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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1469	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinonycteris aurantius	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonycteris aurantius	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonycteris aurantius	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris aurantia		[MSW3] Sometimes spelled “aurantius”, but “aurantia” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris. Reviewed by Armstrong (2002).; [HMW] Rhínolophm aumnlim]. E. Gray in Ewe, 1845 . “Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territon, Australia . There are no formally recognized subspecies of R. aurrmha, although an isolated population in the Pilbara region of northern Western Australia was suggested to represent a separate “fonn. Available evidence does not fully support its distinct status. Differences were in call frequencies among populations not completely concordant with documented pattern of genetic variation, although it is expected that populations have been isolated for about 30,000 years. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Sometimes spelled “ aurantius ”, but “ aurantia ” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris . Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).; [MDD2022] moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae; [IUCN] The population in the Pilbara exhibits some differences to the northern population (Armstrong 2002, 2005, 2006; Armstrong and Coles 2007; K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and awaits formal description (likely as a subspecies) (Churchill et al. 2008, Armstrong 2008). Issues with nomenclature were addressed by Simmons (2005) and Armstrong (2006). Note this species is part of the family Rhinonycteridae Gray, 1866 (see Foley et al. 2015).</span>; [batnames2023] Sometimes spelled “ aurantius ”, but “ aurantia ” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris . Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).; [MDD2023] moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae; [MDD2025_2.0] moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae; [batnames2025_1.7] Sometimes spelled “aurantius”, but “aurantia” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris. Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).; [MDD2025_2.2] moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae														aurantia	The population in the Pilbara exhibits some differences to the northern population (Armstrong 2002, 2005, 2006; Armstrong and Coles 2007; K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and awaits formal description (likely as a subspecies) (Churchill et al. 2008, Armstrong 2008). Issues with nomenclature were addressed by Simmons (2005) and Armstrong (2006). Note this species is part of the family Rhinonycteridae Gray, 1866 (see Foley et al. 2015).</span>			aurantia	aurantia			aurantia (J. E. Gray, 1845)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Orange leaf-nosed bat	NW, N Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.	Gray	1845	In Eyre, Central Australia, 1:405.	Distribution: Same as for genus.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Orange leaf-nosed bat	NW, N Australia; K	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gray	1845	In Eyre, Central Australia, 1:405.		N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.		GRAY	1845	Size fairly small (forearm length, 45-50 mm).	Distribution: Same as for genus.	No subspecies.		68	species	R. aurantius	GRAY	1845	Rhinonycteris	genus	Rhinonycteris aurantius				Size fairly small (forearm length, 45-50 mm).	No subspecies.		1. R. aurantius (GRAY 1845).	1	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Hipposideridae			Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris		aurantia	Gray	y	1845		In Eyre, Central Australia	1		405		Orange Leaf-nosed Bat	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.	N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.		Sometimes spelled “aurantius”, but “aurantia” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris. Reviewed by Armstrong (2002).	03A687BCFF86FF891640F335FCF3F574	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Phyllostomidae_444.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff9fffc4ffb1ffb1133cffbaffe0f244	204	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/83/24/0383245F2221977F8ED7FFC8FBC1F320.xml	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonycteridae	Rhinonicteris	aurantia		1845	Rh n nyctère d réGerman @fr | Go den H rseshoe Bat Orange H rseshoe Bat Orange Leaf n sed Bar P barn Leal nosed Bat @en	Rhínolophm aumnlim]. E. Gray in Ewe, 1845 . “Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territon, Australia . There are no formally recognized subspecies of R. aurrmha, although an isolated population in the Pilbara region of northern Western Australia was suggested to represent a separate “fonn. Available evidence does not fully support its distinct status. Differences were in call frequencies among populations not completely concordant with documented pattern of genetic variation, although it is expected that populations have been isolated for about 30,000 years. Monotypic.	Endemic to Australia , in two di¶ unct regions separated by Great Sandy Desert: W region is smallcst and comprises the W part of Pilbara region of Westem Australia , and E region largest and includes NE Western Australia (Kimberley region), N Northern Territory , and NW Queensland .	Head-body 40-56 mm, tail 23-29 mm, ear 10-4-14-4 mm, forearm 45-51 mm; weight 6-12 g. No specific data are available for hindfoot length. The Orange Diamond-laced Bat a medium-sired rhinomcterid. Individuals in the Pilbara population are slightly smaller than those in nonhem Australia . Pelage has similar tinge dorsally and \ entrally, usualh bright orange; in some individuals, t is pale brown, pale yellow, or white; hairs can be darker around mes. Wing membranes are dark brown, and noseleaf and ears are pale pinkish to very pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is large (width 5 -3-8-9 mm) and diamond-shaped, with strap-like longitudinal projection across anterior part of anterior leaf and lving abore deep anterior medial emargination. Poste rior leaf of noseleaf has no tall posterior projections, and its anterior part has long and narrow projection, with rounded tip in medial position. Central and posterior pans of posterior leaf are scalloped with numerous cells, separated from each other b\ fleshy septa. Thickened ridge lies beneath anterior leaf. Ears are small, triangular, and sharply pointed. Skull has dorsalh and lateralh prominent nasal swellings, depression between rostrum and braincase that is markedly higher than rostrum, and sagittal crest that coveis onlw central and posterior parts of braincase. Wide plates are present on dorsal sides of zygomatic bones. Greatest skull lengths are 15-9-18 mm, condflofanine lengths are 13-9-15 -7 mm, zygomatic widths are 8-9-1 mm, and upper tooth row (C -M lengths are 5 -4-6-4 mm. l’ is bilobed; C‘ is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary l” is small and extruded; C' and P‘ in contact and M‘ is little cusp; are; only reduced and has metacone. All lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, has about one-half the crown area and height of P‘, and M, is unreduced. Baculum is gracile and 2 -1-2-3 mm long, with broadly pyramid-like proximal epiphysis and bluntly terminating simple distal epiphysis, slightly curved dorsally; it has narrow diaphysis (5-7% of baculum length) and proximal epiphysis (0-5-0-6 mm wide; 24-26% of baculum length).	Variety of habitats, including monsoon rainforests, tall open forests, open savanna woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands at elevations up to c. 800 m in dry habitats and up to 400 m in more humid habitats. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat seems to be more limited by availability of roosts than vegetative cover type, although dry open habitats represent much larger part of overall distribution than humid and closed forests. Geographically isolated population in Pilbara inhabits the most arid zone in overall distribution.	The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is an aerial hawker and preys on flying insects of various sizes, mainly smaller moths and beetles. Diet composition shows opportunistic prey selection; during wet season, it clearly prefers flying tennites that provide fat-rich diets for pregnant and laetating females. Annually, diet averages 70% moths, 17% beetles, 7% termites (but in December, 056%), 5% flies, and mosquitoes, with occasional ants, wasps, mantises, lacewings, bugs, and cockroaches (representing 1 —2% together). Individuals forage along gorges, ravines, and larger watercourses and in open woodlands and over grassland hills.	The Orange Diamond-faced Bat seasonallv monoestrous. Females give birth to one young in late December or earlyjanuary after five-month gestation. First three months of pregnancy and sperm production occur during periods of low food availability, and late pregnancy and lactation coincide with maximum food availability. Gestation is prolonged for c.1550 days, although sperm storage and delayed embryonic development have not been observed. Females leave their dry season roosts during late pregnancy and lactation, returning only after young are weaned and independent in late February. This suggests they use separate roosts for birth and rearing of young in wet season. Females are reproductively mature at c.7 months old; males do not mate until 16-18 months old. Males have enlarged testes and mate injuly; mature spermatozoa were observed in testes in April, with increasing numbers up until copulation and declining numbers from August to October; and none were observed in December-March (wet season).	The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is unable to enter torpor and does not hibernate or estivate; remains active year-round and forages in all seasons. lt is strong and highly acrobatic flier; it flies rapidly (up to 26 km h) with fast wingbeats, tends to forage with an erratic ziglagging flight pattem, and remains in flight all the time while foraging. 1 t forages at various heights: low to the ground or water surface at c.0 -1 m, up to the height above tree crowns, and in all stories in between, including understories and tree canopies. When leaving the day roost, flight is most enatic, which is considered anti-predator behavior. It roosts in underground spaces in natural caves, man-made mines, and occasionally buildings. might roost in tree hollows, but this has not been confirmed. Because the Orange Diamond-faced Bat cannot enter torpor, it needs to roost in relatively wann and humid spaces (28-32 C and 85-100% relative humidity) that naturally occur in deep caves or mines. Underground spaces with such conditions are relatively uncommon in most rocky landscapes of north-westem Australia , but in the monsoonal nonh, humid conditions probably allow use of more caves and rarely buildings. Orange Diamond-faced Bats are often seen flying along roads at night. They leave day roost 10-20 minutes after sunset and forage for several hours (mostly 1 -5-4 hours) or the entire night; however, most individuals return to roosts c.2 hours before sunrise. Sometimes, there is a second activity period of 1-2 hours before sunrise. When roosting, they hang freely from the cave ceiling or on cave walls and are separated from each other by 10-15 cm. Echolocation consists of multihannonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of long CF component, complemented at start and end by two short FM components (FM-CF-FM). The CF component of the first hannonic lasts c. 5-8 milliseconds, initial FM component is short upward sweep (not always detectable), and tenninating FM component is steep sweep of c. 20 kHz. Geographical variation in peak frequencies of calls was reported: 109-119 kHz (mean 114 -6 kHz) in northern Australia and 116-126 kHz (mean 121 kHz) in the Pilbara region.	The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is colonial and creates colonies of a few to se \ eral thousand individuals, typically up to several hundred. large colonies in the thousands are the exception, with only two currently known. Although there are reports of colonies of 20,000 -25,000 individuals, such a size has not been confinned. Both sexes occur in larger colonies to mate in dry season (] uly), but later during late pregnancy and lactation (December-February), many females disappear from these caves, returning only after young are weaned and independent. Because there no evidence of migrations, the two main populations of Orange Diamond-faced Bats separated by the Great Sandy Desert (c. 1400 km wide) probably have isolated for many thousands of years. Movements within regional popu-Iations are probablyjust related to searching for suitable roosts, with limited exchange among them.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. A national law in Australia protects the Orange Diamond-faced Bat.	Armstrong (2002 2005 2006a 2006 b) | Armstrong G« Co es (2007) | Baud nette er a (2000) | Church) | (1991, 1994, 1995. 2008) | Cramer 6 M (2016) | Gray (1845) | Hand (1997) | H (19828)	https://zenodo.org/record/6611822/files/figure.png	1. Orange Diamond-faced Bat Rhinonicteris aurantia French: Rh n nyctère d ré German: Orangefarbene Au sn B attna Spanish: R n dorado Other common names: Go den H rseshoe Bat Orange H rseshoe Bat Orange Leaf n sed Bar P barn Leal nosed Bat Taxonomy. Rhínolophm aumnlim]. E. Gray in Ewe, 1845 . “Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territon, Australia . There are no formally recognized subspecies of R. aurrmha, although an isolated population in the Pilbara region of northern Western Australia was suggested to represent a separate “fonn. Available evidence does not fully support its distinct status. Differences were in call frequencies among populations not completely concordant with documented pattern of genetic variation, although it is expected that populations have been isolated for about 30,000 years. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to Australia , in two di¶ unct regions separated by Great Sandy Desert: W region is smallcst and comprises the W part of Pilbara region of Westem Australia , and E region largest and includes NE Western Australia (Kimberley region), N Northern Territory , and NW Queensland . Descriptive notes. Head-body 40-56 mm, tail 23-29 mm, ear 10-4-14-4 mm, forearm 45-51 mm; weight 6-12 g. No specific data are available for hindfoot length. The Orange Diamond-laced Bat a medium-sired rhinomcterid. Individuals in the Pilbara population are slightly smaller than those in nonhem Australia . Pelage has similar tinge dorsally and \ entrally, usualh bright orange; in some individuals, t is pale brown, pale yellow, or white; hairs can be darker around mes. Wing membranes are dark brown, and noseleaf and ears are pale pinkish to very pale grayish brown. Noseleaf is large (width 5 -3-8-9 mm) and diamond-shaped, with strap-like longitudinal projection across anterior part of anterior leaf and lving abore deep anterior medial emargination. Poste rior leaf of noseleaf has no tall posterior projections, and its anterior part has long and narrow projection, with rounded tip in medial position. Central and posterior pans of posterior leaf are scalloped with numerous cells, separated from each other b\ fleshy septa. Thickened ridge lies beneath anterior leaf. Ears are small, triangular, and sharply pointed. Skull has dorsalh and lateralh prominent nasal swellings, depression between rostrum and braincase that is markedly higher than rostrum, and sagittal crest that coveis onlw central and posterior parts of braincase. Wide plates are present on dorsal sides of zygomatic bones. Greatest skull lengths are 15-9-18 mm, condflofanine lengths are 13-9-15 -7 mm, zygomatic widths are 8-9-1 mm, and upper tooth row (C -M lengths are 5 -4-6-4 mm. l’ is bilobed; C‘ is slender, with slight cingulum and large posterior secondary l” is small and extruded; C' and P‘ in contact and M‘ is little cusp; are; only reduced and has metacone. All lower incisors are tricuspid, C, is slender, P, has about one-half the crown area and height of P‘, and M, is unreduced. Baculum is gracile and 2 -1-2-3 mm long, with broadly pyramid-like proximal epiphysis and bluntly terminating simple distal epiphysis, slightly curved dorsally; it has narrow diaphysis (5-7% of baculum length) and proximal epiphysis (0-5-0-6 mm wide; 24-26% of baculum length). Habitat. Variety of habitats, including monsoon rainforests, tall open forests, open savanna woodlands, grasslands, and shrublands at elevations up to c. 800 m in dry habitats and up to 400 m in more humid habitats. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat seems to be more limited by availability of roosts than vegetative cover type, although dry open habitats represent much larger part of overall distribution than humid and closed forests. Geographically isolated population in Pilbara inhabits the most arid zone in overall distribution. Food and Feeding. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is an aerial hawker and preys on flying insects of various sizes, mainly smaller moths and beetles. Diet composition shows opportunistic prey selection; during wet season, it clearly prefers flying tennites that provide fat-rich diets for pregnant and laetating females. Annually, diet averages 70% moths, 17% beetles, 7% termites (but in December, 056%), 5% flies, and mosquitoes, with occasional ants, wasps, mantises, lacewings, bugs, and cockroaches (representing 1 —2% together). Individuals forage along gorges, ravines, and larger watercourses and in open woodlands and over grassland hills. Breeding. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat seasonallv monoestrous. Females give birth to one young in late December or earlyjanuary after five-month gestation. First three months of pregnancy and sperm production occur during periods of low food availability, and late pregnancy and lactation coincide with maximum food availability. Gestation is prolonged for c.1550 days, although sperm storage and delayed embryonic development have not been observed. Females leave their dry season roosts during late pregnancy and lactation, returning only after young are weaned and independent in late February. This suggests they use separate roosts for birth and rearing of young in wet season. Females are reproductively mature at c.7 months old; males do not mate until 16-18 months old. Males have enlarged testes and mate injuly; mature spermatozoa were observed in testes in April, with increasing numbers up until copulation and declining numbers from August to October; and none were observed in December-March (wet season). Activity patterns. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is unable to enter torpor and does not hibernate or estivate; remains active year-round and forages in all seasons. lt is strong and highly acrobatic flier; it flies rapidly (up to 26 km h) with fast wingbeats, tends to forage with an erratic ziglagging flight pattem, and remains in flight all the time while foraging. 1 t forages at various heights: low to the ground or water surface at c.0 -1 m, up to the height above tree crowns, and in all stories in between, including understories and tree canopies. When leaving the day roost, flight is most enatic, which is considered anti-predator behavior. It roosts in underground spaces in natural caves, man-made mines, and occasionally buildings. might roost in tree hollows, but this has not been confirmed. Because the Orange Diamond-faced Bat cannot enter torpor, it needs to roost in relatively wann and humid spaces (28-32 C and 85-100% relative humidity) that naturally occur in deep caves or mines. Underground spaces with such conditions are relatively uncommon in most rocky landscapes of north-westem Australia , but in the monsoonal nonh, humid conditions probably allow use of more caves and rarely buildings. Orange Diamond-faced Bats are often seen flying along roads at night. They leave day roost 10-20 minutes after sunset and forage for several hours (mostly 1 -5-4 hours) or the entire night; however, most individuals return to roosts c.2 hours before sunrise. Sometimes, there is a second activity period of 1-2 hours before sunrise. When roosting, they hang freely from the cave ceiling or on cave walls and are separated from each other by 10-15 cm. Echolocation consists of multihannonic QCF calls where pulse is composed of long CF component, complemented at start and end by two short FM components (FM-CF-FM). The CF component of the first hannonic lasts c. 5-8 milliseconds, initial FM component is short upward sweep (not always detectable), and tenninating FM component is steep sweep of c. 20 kHz. Geographical variation in peak frequencies of calls was reported: 109-119 kHz (mean 114 -6 kHz) in northern Australia and 116-126 kHz (mean 121 kHz) in the Pilbara region. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Orange Diamond-faced Bat is colonial and creates colonies of a few to se \ eral thousand individuals, typically up to several hundred. large colonies in the thousands are the exception, with only two currently known. Although there are reports of colonies of 20,000 -25,000 individuals, such a size has not been confinned. Both sexes occur in larger colonies to mate in dry season (] uly), but later during late pregnancy and lactation (December-February), many females disappear from these caves, returning only after young are weaned and independent. Because there no evidence of migrations, the two main populations of Orange Diamond-faced Bats separated by the Great Sandy Desert (c. 1400 km wide) probably have isolated for many thousands of years. Movements within regional popu-Iations are probablyjust related to searching for suitable roosts, with limited exchange among them. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. A national law in Australia protects the Orange Diamond-faced Bat. Bibliography . Armstrong (2002 2005 2006a 2006 b) Armstrong G« Co es (2007) Baud nette er a (2000). Church) (1991, 1994, 1995. 2008), Cramer 6 M (2016). Gray (1845). Hand (1997). H (19828)	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinonycteridae	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Rhinonicteris		aurantia	Gray	1845	1	In Eyre, Central Australia	0.3229	Orange Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.	N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Sometimes spelled “ aurantius ”, but “ aurantia ” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris . Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinonicteris aurantia	23	Orange Diamond-faced Bat	Golden Horseshoe Bat|Orange Horseshoe Bat|Orange Leaf-nosed Bat|Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINONYCTERIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinonicteris	NA	aurantia	J. E. Gray	1845	1	Rhinolophus_aurantius	Gray, J. E. (1845) Description of some new Australian animals. In Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, and Overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the Years 1840-1. Eyre, E.J.(ed.).T. & W. Boone, London, Vol. 1, 405.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/228552#page/445/mode/1up	BM 1845.5.13.3		"Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territory, Australia.			aurantia (J. E. Gray, 1845)	moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae	Foley, N. M., Thong, V. D., Soisook, P., Goodman, S. M., Armstrong, K. N., Jacobs, D. S., ... & Teeling, E. C. (2015). How and why overcome the impediments to resolution: lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(2), 313-333.	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	sciname match	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19589	Rhinonicteris aurantia	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	HIPPOSIDERIDAE	Rhinonicteris	aurantia	(Gray, 1845)	The population in the Pilbara exhibits some differences to the northern population (Armstrong 2002, 2005, 2006; Armstrong and Coles 2007; K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and awaits formal description (likely as a subspecies) (Churchill et al. 2008, Armstrong 2008). Issues with nomenclature were addressed by Simmons (2005) and Armstrong (2006). Note this species is part of the family Rhinonycteridae Gray, 1866 (see Foley et al. 2015).</span>	200000000	Rhinonicteris aurantia	Least Concern		2021	2016-07-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>This species is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution across multiple regions of northern Australia, presence in a range of cave-bearing rocky landscapes, and presumed large population. There are persistent mining-related threats in the Pilbara region of Western Australia that have the potential reduce the size of the population there by more than 30% in the next two decades and to cause the loss of most known underground roosts in the next 50 years in the absence of mitigation (Armstrong 2011; Woinarski et al . 2014). However, while information on population size and the location of roost sites is poorly known in this region (Cramer et al . 2016), the species as a whole is considered to be secure. For cave-roosting bats that are reliant for their survival on suitable but relatively few roosts for half of every day, the area of occupancy is best considered as the total area of its roost sites only (excluding foraging habitat), given that area of occupancy can be defined as “the smallest area essential at any stage to the survival of existing populations of a taxon”. While this area is in the order of a few square kilometres and would probably allow a match to one of the highest threatened categories under Criterion B, the total number of known and inferred roost locations is greater than 10. </p>	<p></p><p> </p><p>Rhinonicteris aurantia roosts in caves and old underground mine workings in colonies of a few to several thousand individuals. Physiological studies have demonstrated that this species has one of the highest measured rates of pulmocutaneous water loss of any mammal and is unable to enter torpor (Baudinette et al . 2000), and thus it has an obligate requirement for warm, humid roost microclimates that are physiologically benign (Churchill 1991; Armstrong 2001). Deeper caves and mines that have the capacity to support these conditions are relatively uncommon in most rocky northern landscapes, which limits roosting opportunity, area of occupancy, and results in aggregations in relatively few subterranean structures. In the arid Pilbara region, bats will accumulate in the deepest structures during the hottest and driest parts of the year, spreading further afield when wetter conditions provide the opportunity for shallower caves to provide humid microclimates (Armstrong 2001). In the monsoonal north, the humid conditions probably allow more shallow caves to be used, and there have been rare reports of roosting in buildings. A suggestion of tree roosting is often quoted based on the comments of Churchill (1991, 1994), but this has never been confirmed in any population. In the Northern Territory both sexes accumulate into larger colonies to mate, but later in the breeding season many females disappear from known caves, and maternity colonies have not yet been observed in this region. Females give birth to a single young and lactation occurs in the wet season when insect availability is high (Churchill 1994).</p> <p>Rhinonicteris aurantia are strong and highly acrobatic fliers, in contrast to many small hipposiderids bats, and forage in the open around vegetation (Bullen and McKenzie 2002), usually within a few metres of the ground (Churchill et al . 1988). They feed on a wide variety of insects, though mainly smaller moths and beetles and occasional seasonal abundances of groups such as isopterans (Churchill 1994). There is a possibility that they feed on accumulations of small insects at cave entrances (Cramer et al. 2016), possibly accounting for their commonly observed night visitation of underground structures that are not used during the day for roosting. They are normally observed foraging in gullies, gorges and larger watercourses, as well as open woodland and over hummock grasslands (Churchill et al . 1988; Armstrong 2001). </p> <p></p>	<p>This species is well known to be very sensitive to roost intrusions and capture at roost entrances. Individuals will often vacate a roost following a disturbance, and the default assumption is that roost abandonment leads to higher rates of mortality because alternative suboptimal roosts nearby are less likely to provide suitable microclimates. Large numbers have also been killed by inappropriate cave gating in the past. A significant proportion of museum specimens originated as road kill, owing to their relatively low foraging height and curiosity for lights, which indicates that new roads close to roosts have the potential to deplete local colonies. The greatest threat to the species is the loss of roost sites that now serve as strongholds for a large proportion of the known population through the gradual deterioration and flooding of old mines and the possibility of catastrophic losses from sudden collapses (Armstrong 2001; Woinarski et al . 2014). The growing encroachment of iron ore mining also has the potential to remove roosts and thus area of occupancy in terrains where the species roosts in natural caves. Threats to roosting colonies appear to be of lower risk in the Kimberley and Northern Territory, but there is still the potential for catastrophic loss of large numbers if known important colonies are not managed effectively. While R. aurantia has a generalist diet and appears to use a range of habitats for foraging, widespread degradation of habitat quality around a roost, such as from poor fire management, might reduce colony survivability or place a limit on its size.</p>	<p>The literature contains reports of colonies ranging in size from 20 to 25,000 individuals (Churchill 1991), but the larger numbers have not been verified with a robust counting technique, nor have they been noted in recent years. Large colonies are the exception, with only two currently known, and it is very likely that they number in the low thousands. Based on captures and the non-invasive quantification of activity near roost entrances, typical colony sizes range from a few individuals up to the low hundreds (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data). Rhinonicteris aurantia can appear relatively common in a locality because they are relatively simple to detect, either by active searching with a bat detector and taking advantage of their curiosity for small light sources, or by placing unattended bat detectors at cave entrances and relying on encounters following night visitation of non-roost caves. In reality, detections across an area might derive from widely ranging individuals that originate in a one or a few local roosts (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data). Suggestions of widespread commonality have not always been underpinned by effort to locate roost sites and estimate colony sizes (McKenzie and Bullen 2009), and hence there is still a relatively poor understanding of how limiting roost sites are across regions despite widespread records (Armstrong 2001; Cramer et al . 2016). Populations have not been connected across the Great Sandy Desert for many thousands of years (Armstrong 2006; Armstrong and Coles 2007), and movement within regional populations is probably related to the availability of suitable roosts that allow individuals to saltate across otherwise inhospitable landscapes (Armstrong 2001).</p>	Unknown	This species is endemic to Australia where it is found in the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia, the Top End of the Northern Territory, and north-western Queensland (Armstrong 2008; Churchill et al. 2008).		Terrestrial	<p>It is considered to be protected and secure in numerous protected areas in the Pilbara and Kimberley regions of Western Australia, Northern Territory and north-western Queensland, though several of the largest colonies are not in protected areas. Further studies are needed into the distribution, roost site locations, abundance, biology, and threats to this species (Cramer et al. 2016). A national conservation plan, incorporating a regional approach to management in the Pilbara region, would assist both mining proponents and government land managers (Armstrong 2001, 2010, 2011), and targeted, collaborative approaches between industry and wildlife managers for active management of stronghold colonies in underground mine workings and caves with colonies of significant size would help reduce the risk of losses from both insidious and catastrophic causes.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinonycteridae	Rhinonicteris		aurantia	Gray	1845	1	In Eyre, Central Australia	0.322917	Orange Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.	N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	Sometimes spelled “ aurantius ”, but “ aurantia ” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris . Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).	Rhinonicteris aurantia	1004765	23	Orange Diamond-faced Bat	Golden Horseshoe Bat|Orange Horseshoe Bat|Orange Leaf-nosed Bat|Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinonycteridae	NA	NA	Rhinonicteris	NA	aurantia	J. E. Gray	1845	1	Rhinolophus_aurantius	Gray, J. E. (1845) Description of some new Australian animals. In Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, and Overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the Years 1840-1. Eyre, E.J.(ed.).T. & W. Boone, London, Vol. 1, 405.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/228552#page/445/mode/1up	BM 1845.5.13.3		"Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territory, Australia.			aurantia (J. E. Gray, 1845)	moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae	Foley, N. M., Thong, V. D., Soisook, P., Goodman, S. M., Armstrong, K. N., Jacobs, D. S., ... & Teeling, E. C. (2015). How and why overcome the impediments to resolution: lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(2), 313-333.				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	sciname match	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	1004765	23	Orange Diamond-faced Bat	Golden Horseshoe Bat|Orange Horseshoe Bat|Orange Leaf-nosed Bat|Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinonycteridae	NA	NA	Rhinonicteris	NA	aurantia	J. E. Gray	1	Rhinolophus aurantius	Gray, J.E. 1845. Description of some new Australian animals. Pp. 405–411 in Eyre, E.J. (eds.). Journals of Expeditions of Discovery into Central Australia, and Overland from Adelaide to King George's Sound, in the Years 1840–1. Vol. I. T. and W. Boone, London, 448 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/53712820	BMNH:Mamm:1845.5.13.3	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a05116fb-9ea5-48b8-8b3a-2ccbcdb6ae63	"Port Essington, near the Hospital," Northern Territory, Australia.			moved from Hipposideridae to Rhinonycteridae	Foley, N. M., Thong, V. D., Soisook, P., Goodman, S. M., Armstrong, K. N., Jacobs, D. S., ... & Teeling, E. C. (2015). How and why overcome the impediments to resolution: lessons from rhinolophid and hipposiderid bats. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 32(2), 313-333.				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	sciname match	Rhinonicteris_aurantia	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinonycteridae	Rhinonicteris		aurantia	Gray	1845	1	In Eyre, Central Australia	0.322917	Orange Leaf-nosed Bat	None.	Australia, Northern Territory, Port Essington.	N Western Australia, Northern Territory and NW Queensland (Australia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19589/209539734/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	Sometimes spelled “aurantius”, but “aurantia” is the correct spelling in combination with Rhinonicteris. Reviewed byArmstrong (2002).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinonicteris aurantia; Rhinonicteris aurantia; Rhinonicteris aurantia; Rhinonicteris aurantia; Rhinonicteris aurantia; Rhinonicteris aurantia; aurantia; Rh n nyctère d réGerman; Go den H rseshoe Bat Orange H rseshoe Bat Orange Leaf n sed Bar P barn Leal nosed Bat; Orange Diamond-faced Bat; Golden Horseshoe Bat; Orange Horseshoe Bat; Orange Leaf-nosed Bat; Pilbara Leaf-nosed Bat; Orange Leaf-nosed Bat; Orange Leaf-nosed Bat; R. aurantia