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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1456	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus subrufus		[MSW2] Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939:52, 53).; [MSW3] euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).; [HMW] Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 , “ Manila ,” Luzon , Philippines . Rhinolophus subrufus is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. inops , it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. inops ). Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).; [IUCN] <span lang="EN-US">The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, and further research is required (L. Heaney and D. Balete pers. comm. 2015).; [batnames2023]  euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).; [batnames2025_1.7] euryotisspecies group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).				bunkeri		bunkeri.	subrufus, bunkeri	subrufus, bunkeri	rufus	subrufus, bunkeri		subrufus, bunkeri	subrufus - rufus	rufus, subrufus, bunkeri	<span lang="EN-US">The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, and further research is required (L. Heaney and D. Balete pers. comm. 2015).	subrufus, bunkeri	subrufus - rufus	rufus, subrufus, bunkeri 	rufus, subrufus, bunkeri 	bunkeri, subrufus 	subrufus - rufus	rufus W. C. H. Peters, 1861 [preoccupied]|subrufus Andersen, 1905|bunkeri E. H. Taylor, 1934		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Philippines	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus subrufus	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.	K. Andersen	1905	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 16:283.	Distribution: Con fined to the main Philippine islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Philippines	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1905	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 16:283.	Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939:52, 53).	Philippines.	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.		ANDERSEN	1908	Anterior edge of horseshoe narrowly emar ginated, the emargination extended posteriorly as a narrow groove reaching less than halfway to internarial region. Base of well-developed con necting process at most sparsely haired, not re cessed into base of lancet. Upper part of sella un modifed. Size relatively large (forearm length, 53-57 mm). Internarial cup narrow. Frontal de pression of skull prominent.	Distribution: Con fined to the main Philippine islands.	Two sub species are recognized:	R. s. subrufus (northern and central Philippines), R. s. bunkeri (Mindanao).	59	species	R. subrufus	ANDERSEN	1908	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus subrufus				Anterior edge of horseshoe narrowly emar ginated, the emargination extended posteriorly as a narrow groove reaching less than halfway to internarial region. Base of well-developed con necting process at most sparsely haired, not re cessed into base of lancet. Upper part of sella un modifed. Size relatively large (forearm length, 53-57 mm). Internarial cup narrow. Frontal de pression of skull prominent.	Two sub species are recognized:		63. R. subrufus ANDERSEN 1908 [euryotis group],	63	_R. s. bunkeri_ Taylor, 1934; _R. s. subrufus_ Andersen, 1905 (synonyms: _rufus_ Peters, 1861)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus		subrufus	K. Andersen		1905		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	16		283		Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.	Philippines except Palawan region.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	rufus Peters, 1861 [not Eydoux and Gervais, 1836]; bunkeri Taylor, 1934.	euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).	885887A2FFCA8A2CFF7CF02DF682D03B	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	320	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFE68A00FF1EF3EDF6F4DCB8.xml	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe roussâtre @fr | Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase @de | Herradura rufo pequeno @es	Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 , “ Manila ,” Luzon , Philippines . Rhinolophus subrufus is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. inops , it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. inops ). Two subspecies recognized.	R. s. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippines ( Luzon , Lubang , Mindoro , Catanduanes , Negros , Leyte , and Camiguin Is ). R. s. bunkeri E.. H. Taylor, 1934 - Philippines (Mindanao I).	Head-body c . 60-63 mm , tail 22-29 mm , ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 12-13 mm , forearm 53-57 mm ; weight 12-19 g . Pelage has slighdy woolly and crinkled appearance; dorsal pelage is usually reddish or cinnamon rufous, rarely dark brown without trace of red (hairs have an orange rufous base); ventral pelage is similar but slighdy more brownish. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has nearly straight-sided lancet that tapers regularly toward tip and is densely covered in short hairs; connecting process is semicircular and is lined with longer hairs; sella is long and sides narrow very slighdy upward; horseshoe is relatively wide (11-8-13- 3 mm ), covers muzzle, has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic breadth is always larger than mastoid width); zygomatic arch is robust and highly flared ( especially in bunkeri) ; anterior median and lateral nasal swellings are bulbous, whereas posterior swellings are less inflated; rostral profile is distincdy concave; sagittal crest is high to very high; frontal depression is distinct and often quite deep { subrufus ) or shallow {bunkeri)', supraorbital crests are well developed. P2 is small but within tooth row; P3 is small to medium-sized and extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact or sometimes slighdy separated.	Generally associated with lowland tropical forests, and can be locally common in karst areas. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1000 m .	No information.	Females give birth to a single young.	The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in caves. A call frequency of 51 kHz has been recorded from this species.	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bats have often been recorded together with Large-eared Horseshoe Bats { philippinensis ) and Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats { rufus ).	Classified as Data Deficient on 77zr> IUCN ed List. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is infrequendy encountered but appears to be locally common in karst areas. Very litde is currendy known regarding the ecology of this species and the threats it faces; further studies are needed. It is probably threatened by the intensive mining and unregulated tourism that occurs in the karst regions of the Philippines .	Cabauatan et al. (2014) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Heaney , Balete, Dolar et al. (1998) | Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016) | Ong et al. (2016)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750078/files/figure.png	84 . Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus subrufus French: Rhinolophe roussâtre / German: Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura rufo pequeno Taxonomy. Rhinolophus subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 , “ Manila ,” Luzon , Philippines . Rhinolophus subrufus is included in the euryotis species group. Along with R. inops , it may be closely related to the R. arcuatus species complex, based on genetic data (the specimens used in recent genetic analyses were not differentiated from R. inops ). Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R. s. subrufus K. Andersen, 1905 - Philippines ( Luzon , Lubang , Mindoro , Catanduanes , Negros , Leyte , and Camiguin Is ). R. s. bunkeri E.. H. Taylor, 1934 - Philippines (Mindanao I). Descriptive notes. Head-body c . 60-63 mm , tail 22-29 mm , ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 12-13 mm , forearm 53-57 mm ; weight 12-19 g . Pelage has slighdy woolly and crinkled appearance; dorsal pelage is usually reddish or cinnamon rufous, rarely dark brown without trace of red (hairs have an orange rufous base); ventral pelage is similar but slighdy more brownish. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleaf has nearly straight-sided lancet that tapers regularly toward tip and is densely covered in short hairs; connecting process is semicircular and is lined with longer hairs; sella is long and sides narrow very slighdy upward; horseshoe is relatively wide (11-8-13- 3 mm ), covers muzzle, has shallow median emargination, and has lateral leaflets. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Skull is large and heavily built (zygomatic breadth is always larger than mastoid width); zygomatic arch is robust and highly flared ( especially in bunkeri) ; anterior median and lateral nasal swellings are bulbous, whereas posterior swellings are less inflated; rostral profile is distincdy concave; sagittal crest is high to very high; frontal depression is distinct and often quite deep { subrufus ) or shallow {bunkeri)', supraorbital crests are well developed. P2 is small but within tooth row; P3 is small to medium-sized and extruded from tooth row; P2 and P4 are in contact or sometimes slighdy separated. Habitat. Generally associated with lowland tropical forests, and can be locally common in karst areas. Recorded at elevations from sea level up to 1000 m . Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. Activity patterns. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat appears to roost in caves. A call frequency of 51 kHz has been recorded from this species. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Small Rufous Horseshoe Bats have often been recorded together with Large-eared Horseshoe Bats { philippinensis ) and Large Rufous Horseshoe Bats { rufus ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Data Deficient on 77zr> IUCN ed List. The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat is infrequendy encountered but appears to be locally common in karst areas. Very litde is currendy known regarding the ecology of this species and the threats it faces; further studies are needed. It is probably threatened by the intensive mining and unregulated tourism that occurs in the karst regions of the Philippines . Bibliography. Cabauatan et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003), Heaney , Balete, Dolar et al. (1998), Heaney, Balete & Rickart (2016), Ong et al. (2016).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus subrufus	Rhinolophus		subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 16: 283	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat	 rufus Peters, 1861 [not Eydoux and Gervais, 1836]; <b> bunkeri </b> Taylor, 1934.	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Data Deficient	 euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus subrufus	23	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	0	Rhinolophus_subrufus	Andersen, K. (1905). On the bats of the Rhinolophus arcuatus group, with descriptions of five new forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 16, 283.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63348#page/315/mode/1up	BM 1858.3.29.4		"Manila," Luzon, Philippines.			rufus W. Peters, 1861|subrufus K. Andersen, 1905|bunkeri E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA	Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19571	Rhinolophus subrufus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	subrufus	Andersen, 1905	<span lang="EN-US">The taxonomic status of this species is uncertain, and further research is required (L. Heaney and D. Balete pers. comm. 2015).	20000000	Rhinolophus subrufus	Data Deficient		2016	2015-12-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is assessed as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity, extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.	<p><span lang="EN-US">It is a very poorly known species. Some records of R. subrufus are from caves (M. Duya pers. comm., Heaney et al . 1998), and it is assumed to be associated with lowland tropical forest. ;They are locally common in karst areas, but infrequently encountered elsewhere (Heaney et al . 2016). ;</p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">The precise threats to this very poorly known species are currently unknown; however, intensive mining and unregulated tourism in the karst areas may be negatively impacting this species (Heaney et al. 2016, K. Tanalago, pers. comm.).</p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">Very little information is available on the abundance of this species. Most surveys have not used appropriate techniques (L. Heaney pers. comm. 2006), and it may be confused with other species (Heaney et al. 2016)</p>	Unknown	<p><span lang="EN-US">The Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus subrufus )<span lang="EN-US"> ;is endemic to the Philippines, where it has been recorded on Camiguin, Catanduanes, Leyte (Silago and Ormoc provinces), Luzon (Abra, Aurora, Benguet, Cagayan, Camerines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, Laguna, Pampanga, Rizal, Quezon and Sorsogon provinces), Mindanao (Agusan Del Norte, Davao del Sur, Sarangani, and South Cotabato provinces), Mindoro, and Negros (Bacnotan, La Union and Murcia provinces) (Cabauatan et al . 2014, Heaney et al. 1998, 2016, M. Duya pers. comm., Warguez et al . 2013) islands. It has been recorded from near sea level to over 1,000 m Asl (Heaney et al . 1998).</span></p>		Terrestrial	Rhinolophus subrufus occurs in some protected areas. Research is needed to determine the taxonomic validity of this species.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 16: 283	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat	 rufus Peters, 1861 [not Eydoux and Gervais, 1836]; <b> bunkeri </b> Taylor, 1934.	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.	Philippines except Palawan region.	Not listed.	Data Deficient	 euryotis species group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).	Rhinolophus subrufus	1004750	23	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	0	Rhinolophus_subrufus	Andersen, K. (1905). On the bats of the Rhinolophus arcuatus group, with descriptions of five new forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 16, 283.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63348#page/315/mode/1up	BM 1858.3.29.4		"Manila," Luzon, Philippines.			rufus W. Peters, 1861|subrufus K. Andersen, 1905|bunkeri E. H. Taylor, 1934	NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_subrufus	1004750	23	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	subrufus	Andersen	0	Rhinolophus subrufus	Andersen, K.C. 1905-09-01. On the bats of the _Rhinolophus arcuatus_ group, with descriptions of five new forms. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)16(93):281-288.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19214922	BMNH:Mamm:1858.3.29.4	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a13d3f77-3098-4a85-aa33-05cb069c626e	"Manila," Luzon, Philippines.			NA	NA				Philippines	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_subrufus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		subrufus	K. Andersen	1905	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 16: 283	Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat	rufus Peters, 1861 [not Eydoux and Gervais, 1836]; bunkeri Taylor, 1934.	Philippines, Luzon, Manila.	Philippines except Palawan region.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19571/21992005/' target='_blank'>Data Deficient</a>	euryotisspecies group. Includes bunkeri; see Lawrence (1939) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Also see Ingle and Heaney (1992).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus subrufus; Rhinolophus subrufus; Rhinolophus subrufus; Rhinolophus subrufus; Rhinolophus subrufus; Rhinolophus subrufus; subrufus; bunkeri; rufus; subrufus; bunkeri; bunkeri; rufus; rufus; subrufus; bunkeri; Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe roussâtre; Kleine Rotbraune Hufeisennase; Herradura rufo pequeno; Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat; Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat; Small Rufous Horseshoe Bat; R. subrufus