru Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Often called temminckii , but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus ; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Scotophilus kuhlii	23	Lesser Asian Yellow Bat	Lesser Asian House Bat|Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	SCOTOPHILINI	Scotophilus	NA	kuhlii	Leach	1821	0						India.			kuhlii Leach, 1821|temminckii (Horsfield, 1824)|castaneus J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]|sumatrana J. E. Gray, 1838|fulvus J. E. Gray, 1843|castaneus (Horsfield, 1851)|swinhoei (Blyth, 1860)|wroughtoni O. Thomas, 1897|consobrinus J. A. Allen, 1906|gairdneri Kloss, 1917|panayensis Sody, 1928|solutatus Sody, 1936	may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status	Tu, V. T., Görföl, T., Csorba, G., Arai, S., Kikuchi, F., Fukui, D., ... & Hassanin, A. Integrative taxonomy and biogeography of Asian yellow house bats (Vespertilionidae: Scotophilus) in the Indomalayan Region. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1-24.	Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Taiwan|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	20068	Scotophilus kuhlii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Scotophilus	kuhlii	Leach, 1821	Earlier included under Scotophilus heathii Horsfield, 1831 (Tate 1942, Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951), the taxon kuhlii Leach, 1821, is now considered distinct species (Hill in Peterson 1968, Hill and Thonglongya 1972, Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993, Bates and Harrison 1997, Simmons 2005). The taxon wroughtoni Thomas, 1897, earlier considered to be a subspecies (Bates and Harrison 1997), is now synonymized with this taxon (Simmons 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012). Scotophilus kuhlii might represent a complex of several similar species. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species. Revised by Trujillo et al. (2009).	20000000	Scotophilus kuhlii	Least Concern		2019	2018-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	In South Asia, in comparison to S. heathii , this species is patchily distributed preferring wooded areas. However, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category. Hence, listed as Least Concern.	This adaptable species is found in primary and secondary habitats, and in both rural and urban areas. It roosts in temples, caves, hollow trees, palm fronds, roofs, crevices, cracks and holes in the walls and on the roofs of old houses, dry leaves of trees in colonies of several hundred individuals. It is an early flyer and prefers to feed on hymenopterans and dipterans. One or two young ones are born after a gestation period of 105-115 days (Bates and Harrison 1997).	There appear to be no major threats to this widespread species. Loss of roosting sites could be detrimental in long time. In northeast Luzon (Philippines), it is eaten as an aphrodisiac (J.-C. Gonzales pers. comm. 2006).	This is a common species with stable populations. Nothing is known about the population status of this species in South Asia.	Stable	This widely distributed species ranges through much of South Asia, southern China and Southeast Asia. In South Asia, it is presently known from Bangladesh (Chittagong, Khulna and Sylhet divisions), India (Nicobar Islands, Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Orissa, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, and West Bengal), Pakistan (Punjab and Sind) and Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, Northern, North Central, and Uva provinces) (Khan 2001, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2005, Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012, Aul et al. 2014). This taxon has been recently recorded from Nepal (Dahal et al. 2006). In China, it has been recorded from Fujian, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan and is present on the island of Taiwan (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it ranges from Myanmar in the west, through Thailand, Lao PDR, Viet Nam, Cambodia, Peninsular Malaysia and possibly Singapore, to Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumba, Flores, Savu and Sulawesi), the island of Timor (East Timor and Indonesia), Borneo (Kalimantan [Indonesia] and Sabah [Malaysia]), to the Philippines. In the Philippines, it is present throughout much of the country, being recorded from Bohol, Biliran, Carabao, Catanduanes, Cebu, Cuyo, Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon (Abra, Bulacan, Cagayan, Cavite, Isabela, Laguna, La Union, Pampanga, Rizal, and Zambales provinces), Maripipi, Mindanao (Davao del Sur, Lanao del Norte, Maguindanao, Misamis Oriental, and South Cotabato provinces), Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo, Sibuyan, and Ticao (Lawrence 1939, Taylor 1934, Alcala and Alviola 1970, Heaney et al. 1998) where it occurs from sea level to 600 m (Heaney et al. 1998).	On some islands of the Philippines it is collected for local medicinal use.	Terrestrial	This species has been recorded from many protected areas (Molur et al. 2002). No direct conservation measures are currently needed for the species as a whole.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Scotophilus		kuhlii	Leach	1821	0	Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.	13(1): 72	Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	 wroughtoni Thomas, 1897; <b>castaneus</b> Horsfield, 1851; castaneus Gray, 1838 [ nomen nudum ]; sumatrana Gray, 1838; <b> consobrinus </b> Allen, 1906; swinhoei Blyth, 1860; <b> gairdneri </b> Kloss, 1917; <b> panayensis </b> Sody, 1928; <b> solutatus </b> Sody, 1936; <b>temminckii</b> Horsfield, 1824; fulvus Gray, 1843.	"India".	Bangladesh, Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), southeast to Philippines and Aru Isls (Indonesia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Often called temminckii , but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus ; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).	Scotophilus kuhlii	1005687	23	Lesser Asian Yellow Bat	Lesser Asian House Bat|Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	SCOTOPHILINI	Scotophilus	NA	kuhlii	Leach	1821	0						India.			kuhlii Leach, 1821|temminckii (Horsfield, 1824)|castaneus J. E. Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]|sumatrana J. E. Gray, 1838|fulvus J. E. Gray, 1843|castaneus (Horsfield, 1851)|swinhoei (Blyth, 1860)|wroughtoni O. Thomas, 1897|consobrinus J. A. Allen, 1906|gairdneri Kloss, 1917|panayensis Sody, 1928|solutatus Sody, 1936	may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status	Tu, V. T., Görföl, T., Csorba, G., Arai, S., Kikuchi, F., Fukui, D., ... & Hassanin, A. Integrative taxonomy and biogeography of Asian yellow house bats (Vespertilionidae: Scotophilus) in the Indomalayan Region. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1-24.				Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Taiwan|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Scotophilus_kuhlii	1005687	23	Lesser Asian Yellow Bat	Lesser Asian House Bat|Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Scotophilini	Scotophilus	NA	kuhlii	Leach	0	Scotophilus Kuhlii	Leach, W.E. 1821-06-21. The characters of three new genera of bats without foliaceous appendages to the nose. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 13(1):69-72.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/754799	BMNH:Mamm:2003.56	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1797a1fe-c016-4992-814b-b7708594089d	India.			may included S. collinus as a synonym, but the species is tentatively retained here until molecular data is used to determine its species status	Tu, V. T., Görföl, T., Csorba, G., Arai, S., Kikuchi, F., Fukui, D., ... & Hassanin, A. Integrative taxonomy and biogeography of Asian yellow house bats (Vespertilionidae: Scotophilus) in the Indomalayan Region. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1-24.				Pakistan|India|Sri Lanka|Nepal|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Taiwan|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Palearctic|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	sciname match	Scotophilus_kuhlii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Scotophilus		kuhlii	Leach	1821	0	Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond.	13(1): 72	Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat	wroughtoni Thomas, 1897; castaneus Horsfield, 1851; castaneus Gray, 1838 [nomen nudum]; sumatrana Gray, 1838; consobrinus Allen, 1906; swinhoei Blyth, 1860; gairdneri Kloss, 1917; panayensis Sody, 1928; solutatus Sody, 1936; temminckii Horsfield, 1824; fulvus Gray, 1843.	"India".	Bangladesh, Pakistan to Taiwan, south to Sri Lanka, Burma, Cambodia, W Malaysia, Java, Bali, Nusa Tenggara (Indonesia), southeast to Philippines and Aru Isls (Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/20068/22031278/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Often called temminckii, but see Hill and Thonglongya (1972). Does not include collinus; see Kitchener et al. (1997b); see also Tate (1942a). There is some confusion regarding the use of this name in S Asia, see Hendrichsen et al. (2001b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus kuhlii; Scotophilus kuhlii; kuhlii; castaneus; consobrinus; gairdneri; panayensis; solutatus; temminckii; wroughtoni; castaneus - castaneus; sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei; temminckii - fulvus; castaneus; consobrinus; gairdneri; panayensis; solutatus; temminckii; wroughtoni; castaneus - castaneus; sumatrana; consobrinus - swinhoei; temminckii - fulvus; kuhlii; temminckii; castaneus; sumatrana; fulvus; castaneus; swinhoei; wroughtoni; consobrinus; gairdneri; panayensis; solutatus; Scotophile de Kuhl; Kleine Asiatische Hausfledermaus; Scotofilo de Kuhl; Asiatic Lesser Yellow House Bat; Lesser Asian House Bat; Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat; Lesser Asian Yellow Bat; Lesser Asian House Bat; Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat; Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat; Lesser Asiatic Yellow House Bat; S. kuhlii