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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1449	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus simulator		[MSW2] Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975:387) and Hayman and Hill (1971:25).; [MSW3] capensis species group. Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971).; [HMW] Rhinolophus simulator K Andersen, 1904 , “ Mazoe [Valley] , Mashonaland ,” Zimbabwe . Rhinolophus simulator is in the capensis species group and seems to be close to R rhodesiae , R gorongosae , and a Liberian specimen of R landeri based on recent genetic findings. Rhinolophus alticolus is usually included as a subspecies of R simulator but is considered a distinct species here based on its morphological distinction and distributional discontinuity. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  capensis species group. Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971). Includes gorongosae , which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). May include rhodesiae , which we continue to recognize as distinct pending additional investigation. Burgin (2019) raised alticolus to a full species, based on its morphological distinctiveness and distributional discontinuity. Demos et al. (2019) found strong support for a clade from Cameroon (the type locality of alticolus ), Gabon, and Democratic Republic of Congo, their cf. denti , which nested well within a clade of simulator . Given these results, and the loss of the type of alticolus (see Demos et al., 2019); we retain alticolus in simulator , pending additional investigation.; [MDD2022] ncludes the recently described gorongosae and rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data; [IUCN] Although no subspecies were recognised by Meester et al. (1986), more recently two subspecies are tentatively recognised: Rhinolophus simulator simulator from eastern Africa, extending from Ethiopia to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; and R . s . alticolus from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Cameroon (Cotterill &; Happold 2013). Future research may confirm that R . s . alticolus is a distinct species (Cotterill &; Happold 2013).; [batnames2023]  capensis species group. Does not include alticolus ; see Burgin (2019) and the alticolus entry. May include gorongosae ; but we follow Monadjem et al. (2020), Includes bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971). Includes gorongosae , which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). May include rhodesiae , which we continue to recognize as distinct pending additional investigation.; [MDD2023] may include R. gorongosae and R. rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data, although the species are tentatively retained here awaiting further research; [MDD2025_2.0] tentatively includes the recently described gorongosae and rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data, although further work is needed to clarify their taxonomic status; [batnames2025_1.7] capensis species group. Does not include alticolus; see Burgin (2019) and the alticolus entry. Includes gorongosae, which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). Includes rhodesiae. Includes bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971).; [MDD2025_2.2] tentatively includes the recently described gorongosae and rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data, although further work is needed to clarify their taxonomic status				alticolus, bembanicus		alticolus, bembanicus.	alticolus, simulator		bembanicus, alticolus			simulator, alticolus	simulator - bembanicus, gorongosae, rhodesiae?	simulator, bembanicus, rhodesiae, gorongosae	Although no subspecies were recognised by Meester et al. (1986), more recently two subspecies are tentatively recognised: Rhinolophus simulator simulator from eastern Africa, extending from Ethiopia to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; and R . s . alticolus from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Cameroon (Cotterill &; Happold 2013). Future research may confirm that R . s . alticolus is a distinct species (Cotterill &; Happold 2013).	simulator 	simulator - bembanicus, gorongosae, rhodesiae 	simulator, bembanicus	simulator, bembanicus, rhodesiae, gorongosae	simulator 	simulator - bembanicus, gorongosae, rhodesiae 	simulator Andersen, 1904|bembanicus Senna, 1914|rhodesiae A. Roberts, 1946|gorongosae P. J. Taylor, MacDonald, S. M. Goodman, T. Kearney, Cotterill, S. Stoffberg, Monadjem, M. C. Schoeman, J. Guyton, Naskrecki, & L. R. Richards, 2018		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Bushveld horseshoe bat	Nigeria – Ethiopia – Transvaal, etc.	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus simulator	Zimbabwe, Mazoe.	K. Andersen	1904	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 14:384.	Distribution: Eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Natal, also Cameroon, Nigeria, and Guinea.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Bushveld horseshoe bat	Nigeria, Cameroun – Ethiopia – Transvaal, etc.	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1904	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 14:384.	Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975:387) and Hayman and Hill (1971:25).	South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia; Cameroon; Nigeria; Guinea.	Zimbabwe, Mazoe.		ANDERSEN	1904	Anterior nasal swellings enlarged. An terior upper premolar greatly reduced, though in toothrow. Second phalanx of third digit of wing elongate. Size medium (forearm length, 40 -49 mm). Sella relatively broad. Ears relatively long.	Distribution: Eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Natal, also Cameroon, Nigeria, and Guinea.	Two subspecies recognized here (often treated as separate species):	R. s. alticolus (Guinea, Nigeria, Cameroon), R. s. simulator (eastern Africa).	53	species	R. simulator	ANDERSEN	1904	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus simulator				Anterior nasal swellings enlarged. An terior upper premolar greatly reduced, though in toothrow. Second phalanx of third digit of wing elongate. Size medium (forearm length, 40 -49 mm). Sella relatively broad. Ears relatively long.	Two subspecies recognized here (often treated as separate species):		11. R. simulator ANDERSEN 1904 [ferrumequinum group].	11	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus		simulator	K. Andersen		1904		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7	14		384		Bushveld Horseshoe Bat	Zimbabwe, Mazoe.	South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia; Cameroon; Liberia; Nigeria; Guinea.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	bembanicus Senna, 1914; alticolus Sanborn, 1936.	capensis species group. Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971).	885887A2FFE18A06F899F4EFF9BFD35B	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	286	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFC88A2EFF01FB09F347DC1A.xml	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	simulator	K Andersen	1904	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe debrousse @fr | Bushveld-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Bushveld @es	Rhinolophus simulator K Andersen, 1904 , “ Mazoe [Valley] , Mashonaland ,” Zimbabwe . Rhinolophus simulator is in the capensis species group and seems to be close to R rhodesiae , R gorongosae , and a Liberian specimen of R landeri based on recent genetic findings. Rhinolophus alticolus is usually included as a subspecies of R simulator but is considered a distinct species here based on its morphological distinction and distributional discontinuity. Monotypic.	E & SE Africa, with scattered localities from C Ethiopia and S South Sudan to S Zambia , Zimbabwe , SE Botswana , and E South Africa .	Head-body c. 44-56 mm , tail 19-29 mm , ear 18-23 mm , hindfoot 7—10 mm , forearm 42—49 mm ; weight 5-1—11- 2 g . Dorsal pelage is highly variable, with records of dark sepia-brown, medium brown, grayish fawn, brownish gray, and gray, sometimes with yellowish hue (hairs are paler at bases). Ventral pelage is distinctly paler and sometimes whitish. No orange morph is known, although there is an apparent report from East Africa that needs to be confirmed. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (40-50% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular, strongly hastate lancet (distinctly different from that of the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat , R alticolus )', connecting process is rounded and subequal to height of sella (thinner than in the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat); sella is naked, with sides nearly parallel or slightly concave; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively well developed; horseshoe is narrow at 6-7- 9 mm , with very indistinct lateral leaflets and deep notch on anterior emargination. Lower lip has three grooves, and lateral grooves are indistinct in some specimens. Wings are dark brown or dark grayish brown, and uropatagium is nearly black. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches and zygomatic width less than or equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and rounded; frontal depression is moderately deep; sagittal crest is very underdeveloped , being very low; and palatal bridge is 29-34% oflength of upper tooth row. Dental formula has 30 or 32 teeth when P3 is absent; P2 is small to medium-sized and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; j is smaller basally than C1; and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent in some individuals, allowing contact between P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2 n = 58 and FNa = 60 ( South Africa ).	Primarily wet woodland savannas and associated water sources. In East Africa, Bushveld Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in Brachystegia ( Fabaceae ) dominated woodland savannas and some montane and coastal mosaic habitats. In South Africa ( KwaZulu-Natal ), they are found associated with valley bushveld near major rivers. They are probably found near roosting caves, which are presumably the largest indicator of distributional patterns.	Bushveld Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking and possibly gleaning. They are known to forage near lights at night. Stomach samples of 34 individuals in wet season in Zambia contained moths (73% by volume), beetles (13%), termites (8%), crickets (5%), and various other insects. During dry season, stomach samples of 18 individuals contained moths (87%) and midges (13%).	The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. In Zimbabwe , spermatogenesis occurs approximately in May, and sperm is stored in epididymis for three months at least through dry season. Copulation occurs in late June to July , and implantation occurs in July. In Zimbabwe , births have been reported in mid-November in wet season after gestations of 90-130 days. Variable lengths of gestations depend on whether delayed implantation in the female occurred or not. Juveniles were volant at less than three weeks old in Zimbabwe . In Malawi and Zambia , births were also reported in wet season in November. Increase in scrotal size was reported from April toJuly in South Africa , indicating that copulation most likely occurs in winter. In South Africa , pregnant females were captured in September, and lactating females were captured inJanuary.	Bushveld Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day in their roosts and foraging at night . They become torpid during the day in dry seasons in Zimbabwe but not in wet seasons. Roosts have been recorded in wet and dry caves and abandoned mines. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with F component of 78 kHz in Zimbabwe (although this is low for the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat, indicating that the individual might have been misidentified), 84-86 kHz in Malawi , 83-2-84-4 kHz in Swaziland , and 80-6—83 kHz in South Africa . Call durations have been recorded at 7—19 milliseconds in South Africa and Swaziland and 24—34 milliseconds in Malawi . Differences in call frequencies across the distribution of the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat vary based on latitude, geography, and climatic differences.	Colonies of Bushveld Horseshoe Bats consist of several dozen individuals, although colonies with c .150 individuals and C.300 individuals have been reported in South Africa . Individuals hang in their roosts in clusters but do not touch each other. Females form maternity colonies in spring. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat has been recorded roosting with species of Nycteris , Hipposideros (in one cave, each species was found roosting in separate chambers), Miniopterus , and other Rhinolophus .	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is threatened largely by cave disturbance and general habitat loss from agricultural expansion and mining operations. Populations are declining throughout the distribution.	ACR (2018) | Cotterill (1998) | Cotterill & Happold (2013d) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Linden et al. (2014) | Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs & Cotterill (2017c) | Mutumi (2016) | Mutumi & Jacobs (2013) | Mutumi et al. (2016) | Rautenbach (1986) | Taylor , Macdonald et al. (2018) | Whitaker & Black (1976) | Wingate (1983)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749934/files/figure.png	12 . Bushveld Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus simulator French: Rhinolophe de brousse / German: Bushveld-Hufeisennase/Spanish: Herradura de Bushveld Taxonomy. Rhinolophus simulator K Andersen, 1904 , “ Mazoe [Valley] , Mashonaland ,” Zimbabwe . Rhinolophus simulator is in the capensis species group and seems to be close to R rhodesiae , R gorongosae , and a Liberian specimen of R landeri based on recent genetic findings. Rhinolophus alticolus is usually included as a subspecies of R simulator but is considered a distinct species here based on its morphological distinction and distributional discontinuity. Monotypic. Distribution. E & SE Africa, with scattered localities from C Ethiopia and S South Sudan to S Zambia , Zimbabwe , SE Botswana , and E South Africa . Descriptive notes. Head-body c. 44-56 mm , tail 19-29 mm , ear 18-23 mm , hindfoot 7—10 mm , forearm 42—49 mm ; weight 5-1—11- 2 g . Dorsal pelage is highly variable, with records of dark sepia-brown, medium brown, grayish fawn, brownish gray, and gray, sometimes with yellowish hue (hairs are paler at bases). Ventral pelage is distinctly paler and sometimes whitish. No orange morph is known, although there is an apparent report from East Africa that needs to be confirmed. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are medium in length (40-50% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular, strongly hastate lancet (distinctly different from that of the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat , R alticolus )', connecting process is rounded and subequal to height of sella (thinner than in the Cameroon Horseshoe Bat); sella is naked, with sides nearly parallel or slightly concave; narial lobes at base of sella are comparatively well developed; horseshoe is narrow at 6-7- 9 mm , with very indistinct lateral leaflets and deep notch on anterior emargination. Lower lip has three grooves, and lateral grooves are indistinct in some specimens. Wings are dark brown or dark grayish brown, and uropatagium is nearly black. Skull is delicately built, with thin zygomatic arches and zygomatic width less than or equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively high and rounded; frontal depression is moderately deep; sagittal crest is very underdeveloped , being very low; and palatal bridge is 29-34% oflength of upper tooth row. Dental formula has 30 or 32 teeth when P3 is absent; P2 is small to medium-sized and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; j is smaller basally than C1; and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent in some individuals, allowing contact between P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2 n = 58 and FNa = 60 ( South Africa ). Habitat. Primarily wet woodland savannas and associated water sources. In East Africa, Bushveld Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in Brachystegia ( Fabaceae ) dominated woodland savannas and some montane and coastal mosaic habitats. In South Africa ( KwaZulu-Natal ), they are found associated with valley bushveld near major rivers. They are probably found near roosting caves, which are presumably the largest indicator of distributional patterns. Food and Feeding. Bushveld Horseshoe Bats forage by slow hawking and possibly gleaning. They are known to forage near lights at night. Stomach samples of 34 individuals in wet season in Zambia contained moths (73% by volume), beetles (13%), termites (8%), crickets (5%), and various other insects. During dry season, stomach samples of 18 individuals contained moths (87%) and midges (13%). Breeding. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. In Zimbabwe , spermatogenesis occurs approximately in May, and sperm is stored in epididymis for three months at least through dry season. Copulation occurs in late June to July , and implantation occurs in July. In Zimbabwe , births have been reported in mid-November in wet season after gestations of 90-130 days. Variable lengths of gestations depend on whether delayed implantation in the female occurred or not. Juveniles were volant at less than three weeks old in Zimbabwe . In Malawi and Zambia , births were also reported in wet season in November. Increase in scrotal size was reported from April toJuly in South Africa , indicating that copulation most likely occurs in winter. In South Africa , pregnant females were captured in September, and lactating females were captured inJanuary. Activity patterns. Bushveld Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day in their roosts and foraging at night . They become torpid during the day in dry seasons in Zimbabwe but not in wet seasons. Roosts have been recorded in wet and dry caves and abandoned mines. Call shape is FM /CF/FM, with F component of 78 kHz in Zimbabwe (although this is low for the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat, indicating that the individual might have been misidentified), 84-86 kHz in Malawi , 83-2-84-4 kHz in Swaziland , and 80-6—83 kHz in South Africa . Call durations have been recorded at 7—19 milliseconds in South Africa and Swaziland and 24—34 milliseconds in Malawi . Differences in call frequencies across the distribution of the Bushveld Horseshoe Bat vary based on latitude, geography, and climatic differences. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Bushveld Horseshoe Bats consist of several dozen individuals, although colonies with c .150 individuals and C.300 individuals have been reported in South Africa . Individuals hang in their roosts in clusters but do not touch each other. Females form maternity colonies in spring. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat has been recorded roosting with species of Nycteris , Hipposideros (in one cave, each species was found roosting in separate chambers), Miniopterus , and other Rhinolophus . Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. The Bushveld Horseshoe Bat is threatened largely by cave disturbance and general habitat loss from agricultural expansion and mining operations. Populations are declining throughout the distribution. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Cotterill (1998), Cotterill & Happold (2013d), Csorba et al. (2003), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs & Cotterill (2017c), Mutumi (2016), Mutumi & Jacobs (2013), Mutumi et al. (2016), Rautenbach (1986), Taylor , Macdonald et al. (2018), Whitaker & Black (1976), Wingate (1983).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus simulator	Rhinolophus		simulator	K. Andersen	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 14: 384	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat	 bembanicus Senna, 1914; <b> alticolus </b> Sanborn, 1936.	Zimbabwe, Mazoe.	South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia; Cameroon; Liberia; Nigeria; Guinea.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 capensis species group. Includes alticolus and bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971). Includes gorongosae , which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). May include rhodesiae , which we continue to recognize as distinct pending additional investigation. Burgin (2019) raised alticolus to a full species, based on its morphological distinctiveness and distributional discontinuity. Demos et al. (2019) found strong support for a clade from Cameroon (the type locality of alticolus ), Gabon, and Democratic Republic of Congo, their cf. denti , which nested well within a clade of simulator . Given these results, and the loss of the type of alticolus (see Demos et al., 2019); we retain alticolus in simulator , pending additional investigation.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus simulator	23	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	simulator	K. Andersen	1904	0	Rhinolophus_simluator	Andersen, K. (1904). Five new Rhinolophi from Africa. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany and geology, ser. 7, 14, 384.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/78261#page/418/mode/1up	BM 1902.2.7.10		"Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland," Zimbabwe.			simulator K. Andersen, 1904|bembanicus Senna, 1914|rhodesiae Roberts, 1946|gorongosae P. J. Taylor, MacDonald, Goodman, Kearney, Cotterill, Stoffberg, Monadjem, Schoeman, Guyton, Naskrecki, & L. R. Richards, 2018	ncludes the recently described gorongosae and rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data	Taylor, P. J., Macdonald, A., Goodman, S. M., Kearney, T., Cotterill, F. P., Stoffberg, S., ... & Richards, L. R. (2018). Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184(4), 1249-1276.|Demos, T. C., Webala, P. W., Goodman, S. M., Peterhans, J. C. K., Bartonjo, M., & Patterson, B. D. (2019). Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), 1-14.	Ethiopia|South Sudan|Kenya|Uganda|Tanzania|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Malawi|Mozambique|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19568	Rhinolophus simulator	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	simulator	K. Andersen, 1904	Although no subspecies were recognised by Meester et al. (1986), more recently two subspecies are tentatively recognised: Rhinolophus simulator simulator from eastern Africa, extending from Ethiopia to KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa; and R . s . alticolus from Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria and Cameroon (Cotterill &; Happold 2013). Future research may confirm that R . s . alticolus is a distinct species (Cotterill &; Happold 2013).	20000000	Rhinolophus simulator	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category	This species is typically associated with caves in areas of moist savanna. It is also reported from bushveld adjacent to rivers and savanna woodland (particularly Brachystegia woodland in Zimbabwe) (Skinner and Smithers, 1990). Availability of day roosts in the form of caves and mine adits is a necessary component of their habitat (Taylor, 1998).	This species is threatened in parts of its range by cave disturbance and the loss of habitat resulting from the conversion of land to agricultural use and mining operations.	This species can be locally common. Colonies may consist of a couple of hundred individuals, although these are often quite fragmented because of the species association with caves for breeding.	Decreasing	This species is widely distributed in sub-Saharan Africa. There are records in West Africa from the Wonegizi Mountains and Mount Nimba (Guinea and Liberia), and from central Nigeria. In Central Africa it has been reported from Cameroon. In East Africa there are many more records, with the species being reported from as far north as Ethiopia and southern Sudan, ranging southwards through Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania to Zambia, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, eastern South Africa, Swaziland and southern Botswana.		Terrestrial	There appear to be no direct conservation measures in place. In view of the species East African and southern African distribution, it seems likely that it is present in some protected areas.	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		simulator	K. Andersen	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 14: 384	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat	 bembanicus Senna, 1914; <b> alticolus </b> Sanborn, 1936.	Zimbabwe, Mazoe	South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia	Not listed.	Least Concern	 capensis species group. Does not include alticolus ; see Burgin (2019) and the alticolus entry. May include gorongosae ; but we follow Monadjem et al. (2020), Includes bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971). Includes gorongosae , which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). May include rhodesiae , which we continue to recognize as distinct pending additional investigation.	Rhinolophus simulator	1004745	23	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	simulator	K. Andersen	1904	0	Rhinolophus_simluator	Andersen, K. (1904). Five new Rhinolophi from Africa. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany and geology, ser. 7, 14, 384.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/78261#page/418/mode/1up	BM 1902.2.7.10		"Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland," Zimbabwe.			simulator K. Andersen, 1904|bembanicus Senna, 1914	may include R. gorongosae and R. rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data, although the species are tentatively retained here awaiting further research	Taylor, P. J., Macdonald, A., Goodman, S. M., Kearney, T., Cotterill, F. P., Stoffberg, S., ... & Richards, L. R. (2018). Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184(4), 1249-1276.|Demos, T. C., Webala, P. W., Goodman, S. M., Peterhans, J. C. K., Bartonjo, M., & Patterson, B. D. (2019). Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), 1-14.				Ethiopia|South Sudan|Kenya|Uganda|Tanzania|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Malawi|Mozambique|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_simulator	1004745	23	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	simulator	Andersen	0	Rhinolophus simulator	Andersen, K.C. 1904-11-01. Five new _Rhinolophi_ from Africa. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7)14(83):378-388.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/27734111	BMNH:Mamm:1902.2.7.10	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/86d2db58-412f-4ac3-b23b-76b9d9c2d818	"Mazoe [Valley], Mashonaland," Zimbabwe.			tentatively includes the recently described gorongosae and rhodesiae (previously a synonym of R. swinnyi) as synonyms based on recent molecular data, although further work is needed to clarify their taxonomic status	Taylor, P. J., Macdonald, A., Goodman, S. M., Kearney, T., Cotterill, F. P., Stoffberg, S., ... & Richards, L. R. (2018). Integrative taxonomy resolves three new cryptic species of small southern African horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 184(4), 1249-1276.|Demos, T. C., Webala, P. W., Goodman, S. M., Peterhans, J. C. K., Bartonjo, M., & Patterson, B. D. (2019). Molecular phylogenetics of the African horseshoe bats (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae): expanded geographic and taxonomic sampling of the Afrotropics. BMC evolutionary biology, 19(1), 1-14.				Ethiopia|South Sudan|Kenya|Uganda|Tanzania|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Zambia|Zimbabwe|Malawi|Mozambique|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa	Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_simulator	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		simulator	K. Andersen	1904	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 7, 14: 384	Bushveld Horseshoe Bat	bembanicus Senna, 1914; alticolus Sanborn, 1936.	Zimbabwe, Mazoe	South Africa to S Sudan and Ethiopia	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19568/21994351/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	capensis species group. Does not include alticolus; see Burgin (2019) and the alticolus entry. Includes gorongosae, which may present some morphological and acoustic differences from simulator s.s., but is not monophyletic in mtDNA or nucDNA trees (Taylor et al. 2018; Demos et al. , 2019). Includes rhodesiae. Includes bembanicus; see Koopman (1975) and Hayman and Hill (1971).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus simulator; Rhinolophus simulator; bembanicus; alticolus; alticolus; bembanicus; gorongosae; rhodesiae?; simulator; bembanicus; rhodesiae; gorongosae; Bushveld Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe debrousse; Bushveld-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Bushveld; Bushveld Horseshoe Bat; Bushveld Horseshoe Bat; Bushveld Horseshoe Bat; R. simulator