http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1501	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus spinalatus		[MSW2] Subgenus Rousettus.; [MSW3] Subgenus Rousettus.; [HMW] Rousettus spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980 , “northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat),” Indonesia . This species is monotypic.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Rousettus .; [batnames2023] Subgenus Rousettus .; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Rousettus.														spinalatus				spinalatus	spinalatus			spinalatus Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill, 1980					Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rousettus spinalatus	Indonesia, N. Sumatra, near Madan or near Prapat.	Bergmans and Hill	1980	Bull. Br. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool., 38:95.	Distribution: The spe cies is known only from Sumatra and Borneo.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		N Sumatra, Borneo; refs. 4.11, 13, 14	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Bergmans and Hill	1980	Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool., 38:95.	Subgenus Rousettus.	Sumatra, Borneo.	Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Madan or near Prapat.		BERGMANS & HILL	1980	A medium sized species (forearm length, 79-89 mm; pollex, 25-26 mm; second phalanx of third digit, 36-41 mm). Molars relatively broad. Median edge of plagiopatagium attached close to the mid dorsal line. Uropatagium almost naked. Body fur variable but fairly short.	Distribution: The spe cies is known only from Sumatra and Borneo.	No subspecies.		20	species	R. spinalatus	BERGMANS & HILL	1980	Rousettus	subgenus	Rousettus spinalatus				A medium sized species (forearm length, 79-89 mm; pollex, 25-26 mm; second phalanx of third digit, 36-41 mm). Molars relatively broad. Median edge of plagiopatagium attached close to the mid dorsal line. Uropatagium almost naked. Body fur variable but fairly short.	No subspecies.		4. R. spinalatus BERGMANS & HILL 1980.	4	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans and Hill		1980		Bull. Brit. Mus. (Nat. Hist.) Zool.	38		95		Bare-backed Rousette	Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Medan or near Prapat.	Sumatra, Borneo.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.		Subgenus Rousettus.	03D587F2FFC74C0CF8CD3412F4B8EE5F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Emballorunidae.pdf.imd	hash://md5/ffecff8affcf4c04ffa53577fff8ffe9	85	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFDFF6368C6B3925FDCBF3C1.xml	Rousettus spinalatus	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans & Hill	1980	Roussette a dos nu @fr | Nacktrlicken-Flughund @de | Rosetus de espalda desnuda @es	Rousettus spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980 , “northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat),” Indonesia . This species is monotypic.	N Sumatra and N Borneo (Sabah, Brunei , Sarawak , and North Kalimantan).	Head-body 105 mm (type specimen), tail 9-18 mm , ear 15- 22.5 mm, hindfoot 15:- 5-19 mm , forearm 80-6-89- 3 mm ; weight 66- 4-94 g . Males are larger than females. Wings of the Barebacked Rousette originate at dorsal midline, thereby giving appearance of a bare back. Muzzle is conical, with sparse fur of short very dark brown hairs. Center of chin and throat is almost naked. There are 15 small warts, each with one long vibrissa, on either side of head between nostrils, eyes, and upperlip; 10-15 warts also occur on either side of chin on lower lip and aboutsix warts at either side of the area under eye behind mouth corner. Nostrils are separated by vertical clef that protrudes slightly and is directed forward and outward. Chin pad is widely V-shaped, with shallow groove in median plane and notched at its proximal point and with short and narrow offshoot at each side along lowerlip. Lips are thick, each with single row of very small papillae on posterior one-half of inner margin. Ears are moderately long, rather broad at bases and gradually narrowing to obtuse point; margins are thickened at bases. Antitragal lobe is thick and quite distinct. Ears are naked, except for lower posterior part of outer surfaces; skin of conch is dark brown. Nape has very few, long dark brown hairs. Dorsum between shoulders is almost naked in some specimens. Mantle continues along upper arms in narrow stretch to a point c. 21 mm from elbow. Male’s necks have yellowish orange tufts on both sides. Chest and belly have relatively dense but rather short drab fur. Dorsum under plagiopatagium and part of adjoining sides of body are covered with fairly long ( 5-8 mm ), bicolored hairs. Fur on rest of body is generally pale brownish gray. Wing is relatively short and broad. From a point dorsal to axilla, plagiopatagium extends following distal margin of scapula toward spinalline, which is reached at level of caudal point of scapula, and following spinal line until proximal part of leg and extending up to inside of proximal end offirst phalanx of first toe. Wings are joined for ¢. 10 mm above back before they diverge. Dorsal side of uropatagium, tibia, and toes have sparsely scattered hairs. Dorsally, uropatagium appears as an extension of plagiopatagium because it is also inserted along dorsal side of proximal part of leg, along same commissure as plagiopatagium, further along inner side of tibia, and along spinal line, to halfway on external tail. Wings and tail membrane are dark brown; propatagium, parts of plagiopatagium (near forearm and body), and uropatagium except for caudal zone are more translucent than rest of wing membranes. Ventral sides of legs are naked. Skull is similar to that of Geoffroy’s Rousette ( R. amplexicaudatus ), differing mainly in dentition. Premaxillae are slender, in contact but not co-ossified anteriorly. Braincase is moderately deflected. Temporal ridges are separate anteriorly, uniting at c. 5 mm from supraoccipital ridge. Interorbital constriction is similar in width to postorbital constriction; braincase is highly domed. Zygomatic arches are slender. Mandible is slender and relatively broad anteriorly, with relatively high coronoid process. Palatal ridges have a 3 + 4 + 1 pattern. Upper incisors are small, I? is somewhat larger than I' and curved posteriorly and inwardly, and I? is separated from C' by narrow diastema (c. 1 mm ). P' is small, next premolar (P°) is short and narrow, and P* is low. M! is low and rectangular, and M? is low, more or less rectangular, with anterior width greatest. P| is low, squarish, and rather small; P, is rather high, narrow, and elongated; and P, is low and rounded anteriorly. M,is low, long, and generally rectangular; M,is similar to M, but shorter, lower, and wider anteriorly; and M,is smaller and lower.	Tropical lowland rainforests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 300 m .	The Bare-backed Rousette is thought to feed on nectar and fruits. There are anecdotal claims that it damages and eats swiftlet nests.	Seven female Bare-backed Rousettes were pregnant in August 1984 in Sabah . Similarly, five males collected in the same occasion had greatly enlarged testes. Sabah is nearly aseasonal, with abundant rainfall every month of the year.	Bare-backed Rousettes are nocturnal and presumably emerge from caves after sunset and return before sunrise. They roost in dark caves; individuals in a colony produced click calls similar to those of Geoffroy’s Rousette, suggesting ability to echolocate.	Colonies of ¢.300 Bare-backed Rousettes have been recorded, and they share roost caves with Geoffroy’s Rousettes.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Barebacked Rousette is considered rare. Populations are estimated to have declined by more than 30% over a 15-year period due to habitat loss; this decline is predicted to continue in the future, but no conservation plans are in place.	Bergmans & Hill (1980) | Francis (1989) | Francis, Hutson, Sinaga & Kingston (2008) | Payne et al. (1985) | Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981)		42. Bare-backed Rousette Rousettus spinalatus French: Roussette a dos nu / German: Nacktrlicken-Flughund / Spanish: Rosetus de espalda desnuda Taxonomy. Rousettus spinalatus Bergmans & Hill, 1980 , “northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat),” Indonesia . This species is monotypic. Distribution. N Sumatra and N Borneo (Sabah, Brunei , Sarawak , and North Kalimantan). Descriptive notes. Head-body 105 mm (type specimen), tail 9-18 mm , ear 15- 22.5 mm, hindfoot 15:- 5-19 mm , forearm 80-6-89- 3 mm ; weight 66- 4-94 g . Males are larger than females. Wings of the Barebacked Rousette originate at dorsal midline, thereby giving appearance of a bare back. Muzzle is conical, with sparse fur of short very dark brown hairs. Center of chin and throat is almost naked. There are 15 small warts, each with one long vibrissa, on either side of head between nostrils, eyes, and upperlip; 10-15 warts also occur on either side of chin on lower lip and aboutsix warts at either side of the area under eye behind mouth corner. Nostrils are separated by vertical clef that protrudes slightly and is directed forward and outward. Chin pad is widely V-shaped, with shallow groove in median plane and notched at its proximal point and with short and narrow offshoot at each side along lowerlip. Lips are thick, each with single row of very small papillae on posterior one-half of inner margin. Ears are moderately long, rather broad at bases and gradually narrowing to obtuse point; margins are thickened at bases. Antitragal lobe is thick and quite distinct. Ears are naked, except for lower posterior part of outer surfaces; skin of conch is dark brown. Nape has very few, long dark brown hairs. Dorsum between shoulders is almost naked in some specimens. Mantle continues along upper arms in narrow stretch to a point c. 21 mm from elbow. Male’s necks have yellowish orange tufts on both sides. Chest and belly have relatively dense but rather short drab fur. Dorsum under plagiopatagium and part of adjoining sides of body are covered with fairly long ( 5-8 mm ), bicolored hairs. Fur on rest of body is generally pale brownish gray. Wing is relatively short and broad. From a point dorsal to axilla, plagiopatagium extends following distal margin of scapula toward spinalline, which is reached at level of caudal point of scapula, and following spinal line until proximal part of leg and extending up to inside of proximal end offirst phalanx of first toe. Wings are joined for ¢. 10 mm above back before they diverge. Dorsal side of uropatagium, tibia, and toes have sparsely scattered hairs. Dorsally, uropatagium appears as an extension of plagiopatagium because it is also inserted along dorsal side of proximal part of leg, along same commissure as plagiopatagium, further along inner side of tibia, and along spinal line, to halfway on external tail. Wings and tail membrane are dark brown; propatagium, parts of plagiopatagium (near forearm and body), and uropatagium except for caudal zone are more translucent than rest of wing membranes. Ventral sides of legs are naked. Skull is similar to that of Geoffroy’s Rousette ( R. amplexicaudatus ), differing mainly in dentition. Premaxillae are slender, in contact but not co-ossified anteriorly. Braincase is moderately deflected. Temporal ridges are separate anteriorly, uniting at c. 5 mm from supraoccipital ridge. Interorbital constriction is similar in width to postorbital constriction; braincase is highly domed. Zygomatic arches are slender. Mandible is slender and relatively broad anteriorly, with relatively high coronoid process. Palatal ridges have a 3 + 4 + 1 pattern. Upper incisors are small, I? is somewhat larger than I' and curved posteriorly and inwardly, and I? is separated from C' by narrow diastema (c. 1 mm ). P' is small, next premolar (P°) is short and narrow, and P* is low. M! is low and rectangular, and M? is low, more or less rectangular, with anterior width greatest. P| is low, squarish, and rather small; P, is rather high, narrow, and elongated; and P, is low and rounded anteriorly. M,is low, long, and generally rectangular; M,is similar to M, but shorter, lower, and wider anteriorly; and M,is smaller and lower. Habitat. Tropical lowland rainforests from sea level to elevations of ¢. 300 m . Food and Feeding. The Bare-backed Rousette is thought to feed on nectar and fruits. There are anecdotal claims that it damages and eats swiftlet nests. Breeding. Seven female Bare-backed Rousettes were pregnant in August 1984 in Sabah . Similarly, five males collected in the same occasion had greatly enlarged testes. Sabah is nearly aseasonal, with abundant rainfall every month of the year. Activity patterns. Bare-backed Rousettes are nocturnal and presumably emerge from caves after sunset and return before sunrise. They roost in dark caves; individuals in a colony produced click calls similar to those of Geoffroy’s Rousette, suggesting ability to echolocate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of ¢.300 Bare-backed Rousettes have been recorded, and they share roost caves with Geoffroy’s Rousettes. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The Barebacked Rousette is considered rare. Populations are estimated to have declined by more than 30% over a 15-year period due to habitat loss; this decline is predicted to continue in the future, but no conservation plans are in place. Bibliography. Bergmans & Hill (1980), Francis (1989), Francis, Hutson, Sinaga & Kingston (2008), Payne et al. (1985), Rookmaaker & Bergmans (1981).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Rousettus spinalatus	Rousettus	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans and Hill	1980	0	Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool.	39:35:00	Bare-backed Rousette	None.	Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Medan or near Prapat.	Sumatra, Borneo.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Subgenus Rousettus .	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rousettus spinalatus	23	Bare-backed Rousette		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	ROUSETTINI	Rousettus	NA	spinalatus	Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill	1980	0	Rousettus_spinalatus	Bergmans, W., & Hill, J. E. (1980). On an new species of Rousettus Gray, 1821, from Sumatra and Borneo (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 38, 95.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19470#page/107/mode/1up	NMW 24112		"northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat)," Indonesia.			spinalatus Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill, 1980	NA	NA	Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19751	Rousettus spinalatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans &; Hill, 1980		20000000	Rousettus spinalatus	Vulnerable	A4c	2021	2021-01-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>Rousettus spinalatus is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion A4c as this forest and cave dependent species is estimated to have experienced a population decline of more than 30–35% over the past 10 years and is projected to continue for at least the next 5 years (2010 to 2025; 15 years total; three generations; GL = 5 years; Pacifici et al. 2013) due to the past and continuing loss of forest foraging habitat and cave roosting habitat. ;</p>	<p>This species is assumed to be forest dependent (Payne et al. 1985, Francis 1989) and has been documented in secondary forests and foraging in orchards (Fukuda et al. 2009). It is known to roost in caves (Bergmans 1980, Payne et al. 1985, Francis 1989) and Payne et al. (1985) recorded a colony of 300 individuals. The species has been documented to co-roost with R. amplexicaudatus in caves (Niah Great Cave, Sarawak; Bergmans 1980). It is thought to feed on nectar and fruit (Fukuda et al. 2009, Struebig et al. 2012).</p> <p>The species’ average forearm length is 86.16 mm (n = 4; SD = 2.67 mm) and weight 89 g (n = 4; SD = 8.8 g) is (Fukuda et al. 2009).</p>	Cave disturbance and forest loss due to logging, agriculture, plantations and fires are the main threats to this species.	<p>This species is rarely encountered in surveys and its overall population size is unknown. Payne et al. (1985) recorded the largest known colony of the species (300 individuals). While data are limited on its population size, it is estimated that the population (and the number of mature individuals) is declining at a rate of 30–35% based on continuing forest loss and degradation, and the development and disturbance of critical cave roosts.</p>	Decreasing	<p>Rousettus spinalatus is only known from northern Sumatra (near Medan or near Prapat) in Indonesia, from northern Borneo in Sabah and Sarawak (Malaysia) (Francis 1989, Payne et al. 1985, Simmons 2005), and Brunei (Fukuda et al. 2009). One specimen was collected from a cave in central Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo; M. Sinaga pers. comm.).</p>		Terrestrial	<p>There are no conservation measures in place for this species. The species has been encountered at least once at Niah Great Cave (Bergmans 1980) which is located in Niah National Park, in Similajau NP, Sarawak (Kho Han Guan et al. 2006), and has been documented near Lambir Hills National Park (Fukuda et al. 2009). </p> <p>A species conservation management plan is needed to inform conservation, management, and research efforts. Protection and restoration of known cave roosts and associated forest habitats are needed. Additional research is needed to better understand the species distribution, population status and trends, ecology, life history, and threats.</p>	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans and Hill	1980	0	Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool.	39:35:00	Bare-backed Rousette	None.	Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Medan or near Prapat.	Sumatra, Borneo.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	Subgenus Rousettus .	Rousettus spinalatus	1004546	23	Bare-backed Rousette		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	ROUSETTINI	Rousettus	NA	spinalatus	Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill	1980	0	Rousettus_spinalatus	Bergmans, W., & Hill, J. E. (1980). On an new species of Rousettus Gray, 1821, from Sumatra and Borneo (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Zoology, 38, 95.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/19470#page/107/mode/1up	NMW 24112		"northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat)," Indonesia.			spinalatus Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill, 1980	NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rousettus_spinalatus	1004546	23	Bare-backed Rousette		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Rousettini	Rousettus	NA	spinalatus	Bergmans & J. Edwards Hill	0	Rousettus spinalatus	Bergmans, W. and Hill, J.E. 1980. On a new species of _Rousettus_ Gray, 1821, from Sumatra and Borneo (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) (Zoology)38(1):95-104.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2280473	NMW 24112	holotype		"northern Sumatra (either in or near Medan, or in or near Prapat)," Indonesia.			NA	NA				Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya	VU	0	0	0	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_spinalatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	Rousettus	spinalatus	Bergmans & Hill	1980	0	Bull. Brit. Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool.	39:35:00	Bare-backed Rousette	None.	Indonesia, N Sumatra, near Medan or near Prapat.	Sumatra, Borneo.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href=”https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19751/22002553/” target=”_blank>Vulnerable</a>	Subgenus Rousettus.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rousettus spinalatus; Rousettus spinalatus; Rousettus spinalatus; Rousettus spinalatus; Rousettus spinalatus; Rousettus spinalatus; spinalatus; Roussette a dos nu; Nacktrlicken-Flughund; Rosetus de espalda desnuda; Bare-backed Rousette; Bare-backed Rousette; Bare-backed Rousette; R. spinalatus