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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1494	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus aegyptiacus		[MSW2] Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachi and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971:11) and Corbet (1978c:38).; [MSW3] Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachii and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978c), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Also see Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returned to aegyptiacus by Kock (2001a).; [HMW] Pteropus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt . Six subspecies are currently recognized.; [batnames2022] Subgenus Rousettus . Includes leachii and arabicus ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978 c ), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001 a ).; [IUCN] The taxonomic relationship with Rousettus leschenaultii requires further review. Two geographically isolated subspecies of R. aegyptiacus occur in sub-Saharan Africa (Monadjem et al. 2010). Both subspecies occur in the southern African region: unicolor (Gray, 1870) in Angola and leachii (A. Smith, 1829) in the rest of the region (Monadjem et al. 2010). Additional subspecies: princeps is endemic to Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea and tomensis is endemic to Sao Tome (Korine 2016).; [batnames2023] Subgenus Rousettus . Includes leachii and arabicus ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978 c ), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001 a ).; [batnames2025_1.7] Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachii and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978c), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001a).				leachi, arabicas		arabicus, geoffroyi, hottentotus, leachi, occidentalis, sjostedti, unicolor.	leachi, unicolor, aegyptiacus, arabicus	aegyptiacus, arabicus, leachii, princes, tomensis, unicolor	aegyptiacus, geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus, sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis	aegyptiacus, arabicus, leachii, princeps, tomensis, unicolor		aegyptiacus, arabicus, leachii, princeps, tomensis, unicolor	aegyptiacus - egyptiacus, geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus, sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis	aegyptiacus, collaris, geoffroyi, leachii, hottentottus, unicolor, arabicus, sjostedti, occidentalis, princeps, thomensis, tomensis	The taxonomic relationship with Rousettus leschenaultii requires further review. Two geographically isolated subspecies of R. aegyptiacus occur in sub-Saharan Africa (Monadjem et al. 2010). Both subspecies occur in the southern African region: unicolor (Gray, 1870) in Angola and leachii (A. Smith, 1829) in the rest of the region (Monadjem et al. 2010). Additional subspecies: princeps is endemic to Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea and tomensis is endemic to Sao Tome (Korine 2016).	aegyptiacus, arabicus, leachii, princeps, tomensis, unicolor	aegyptiacus - aegyptiacus, egyptiacus, geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus, sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis	aegyptiacus, collaris, geoffroyi, leachii, hottentottus, unicolor, arabicus, sjostedti, occidentalis, princeps, thomensis, tomensis	aegyptiacus, aegyptiacus, geoffroyi, leachii, hottentottus, geoffroyii, hottentotus, hottentota, unicolor, arabicus, sjostedti, leachi, syriacus, occidentalis, princeps, thomensis, tomensis	aegyptiacus, arabicus, leachii, princeps, tomensis, unicolor	aegyptiacus - aegyptiacus, geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus, sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis	aegyptiacus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810) [as emended]|aegyptiacus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813) [justified emendation]|geoffroyi (Temminck, 1825) [nomen novum]|leachii (A. Smith, 1829)|hottentottus (Temminck in Smuts, 1832)|geoffroyii (Lesson, 1842) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|hottentotus (Lesson, 1842) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|hottentota (E. Blyth, 1863) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|unicolor (J. E. Gray, 1871)|arabicus J. Anderson & de Winton, 1902|leachi Andersen, 1907 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|sjostedti Lönnberg, 1908|egyptiacus S. S. Flower, 1932 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|syriacus (Stresemann, 1954) [nomen nudum | not used as valid]|occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960|princeps Juste & Ibáñez, 1993|thomensis Feiler, Haft, & Widmann, 1993 [preoccupied]|tomensis Juste & Ibáñez, 1993		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Egyptian rousette	S Africa – Senegal, Ethiopia, Egypt – Lebanon – Pakistan, Cyprus	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Egypt, Giza.	E. Geoffroy	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:96.	Distribution: This is the only species of the subgenus on the African main land, but it also extends around the eastern end off" the Meditteranean to southern Turkey and Cy prus. It also extends across central and southern Arabia and southern Iran to Pakistan, and occurs on the islands of Fernando Poo and Sao Thome in the Gulf of Guinea and of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mafia off the east African coast.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Egyptian rousette	S Africa – Senegal, Ethiopia, Egypt – Lebanon – Pakistan, Cyprus	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	E. Geoffroy	1810	Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 15:96.	Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachi and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971:11) and Corbet (1978c:38).	Senegal to Egypt, Cyprus, and Turkey, south to South Africa; Pakistan to Yemen; adjacent small islands.	Egypt, Giza.		E. GEOFFROY	1810	The lar gest species in the subgenus (forearm length, 82-102 mm; pollex (thumb), 30-38 mm, second phalanx of third digit, 50-62 mm). Molars rela tively broad. Median edge of plagiopatagium at tached to side of body.	Distribution: This is the only species of the subgenus on the African main land, but it also extends around the eastern end off" the Meditteranean to southern Turkey and Cy prus. It also extends across central and southern Arabia and southern Iran to Pakistan, and occurs on the islands of Fernando Poo and Sao Thome in the Gulf of Guinea and of Pemba, Zanzibar, and Mafia off the east African coast.	Four sub species are currently recognized:	R. a. leachi (southern Sudan south to southern Africa), R. a. unicolor (= occidentalis) (western Africa from Senegal to Angola), R. a. aegyptiacus (Egypt north to Cyprus and extreme southern Turkey), R. a. arabicus (eastern Ethiopia east to Pakistan).	19	species	R. aegyptiacus	E. GEOFFROY	1810	Rousettus	subgenus	Rousettus aegyptiacus				The lar gest species in the subgenus (forearm length, 82-102 mm; pollex (thumb), 30-38 mm, second phalanx of third digit, 50-62 mm). Molars rela tively broad. Median edge of plagiopatagium at tached to side of body.	Four sub species are currently recognized:		1. R. aegyptiacus (E. GEOFFROY 1810).	1	_R. a. aegyptiacus_ (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810) (synonyms: _arabicus_ Anderson & de Winton, 1902, _collaris_ Illiger, 1815, _geoffroyi_ (Temminck, 1825), _syriacus_ (Stresemann, 1954)); _R. a. leachii_ (Smith, 1829) (synonyms: _hottentottus_ (Temminck, 1832), _sjostedti_ Lönnberg, 1908); _R. a. princeps_ Juste & Ibáñez, 1993; _R. a. tomensis_ Juste & Ibáñez, 1993 (synonyms: _thomensis_ Feiler, Haft & Widmann, 1993); _R. a. unicolor_ (Gray, 1871) (synonyms: _occidentalis_ Eisentraut, 1960)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	E. Geoffroy	y	1810		Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	15		96		Egyptian Rousette	Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).	Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands.	IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy, 1818 [emendation of egyptiacus]; geoffroyi Temminck, 1825; arabicus Anderson and de Winton, 1902; leachii Smith, 1892; hottentotus Temminck, 1832; sjostedti Lönnberg, 1908; princeps Juste and Ibañez, 1993; tomensis Juste and Ibañez, 1993; thomensis Feiler, Haft, and Widmann, 1993; unicolor Gray, 1870; occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960.	Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachii and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978c), Harrison and Bates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Also see Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returned to aegyptiacus by Kock (2001a).	03AD87FAFFDFF63189643E38F9A2F368	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	87	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFD9F6348C9F37BAFCF9F75D.xml	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	E. Geoftroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	Roussette d'Egypte @fr | Nil-Flughund @de | Rosetus de Egipto @es | Egyptian Fruit Bat @en	Pteropus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt . Six subspecies are currently recognized.	R.a.aegyptiacusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—MiddleEastinSTurkey,Cyprus,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,WJordan,andEgypt(NcoastandNileValley). R.a.arabicusJ.Anderson&deWinton,1902—ArabianPeninsula,SIran,andSWPakistan. R.a.leachiiA.Smith,1829—E&SAfrica,fromEthiopiatoSouthAfrica. R.a.princeps Juste &Ibanez,1993—-Principe1. R.a.tomensis Juste &Ibanez,1993—SaoToméI. R. a. unicolor]. E. Gray, 1870 — W Africa, from Senegal to WC Angola ; also on Bioko I. Introduced during the 2000s in the Canary Is (Tenerife), but probably successfully eradicated and no longer present.	Head—body 138-192 mm , tail 6- 6-25 mm , ear 18-27 mm , hindfoot 17-38 mm , forearm 82-106 mm ; weight 81-171 g . The Egyptian Rousette is shortfurred has wingspan less or equal to 60 cm . Head is relatively large to contain a large brain—one of the highest brain to body weight ratios in bats. Eyes are large, with brown irises. Ears are of moderate size, round at apex, and dark. Sense of smell and vision are well developed, with adaptations for twilight vision. Facial fur is longer on forehead, covers face nearly to tip of muzzle, and is same color as dorsal fur. Dorsum varies from light ( Egypt ) to dark brown ( South Africa ) and grayish ( Cyprus and Tur key). Wings are dark brown in western and southern Africa, becoming lighter in the northern distribution. Venteris lighter than dorsum. Pale light yellow or orange is often present around neck. Stuff hairs are associated with sebaceous glands on throat of both sexes, although more developed in males. Fur extends dorsally and ventrally onto one-half of forearms and dorsally onto legs up to ankles and surface of uropatagium. Index claw is present; toes have perforated claws. Wing membrane (plagiopatagium) attaches to first toe. Tail is short. Skull is larger and more robust than in other species of Rousettus , with deeper and broader rostrum. Braincase is moderately deflected. Frontal region between postorbital processes is flattened, with width of interorbital constriction in adult specimens distinctly larger than width of postorbital constriction. Temporal crests unite into sagittal crest a short distance behind postorbital processes. Palate is usually broader posteriorly than between canines. Palatal ridge pattern is 4+ 4+ 1or4+3+ 1. Dental formula and tooth morphology are conservative. P! is much reduced, M, is shorter than other two molars combined, and upperincisors are almost equidistant. Tympanic bone does not extend into auditory meatus. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66-68, with twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, four pairs of medium-sized subtelocentric, and one pair of small acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is the smallest acrocentric in the set.	Arid to moist tropical biomes from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 4000 m . Populations of Egyptian Rousettes in arid areas of northern Africa and the Middle East have a patchy distribution in human-altered areas with increased roost and food availability.	The Egyptian Rousette feeds mostly on soft fruits from at least twelve genera of native species (e.g. Ficus , Moraceae ) in nine families and introduced species including cultivated Rosaceae (e.g. plum, loquat, and apple) and Rutaceae ( Citrus ). After fruits have been collected from trees, individuals often use other trees as feeding roosts. Adults consume 50-150% of their body weight daily. Consumption increases for pregnant and lactating females to meet increased nutritional demands. Egyptian Rousettes forage in groups. They might also feed on flowers, occasionally leaves, and even insects. Feeding on insects has been inferred by analyses offeces,saliva, and stomach contents and with direct observation. Egyptian Rousettes deliberately forage for insects; in an urban setting in South Africa , they foraged for and consumed garden fruit chafers (Pachnoda sinuata, Coleoptera), alternating with consumption of figs that were also available in the same area. Efficient glucose absorption by the intestine happens mostly through passive paracellular absorption. Olfaction plays an important role in finding and selecting food. In its Mediterranean distribution, Egyptian Rousettes are viewed as agricultural pests in commercial orchards.	Reproductive seasonality of the Egyptian Rousette varies geographically. In some regions, it reproduces year-round, and in other regions, reproduction can be biannual (e.g. DR Congo ) or concentrated in one breeding season that lasts one to several months (e.g. South Africa ). In areas where births are seasonal, they tend to occur during rainy seasons. Although females usually give birth to one young, twins seem to occur frequently. Gestation lasts 105-107 days in captivity. Lactation lasts 60-70 days. Testes of subadult males are abdominal and scrotal in adult males. Testes are ovoid or round and during mating are c. 13 mm long; seminal vesicles increase in size during mating. Uterus is duplex and symmetrical, and two uterine horns are externally united. There is evidence to suggest that ovaries function alternately from one pregnancy to the next. Pregnancy rates are 80-96%. Neonatal crown-rump length is ¢. 56 mm , and weights at birth are 18-24 g . Neonates are born with folded ears and closed eyes. They are naked except for thin, downy covering on head and dorsum. At ten days of age, ears become erect and mobile, and eyes open. In ¢.9 months of age, both sexes have attained adult size and weight.	Egyptian Rousettes leave their roosts to feed every night. Activity initiates after sunset and ends before sunrise. A study in South Africa showed that the period of activity in summeris longer than in winter when start of activity is a little delayed and individuals return earlier to roosts. The Egyptian Rousette typically roosts in caves but also uses different types of holes and crevices including artificial ones (tombs, temples, mines, tunnels, etc.). This habit is facilitated by its echolocation abilities. Species of Rousettus are able to use echolocation, accomplished by tongue clicking. Egyptian Rousette calls last 140-250 microseconds and allow individuals to detect and avoid, experimentally, 6-mm wires. Echolocation is used in light and dark conditions.	Colonies of Egyptian Rousettes have from 100 to several thousand individuals (up to 40,000 -50,000 ). Colonysize fluctuates seasonally, and during breeding season (summer), sexes segregate, with females forming nursery colonies. Roosts are often shared with other bat species. Individuals cluster together forming clusters in dark corners and crevices, whose availabilities can limit population sizes. Seasonal migration follows fruit abundance, especially in Mediterranean populations. Individuals in a colony interact with vocalizations and grooming. A study suggested that individuals spend about one-half of their nights in grooming activity, during which body, head, and wings are thoroughly combed and cleaned. Fights seem to be frequent and include bites, strikes, and loud screams. Because of their cave roosting habit, Egyptian Rousettes might travel long distances to food sources. Tracking and genetic studies indicate relatively high gene flow among populations.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Egyptian Rousette has a wide distribution and large overall population and is adaptable to human-modified environments. It is hunted for food in some parts of Africa. In its Mediterranean distribution, fruit farmers considerit a pest leading to destruction and fumigation of caves, although these practices have stopped in some countries (e.g. Israel ).	Andersen (1912b) | Barclay et al. (2006) | Bergmans (1979a, 1994) | Bernard (1988a) | Centeno-Cuadros et al. (2017) | Del Vaglio et al. (2011) | Herzig-Straschil & Robinson (1978) | Holland et al. (2004) | Jacobsen & DuPlessis (1976) | Jones (1971) | Korine (2016) | Korine et al. (2004) | Kwiecinski & Griffiths (1999) | Penzhorn & Rautenbach (1988) | Tracy et al. (2007) | Waters & Vollrath (2003)		46. Egyptian Rousette Rousettus aegyptiacus French: Roussette d'Egypte / German: Nil-Flughund / Spanish: Rosetus de Egipto Other common names: Egyptian Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pteropus aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 , Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt . Six subspecies are currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R.a.aegyptiacusE.GeoffroySaint-Hilaire,1810—MiddleEastinSTurkey,Cyprus,WSyria,Lebanon,Israel,WJordan,andEgypt(NcoastandNileValley). R.a.arabicusJ.Anderson&deWinton,1902—ArabianPeninsula,SIran,andSWPakistan. R.a.leachiiA.Smith,1829—E&SAfrica,fromEthiopiatoSouthAfrica. R.a.princeps Juste &Ibanez,1993—-Principe1. R.a.tomensis Juste &Ibanez,1993—SaoToméI. R. a. unicolor]. E. Gray, 1870 — W Africa, from Senegal to WC Angola ; also on Bioko I. Introduced during the 2000s in the Canary Is (Tenerife), but probably successfully eradicated and no longer present. Descriptive notes. Head—body 138-192 mm , tail 6- 6-25 mm , ear 18-27 mm , hindfoot 17-38 mm , forearm 82-106 mm ; weight 81-171 g . The Egyptian Rousette is shortfurred has wingspan less or equal to 60 cm . Head is relatively large to contain a large brain—one of the highest brain to body weight ratios in bats. Eyes are large, with brown irises. Ears are of moderate size, round at apex, and dark. Sense of smell and vision are well developed, with adaptations for twilight vision. Facial fur is longer on forehead, covers face nearly to tip of muzzle, and is same color as dorsal fur. Dorsum varies from light ( Egypt ) to dark brown ( South Africa ) and grayish ( Cyprus and Tur key). Wings are dark brown in western and southern Africa, becoming lighter in the northern distribution. Venteris lighter than dorsum. Pale light yellow or orange is often present around neck. Stuff hairs are associated with sebaceous glands on throat of both sexes, although more developed in males. Fur extends dorsally and ventrally onto one-half of forearms and dorsally onto legs up to ankles and surface of uropatagium. Index claw is present; toes have perforated claws. Wing membrane (plagiopatagium) attaches to first toe. Tail is short. Skull is larger and more robust than in other species of Rousettus , with deeper and broader rostrum. Braincase is moderately deflected. Frontal region between postorbital processes is flattened, with width of interorbital constriction in adult specimens distinctly larger than width of postorbital constriction. Temporal crests unite into sagittal crest a short distance behind postorbital processes. Palate is usually broader posteriorly than between canines. Palatal ridge pattern is 4+ 4+ 1or4+3+ 1. Dental formula and tooth morphology are conservative. P! is much reduced, M, is shorter than other two molars combined, and upperincisors are almost equidistant. Tympanic bone does not extend into auditory meatus. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 36 and FN = 66-68, with twelve pairs of metacentric or submetacentric, four pairs of medium-sized subtelocentric, and one pair of small acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is medium-sized submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is the smallest acrocentric in the set. Habitat. Arid to moist tropical biomes from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 4000 m . Populations of Egyptian Rousettes in arid areas of northern Africa and the Middle East have a patchy distribution in human-altered areas with increased roost and food availability. Food and Feeding. The Egyptian Rousette feeds mostly on soft fruits from at least twelve genera of native species (e.g. Ficus , Moraceae ) in nine families and introduced species including cultivated Rosaceae (e.g. plum, loquat, and apple) and Rutaceae ( Citrus ). After fruits have been collected from trees, individuals often use other trees as feeding roosts. Adults consume 50-150% of their body weight daily. Consumption increases for pregnant and lactating females to meet increased nutritional demands. Egyptian Rousettes forage in groups. They might also feed on flowers, occasionally leaves, and even insects. Feeding on insects has been inferred by analyses offeces,saliva, and stomach contents and with direct observation. Egyptian Rousettes deliberately forage for insects; in an urban setting in South Africa , they foraged for and consumed garden fruit chafers (Pachnoda sinuata, Coleoptera), alternating with consumption of figs that were also available in the same area. Efficient glucose absorption by the intestine happens mostly through passive paracellular absorption. Olfaction plays an important role in finding and selecting food. In its Mediterranean distribution, Egyptian Rousettes are viewed as agricultural pests in commercial orchards. Breeding. Reproductive seasonality of the Egyptian Rousette varies geographically. In some regions, it reproduces year-round, and in other regions, reproduction can be biannual (e.g. DR Congo ) or concentrated in one breeding season that lasts one to several months (e.g. South Africa ). In areas where births are seasonal, they tend to occur during rainy seasons. Although females usually give birth to one young, twins seem to occur frequently. Gestation lasts 105-107 days in captivity. Lactation lasts 60-70 days. Testes of subadult males are abdominal and scrotal in adult males. Testes are ovoid or round and during mating are c. 13 mm long; seminal vesicles increase in size during mating. Uterus is duplex and symmetrical, and two uterine horns are externally united. There is evidence to suggest that ovaries function alternately from one pregnancy to the next. Pregnancy rates are 80-96%. Neonatal crown-rump length is ¢. 56 mm , and weights at birth are 18-24 g . Neonates are born with folded ears and closed eyes. They are naked except for thin, downy covering on head and dorsum. At ten days of age, ears become erect and mobile, and eyes open. In ¢.9 months of age, both sexes have attained adult size and weight. Activity patterns. Egyptian Rousettes leave their roosts to feed every night. Activity initiates after sunset and ends before sunrise. A study in South Africa showed that the period of activity in summeris longer than in winter when start of activity is a little delayed and individuals return earlier to roosts. The Egyptian Rousette typically roosts in caves but also uses different types of holes and crevices including artificial ones (tombs, temples, mines, tunnels, etc.). This habit is facilitated by its echolocation abilities. Species of Rousettus are able to use echolocation, accomplished by tongue clicking. Egyptian Rousette calls last 140-250 microseconds and allow individuals to detect and avoid, experimentally, 6-mm wires. Echolocation is used in light and dark conditions. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Egyptian Rousettes have from 100 to several thousand individuals (up to 40,000 -50,000 ). Colonysize fluctuates seasonally, and during breeding season (summer), sexes segregate, with females forming nursery colonies. Roosts are often shared with other bat species. Individuals cluster together forming clusters in dark corners and crevices, whose availabilities can limit population sizes. Seasonal migration follows fruit abundance, especially in Mediterranean populations. Individuals in a colony interact with vocalizations and grooming. A study suggested that individuals spend about one-half of their nights in grooming activity, during which body, head, and wings are thoroughly combed and cleaned. Fights seem to be frequent and include bites, strikes, and loud screams. Because of their cave roosting habit, Egyptian Rousettes might travel long distances to food sources. Tracking and genetic studies indicate relatively high gene flow among populations. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Egyptian Rousette has a wide distribution and large overall population and is adaptable to human-modified environments. It is hunted for food in some parts of Africa. In its Mediterranean distribution, fruit farmers considerit a pest leading to destruction and fumigation of caves, although these practices have stopped in some countries (e.g. Israel ). Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Barclay et al. (2006), Bergmans (1979a, 1994), Bernard (1988a), Centeno-Cuadros et al. (2017), Del Vaglio et al. (2011), Herzig-Straschil & Robinson (1978), Holland et al. (2004), Jacobsen & DuPlessis (1976), Jones (1971), Korine (2016), Korine et al. (2004), Kwiecinski & Griffiths (1999), Penzhorn & Rautenbach (1988), Tracy et al. (2007), Waters & Vollrath (2003).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Rousettus	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	E. Geoffroy	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.6917	Egyptian Rousette	 aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy, 1818 [emendation of egyptiacus ]; geoffroyi Temminck, 1825; <b>arabicus</b> Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <b>leachii</b> Smith, 1892; hottentotus Temminck, 1832;  sjostedti L&ouml;nnberg, 1908; <b>princeps</b> Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993; <b>tomensis</b> Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993;  thomensis Feiler, Haft, and Widmann, 1993; <b> unicolor </b> Gray, 1870; occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960.	Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).	Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; possibly Kastellorizo Isl. (Greece), Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Rousettus . Includes leachii and arabicus ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978 c ), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001 a ).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rousettus aegyptiacus	23	Egyptian Rousette	Egyptian Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	ROUSETTINAE	ROUSETTINI	Rousettus	NA	aegyptiacus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Pteropus_Egyptiacus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1810). Description des Roussettes et des Céphalotes, deux nouveaux genres de la famille des Chauve-souris. Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, 15, 96.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23421#page/111/mode/1up	MNHN 1996-2119		Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt.			aegyptiacus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|collaris (H. Lichtenstein, 1823)|geoffroyi (Temminck, 1825)|leachii (A. Smith, 1829)|hottentottus (Temminck, 1832)|unicolor (J. E. Gray, 1870)|arabicus J. Anderson & de Winton, 1902|sjostedti Lönnberg, 1908|occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960|princeps Juste & Ibáñez, 1993|thomensis Feiler, Haft, & Widmann, 1993|tomensis Juste & Ibáñez, 1993	NA	NA	Pakistan|Iran|United Arab Emirates|Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Jordan|Israel|Palestine|Egypt|Sudan|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé & Príncipe|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Ethiopia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Zambia|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	29730	Rousettus aegyptiacus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	(É. Geoffroy, 1810)	The taxonomic relationship with Rousettus leschenaultii requires further review. Two geographically isolated subspecies of R. aegyptiacus occur in sub-Saharan Africa (Monadjem et al. 2010). Both subspecies occur in the southern African region: unicolor (Gray, 1870) in Angola and leachii (A. Smith, 1829) in the rest of the region (Monadjem et al. 2010). Additional subspecies: princeps is endemic to Principe Island in the Gulf of Guinea and tomensis is endemic to Sao Tome (Korine 2016).	20000000	Rousettus aegyptiacus	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is broadly distributed and abundant, and is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category, hence is listed as Least Concern. However, in Cyprus where it is considered as a rare species.	This species is found in arid to moist tropical and subtropical biomes. Has broad habitat tolerance, so long as abundant food and appropriate roosting sites are available. Feeds on soft fruits (date, carob, mulberry, azedarach, fig, apricot, peach and apple), flowers, occasionally takes leaves and was obsereved feeding on flying insects. Often forages in orchards. Roosts: a strictly cavernicolous species, roosting in moist natural caverns and artificial structures including underground irrigation tunnels (ghanats), ruins, tombs, mines, military bunkers, underground parkings and open wells. Often roosts with other bat species. Possible altitudinal migration in parts of its range (e.g., Lebanon and Israel).	This species faces a number of threats, but none of them are considered a serious threat to the species at the global level. Hunted for food in some cave systems in Africa. Cave disturbance and persecution are also a problem in parts of the range. The species is considered as a pest by fruit farmers and consequently cave roosts have been fumigated and destroyed in Israel, Turkey and Cyprus, resulting in incidental killing of many insectivorous bats such asthe genera Rhinolophus and Myotis . In Israel, the fumigation action stopped completley in 1984, however it is still considreded is a pest.	Common in parts of Africa; generally uncommon in SW Asia although locally abundant in Israel (caves with colonues up to 25,000 individuals and in Jordan (Z. Amr pers. comm. 2005).  In Africa it occurs in large colonies of up to 40,000 to 50,000 individuals. In SW Asia colonies generally number 50 to 500 individuals, although up to 3,000 individuals were recorded in a cave in Jordan. The population in Turkey is estimated at 5,000 to 10,000 individuals; the population there may be decreasing due to control measures in caves (A. Karatas pers. comm. 2007). In Syria only a single locality is known of 1,000 to 2,000 animals (A. Karatas pers. comm. 2007).	Stable	Distributed across sub-Saharan Africa and North Africa; also ranges outside of Africa through the Middleeast up to Turkey and south-west Asia to Iran and Pakistan; also on Cyprus.  In the Western Palaearctic it occurs as two forms: R. a. arabicus (Iran, southern Arabia, Pakistan), R. a. aegyptiacus (rest of range). In sub-Saharan Africa occurs as four forms: subspecies leachi is found in SW Ethiopia, S Sudan , E and S DR Congo, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia , Malawi , Zimbabwe, Mozambique, and the extreme E and south of South Africa, including Swaziland and Lesotho; subspecies princeps is endemic to Principe Island ; in the Gulf of Guinea; subspecies tomensis is endemic to Sao Tome; and subspecies unicolor is found from Senegal and the Gambia east to Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, south to northern central Nigeria and W Cameroon and Bioko Island , then south from Gabon and Congo to western DRC and W Angola.  Elevational range: from -216 (Dead Sea, Korine, C. pers. comm.) to 4,000 m asl.	Hunted for food in some cave systems in Africa.	Terrestrial	International legal obligations for protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) in areas where this applies. Included in Annex IV of the EU Habitats Directive in areas where this applies. Occurs in a number of protected areas such as in Cyprus. There is a need to enforce measures to protect this species, especially to prevent the fumigation of caves.	Afrotropical|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.691667	Egyptian Rousette	 aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy, 1818 [emendation of egyptiacus ]; geoffroyi Temminck, 1825; <b>arabicus</b> Anderson and de Winton, 1902; <b>leachii</b> Smith, 1892; hottentotus Temminck, 1832;  sjostedti L&ouml;nnberg, 1908; <b>princeps</b> Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993; <b>tomensis</b> Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993;  thomensis Feiler, Haft, and Widmann, 1993; <b> unicolor </b> Gray, 1870; occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960.	Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).	Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; possibly Kastellorizo Isl. (Greece), Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Least Concern	Subgenus Rousettus . Includes leachii and arabicus ; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978 c ), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001 a ).	Rousettus aegyptiacus	1004539	23	Egyptian Rousette	Egyptian Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	ROUSETTINAE	ROUSETTINI	Rousettus	NA	aegyptiacus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Pteropus_Egyptiacus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1810). Description des Roussettes et des Céphalotes, deux nouveaux genres de la famille des Chauve-souris. Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle, 15, 96.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/23421#page/111/mode/1up	MNHN 1996-2119		Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt.			aegyptiacus (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)|collaris (H. Lichtenstein, 1823)|geoffroyi (Temminck, 1825)|leachii (A. Smith, 1829)|hottentottus (Temminck, 1832)|unicolor (J. E. Gray, 1870)|arabicus J. Anderson & de Winton, 1902|sjostedti Lönnberg, 1908|occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960|princeps Juste & Ibáñez, 1993|thomensis Feiler, Haft, & Widmann, 1993|tomensis Juste & Ibáñez, 1993	NA	NA				Pakistan|Iran|United Arab Emirates|Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Jordan|Israel|Palestine|Egypt|Sudan|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Côte d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé & Príncipe|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Ethiopia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Zambia|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	1004539	23	Egyptian Rousette	Egyptian Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Epomophorinae	Rousettini	Rousettus	NA	aegyptiacus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1	Pteropus Egyptiacus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1810. Description des roussettes et des céphalotes, deux nouveaux genres de la famille des chauve-souris. Annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle 15:86-108.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3546703	MNHN-ZM-MO-1996-2119 (= MNHN A 70)	holotype	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1996-2119	Giza (Great Pyramid), Egypt.	29.97917	31.13417	NA	NA				Pakistan|Iran|United Arab Emirates|Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Jordan|Israel|Palestine|Egypt|Sudan|Senegal|Gambia|Guinea|Sierra Leone|Liberia|Cote d'Ivoire|Ghana|Togo|Nigeria|Cameroon|Equatorial Guinea|São Tomé and Príncipe|Gabon|Republic of the Congo|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Ethiopia|Uganda|Kenya|Rwanda|Burundi|Tanzania|Angola|Malawi|Mozambique|Zambia|Zimbabwe|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	sciname match	Rousettus_aegyptiacus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Rousettus	Rousettus	aegyptiacus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1810	1	Ann. Mus. Natn. Hist. Nat. Paris	0.691667	Egyptian Rousette	aegyptiacus E. Geoffroy, 1818 [emendation of egyptiacus]; geoffroyi Temminck, 1825; arabicus Anderson and de Winton, 1902; leachii Smith, 1892; hottentotus Temminck, 1832;  sjostedti L&ouml;nnberg, 1908; princeps Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993; tomensis Juste and Iba&ntilde;ez, 1993;  thomensis Feiler, Haft, and Widmann, 1993; unicolor Gray, 1870; occidentalis Eisentraut, 1960.	Egypt, Giza (Great Pyramid).	Senegal and Egypt south to South Africa; possibly Kastellorizo Isl. (Greece), Cyprus, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, S Syria, Yemen, Saudi Arabia, S Iraq, S. Iran, Pakistan, NW India; islands in the Gulf of Guinea (São Tomé and Príncipe); adjacent small islands.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href=”https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/29730/22043105/” target=”_blank>Least Concern</a>	Subgenus Rousettus. Includes leachii and arabicus; see Hayman and Hill (1971), Corbet (1978c), Harrison andBates (1991), and Bergmans (1994). Revised by Bergmans (1994); reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000). Alsosee Kwiecinski and Griffiths (1999). Spelling changed from aegyptiacus to egyptiacus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but returnedto aegyptiacus by Kock (2001a).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; Rousettus aegyptiacus; aegyptiacus; arabicus; leachii; princes; tomensis; unicolor; aegyptiacus; geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus; sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis; aegyptiacus; arabicus; leachii; princeps; tomensis; unicolor; arabicus; leachii; princeps; tomensis; unicolor; aegyptiacus; egyptiacus; geoffroyi; leachii - hottentotus; sjostedti; tomensis - thomensis; unicolor - occidentalis; aegyptiacus; collaris; geoffroyi; leachii; hottentottus; unicolor; arabicus; sjostedti; occidentalis; princeps; thomensis; tomensis; Roussette d'Egypte; Nil-Flughund; Rosetus de Egipto; Egyptian Fruit Bat; Egyptian Rousette; Egyptian Fruit Bat; Egyptian Rousette; Egyptian Rousette; R. aegyptiacus