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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1453	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus hildebrandtii [synonym of]	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus smithersi		[HMW] Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al, 2012 , “ Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land , NW Zimbabwe ; 18° 17’05”S ; 28° 05’ 00”E ; elevation 1000 m asl.” Rhinolophus smithersi is in the fumigatus species group, with specimens previously included in R hildebrandtii , although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status. Rhinolophus smithersi is in a clade including R hildebrandtii , R mabuensis , and R cohenae . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii . Requires additional research.; [IUCN] This species was formerly included in Rhinolophus hildebrandti but acoustic, biogeographical, morphological and molecular data show it to be a distinct species. The isolated population from Zimbabwe may constitute a distinct species from the South African populations but more sampling is required to test this.; [batnames2023]  fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii . Requires additional research.; [MDD2023] recently described, although it may be a synonym of R. hildebrandtii based on recent molecular reseach; the species is tentatively retained here awaiting further research; [MDD2025_2.0] recently described, although it may be a synonym of R. hildebrandtii based on recent molecular reseach; the species is tentatively retained here awaiting further research; [batnames2025_1.7] fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii. Requires additional research.; [MDD2025_2.2] recently described, although it may be a synonym of R. hildebrandtii based on recent molecular reseach; the species is tentatively retained here awaiting further research															This species was formerly included in Rhinolophus hildebrandti but acoustic, biogeographical, morphological and molecular data show it to be a distinct species. The isolated population from Zimbabwe may constitute a distinct species from the South African populations but more sampling is required to test this.			smithersi	smithersi			smithersi P. J. Taylor, S. Stoffberg, Monadjem, M. C. Schoeman, Bayliss, & Cotterill, 2012						N/A																																								NA																											885887A2FFE48A05F8B7EF34F7B0DC81	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	290	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFC48A22FF17F949F6D8D8DA.xml	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	smithersi	P. J. Taylor et al.	2012	Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophede Smithers @fr | Smithers-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Smithers @es	Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al, 2012 , “ Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land , NW Zimbabwe ; 18° 17’05”S ; 28° 05’ 00”E ; elevation 1000 m asl.” Rhinolophus smithersi is in the fumigatus species group, with specimens previously included in R hildebrandtii , although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status. Rhinolophus smithersi is in a clade including R hildebrandtii , R mabuensis , and R cohenae . Monotypic.	Known only in NW Zimbabwe (Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge S of Zambezi Escarpment) and NE South Africa ( Limpopo Province ). Specific status ofsimilarly looking populations throughout the rest of southern Africa ( Zambia , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , and Botswana ) has not been assessed, and additional sampling is needed.	Head-body 73-81 mm , tail 35—37 mm , ear 32-35 mm , hindfoot 13- 15 mm , forearm 61-65 mm ; weight 23-31 g . Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat ( A hildebrandtii ), although it is distincdy smaller. Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slighdy concave sides and rounded dp; connecting process is rounded and does not reach tip of sella; sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base but parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at 10-14 mm , covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is weakly developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; a lower premolar is apparently always absent. P2 is tiny and fully displaced labially , allowing C 1 and P4 to touch or almost touch, and P3 is absent , allowing P and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60.	Miombo savanna on Karoo sandstone, dominated by Brachystegia glaucescens ( Fabaceae ) and baobabs ( Adansonia digitata , Malvaceae ), where much of landscape has been converted to cotton fields in Zimbabwe . In South Africa , Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats can be found in diverse riparian woodland fringes along rivers.	Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It forages using perchhunting and slow hawking in or around dense vegetation and close to the ground. Fecal pellets primarily contained beetles and moths, but some flies were also found.	Litter size of Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is one.	Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night with short periods of rest in night roosts. Day roosts have not been found, but they are suspected to use sandstone cliff caves and hollowed out baobabs when available. Call shape is FM /CF/ FM , with F component of 44 46 kHz in Zimbabwe and South Africa .	Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat probably roosts in clusters, not touching one another.	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN ed List. Despite having a relatively wide distribution, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is currently known from few individuals and might be threatened by mining, habitat destruction, and climate change.	ACR (2018) | Cotterill & Happold (2013c) | Kaipf et al. (2015) | Kearney et al. (2017) | Stuart (2015) | Taylor (2017) | Taylor et al. (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749948/files/figure.png	20 . Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus smithersi French: Rhinolophe de Smithers / German: Smithers-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Smithers Taxonomy. Rhinolophus smithersi P. J. Taylor et al, 2012 , “ Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land , NW Zimbabwe ; 18° 17’05”S ; 28° 05’ 00”E ; elevation 1000 m asl.” Rhinolophus smithersi is in the fumigatus species group, with specimens previously included in R hildebrandtii , although recent genetic and morphological studies justified its specific status. Rhinolophus smithersi is in a clade including R hildebrandtii , R mabuensis , and R cohenae . Monotypic. Distribution. Known only in NW Zimbabwe (Lutope-Ngolangola Gorge S of Zambezi Escarpment) and NE South Africa ( Limpopo Province ). Specific status ofsimilarly looking populations throughout the rest of southern Africa ( Zambia , Malawi , Mozambique , Zimbabwe , and Botswana ) has not been assessed, and additional sampling is needed. Descriptive notes. Head-body 73-81 mm , tail 35—37 mm , ear 32-35 mm , hindfoot 13- 15 mm , forearm 61-65 mm ; weight 23-31 g . Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat ( A hildebrandtii ), although it is distincdy smaller. Dorsal pelage is gray to grayish brown; venter is slighdy paler. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium-long in length. Noseleaf has long subtriangular lancet, with straight or slighdy concave sides and rounded dp; connecting process is rounded and does not reach tip of sella; sella is moderately covered in longish hairs and has concave sides near base but parallel sides near broad and rounded top; and horseshoe is broad at 10-14 mm , covers muzzle, has lateral leaflets, and has deeply notched median emargination. Lower lip has one groove. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Skull is robust and comparatively long, with robust zygomatic arches and zygomatic width much larger than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and longer than they are broad; frontal depression is weakly developed; and sagittal crest is well developed. Dental formula is 11/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; a lower premolar is apparently always absent. P2 is tiny and fully displaced labially , allowing C 1 and P4 to touch or almost touch, and P3 is absent , allowing P and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60. Habitat. Miombo savanna on Karoo sandstone, dominated by Brachystegia glaucescens ( Fabaceae ) and baobabs ( Adansonia digitata , Malvaceae ), where much of landscape has been converted to cotton fields in Zimbabwe . In South Africa , Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats can be found in diverse riparian woodland fringes along rivers. Food and Feeding. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous. It forages using perchhunting and slow hawking in or around dense vegetation and close to the ground. Fecal pellets primarily contained beetles and moths, but some flies were also found. Breeding. Litter size of Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is one. Activity patterns. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, foraging throughout the night with short periods of rest in night roosts. Day roosts have not been found, but they are suspected to use sandstone cliff caves and hollowed out baobabs when available. Call shape is FM /CF/ FM , with F component of 44 46 kHz in Zimbabwe and South Africa . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat probably roosts in clusters, not touching one another. Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN ed List. Despite having a relatively wide distribution, Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat is currently known from few individuals and might be threatened by mining, habitat destruction, and climate change. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill & Happold (2013c), Kaipf et al. (2015), Kearney et al. (2017), Stuart (2015), Taylor (2017), Taylor et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus smithersi	Rhinolophus		smithersi	Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss & Cotterill	2012	0	PLoS One	7(9): 19	Smithers' Horseshoe Bat	None.	Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land, NW Zimbabwe	NW Zimbabwe and N South Africa	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii . Requires additional research.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	synonym of Rhinolophus hildebrandtii																																													IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	60000000	Rhinolophus smithersi	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	smithersi	Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss &; Cotterill, 2012	This species was formerly included in Rhinolophus hildebrandti but acoustic, biogeographical, morphological and molecular data show it to be a distinct species. The isolated population from Zimbabwe may constitute a distinct species from the South African populations but more sampling is required to test this.	60000000	Rhinolophus smithersi	Near Threatened	D1	2017	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species does not trigger any thresholds for any threatened categories under any of the criteria. Recent collecting has shown that, although essentially limited to one province of South Africa (with an isolated small Zimbabwean population), the species is quite widespread so areas of occupancy and extent of occurrence exceed the thresholds for Vulnerable under criterion B. There is no evidence for declines in the species or its habitat. However, colony sizes are very small and the species appears to have a scattered occurrence in the landscape (e.g., it is rarely collected with harp traps or recorded with bat detectors during surveys of the Soutpansberg). Since it is limited by availability of roosting sites, and possibly suitable water sources, it is hard to believe that the entire population of the species could be much more than 1,000 individuals, so it could potentially be Vulnerable under criterion D1. Until the popualtion size can be confirmed to be below 1,000, however, the species is assessed as Near Threatened (nearly meets VU D1).	The species appears to be locally quite widespread in the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Waterberg ranges in Limpopo Province as well as in the Limpopo Valley (19 localities known), where it is dependent on natural caves or man-made underground cavities such as old mine adits. One roost in the Soutpansberg comprised an underground spring which had been opened to the surface artificially. Colony sizes are small (just a few individuals). The single individual of this species from Zimbabwe was recorded from a natural gorge (Lutope Gorge) where one individual was collected among a much larger series of R. mossambicus , indicating that these two species can occur sympatrically.	There are no known major threats to this species at present as much of its range occurs throughout the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Waterberg ranges of Limpopo where human impacts and habitat transformation are not yet severe. The threat of extensive planned coal, platinum, natural gas (fracking) and other mining developments over much of the Limpopo Valley and the foothills of the Soutpansberg and Waterberg mountains and the Mahabeng Plateau, could impact heavily on populations, e.g. through roosting and foraging habitat loss, noise, air and water pollution and water abstraction leading to degradation of riparian habitats. Suppression of fire together with over-grazing of cattle and game and climate change has resulted in serious bush encroachment of savannas across much of its range (e.g. the western Soutpansberg) which has been shown to have a negative effect on biodiversity generally. In the eastern Soutpansberg, afforestation and alien plant invasions have considerably altered natural habitats. Limpopo is extremely drought-prone and water-stressed and with projected climate change, since the species seems to be dependent on water sources for drinking, extreme droughts in the area have had potentially devastating effects on wildlife generally.	Rhinolophus smithersi has colony sizes very small but more precise information about population size is missing.	Stable	This species is known to occur in two isolated areas, the Lutope-Ngolangola confluence just south of the Zambezi Escarpment in Zimbabwe (one known locality), and the Limpopo Province of South Africa (19 localities) where it is associated with the Limpopo Valley and the Soutpansberg, Blouberg and Waterberg Mountains (Taylor et al. 2012, 2013).		Terrestrial	Not counting the Zimbabwean population, the entire South African range of the species is included within two UNESCO Biosphere Reserves, the Vhembe and Waterberg Biosphere Seserves. Defining and refining core and buffer areas is a critical part of the ongoing management of these Reserves. Roosting sites of bats should be included as a layer in determining the location of such zones within biosphere reserves. This means that important bat underground (natural and man-made) roosts (including those of ; R. smithersi ) should be included wherever possible in core or buffer areas where developments (including mining) would have to be regulated. Such conservation zonation plans (including Strategic Environmental Frameworks, EMFs) would inform planning by Provincial Nature Conservation (including the protected areas expansion strategy) and municipal Integrated Development Plans (IDPs), thereby affording protection to roosting sites.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		smithersi	Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss & Cotterill	2012	0	PLoS One	7(9): 19	Smithers' Horseshoe Bat	None.	Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land, NW Zimbabwe	NW Zimbabwe and N South Africa	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii . Requires additional research.	Rhinolophus smithersi	1004747	23	Smithers's Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	smithersi	P. J. Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss, & Cotterill	2012	0	Rhinolophus_smithersi	Taylor, P. J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M. C., Bayliss, J., & Cotterill, F. P. (2012). Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS one, 7(9), 19.	https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0041744	NMZB 33652		"Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land, NW Zimbabwe; 18° 17' 05" S; 28° 05' 00"E; elevation 1000 m asl."	-18.2847	28.083333	smithersi P. J. Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss, & Cotterill, 2012	recently described, although it may be a synonym of R. hildebrandtii based on recent molecular reseach; the species is tentatively retained here awaiting further research	Taylor, P. J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M. C., Bayliss, J., & Cotterill, F. P. (2012). Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS one, 7(9), e41744.|Demos, T. C., Webala, P. W., Goodman, S. M., Peterhans, J. C. K., Bartonjo, M., & Patterson, B. D. (2019). Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), 1-14.				Zimbabwe|South Africa|Zambia?|Malawi?|Mozambique?|Botswana?	Africa	Afrotropic	NT	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_smithersi	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_smithersi	1004747	23	Smithers's Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	smithersi	P. J. Taylor, S. Stoffberg, Monadjem, M. C. Schoeman, Bayliss, & Cotterill	0	Rhinolophus smithersi	Taylor, P.J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M.C., Bayliss, J. and Cotterill, F.P.D. 2012-09-12. Four new bat species (_Rhinolophus hildebrandtii_ complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS ONE 7(9):e41744.	https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041744	NHMBZ 33647	holotype		"Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land, NW Zimbabwe; 18° 17' 05" S; 28° 05' 00"E; elevation 1000 m asl."	-18.2847	28.08333	recently described, although it may be a synonym of R. hildebrandtii based on recent molecular reseach; the species is tentatively retained here awaiting further research	Taylor, P. J., Stoffberg, S., Monadjem, A., Schoeman, M. C., Bayliss, J., & Cotterill, F. P. (2012). Four new bat species (Rhinolophus hildebrandtii complex) reflect Plio-Pleistocene divergence of dwarfs and giants across an Afromontane archipelago. PLoS one, 7(9), e41744.|Demos, T. C., Webala, P. W., Goodman, S. M., Peterhans, J. C. K., Bartonjo, M., & Patterson, B. D. (2019). Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), 1-14.				Zimbabwe|South Africa|Zambia?|Malawi?|Mozambique?|Botswana?	Africa	Afrotropic	NT	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_smithersi	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		smithersi	Taylor, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Bayliss & Cotterill	2012	0	PLoS One	7(9): 19	Smithers' Horseshoe Bat	None.	Ngolangola Gorge at confluence with Lutope River, Sebungwe District, Gokwe Communal Land, NW Zimbabwe	NW Zimbabwe and N South Africa	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/64588371/64589277/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	fumigatus species group. Given the morphological and acoustic distinctiveness of this taxon (see Taylor et al., 2018), we provisionally continue to recognize smithersi as a valid species. However, molecular results based on cytochrome b presented by Demos et al. (2019) suggest that smithersi may be a synonym of hildebrandtii. Requires additional research.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus smithersi; Rhinolophus smithersi; Rhinolophus hildebrandtii; Rhinolophus smithersi; Rhinolophus smithersi; Smithers’s Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophede Smithers; Smithers-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Smithers; Smithers' Horseshoe Bat; R. smithersi