http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1423	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus philippinensis		[MSW3] philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Two morphologically distinct populations occur on the Cape York peninisula of Australia; see Flannery (1995a, b), Churchill (1998), and Csorba et al. (2003). Flannery (1995a, b) referred the smaller of these forms to the subspecies maros (which he considered to be a senior synonym of alleni and sanborni) and the larger-bodied form to achilles. The only name based on an Australian holotype, robertsi, was treated as a junior synonym of achilles by Flannery (1995b). Flannery (1995a, b) referred all New Guinea populations to maros, but Bonaccorso (1998) referred the New Guinea and Cape York populations to robertsi while recognizing the Kai Isl form (achilles) as a distinct subspecies. Based on sympatry of two forms of "philippinensis" on the Cape York peninsula, it seems clear that at least two species are present in this complex, but taxonomic limits and the appropriate names for each population remain unclear. I follow Koopman (1994) and Csorba et al. (2003) in recognizing each of the named forms as a distinct subspecies pending a thorough revision of this complex.; [HMW] Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 , Luzon , Philippines . Included in the philippinensis species group along with R montanus and R achilles , both of which have generally been regarded as subspecies of R philippinensis . The philippinensis group may be best included within the megaphyllus species group, based on genetic data which show that if not , the megaphyllus group is paraphyletic with respect to R philippinensis . This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion, as populations from Australia (both small and large forms discussed under R achiUes) are closely related to R megaphyllus , while the Sabah (and probably also the Sarawak ) and New Guinea populations form their own clades. Populations in the Philippines and Lesser Sundas have not been genetically tested and neither has R montanus , so at present it is impossible to make firm taxonomic conclusions. The Sabah and New Guinea populations are included here but Australian and Kai Island populations are recognized as a distinct species, based on genetic and morphological data (see R achiUes). Proposed races alleni and sanbomi are considered synonyms of mams, based on morphological similarities. Throughout the distribution of R philippinensis , there are large and small forms, and even within populations there can be several size morphs, such as three in Sabah and Sulawesi (large, intermediate, and small). The three morphs in Sulawesi cluster together genetically in an mtDNA study presented by T. Kingston and S. J. Rossiter in 2004, despite having distinct call frequencies and markedly different forearm lengths. In the same study, Buton Island (offsouth-east Sulawesi) specimens clustered separately from Australian R achiUes, although the authors only included specimens from these two populations. Continued research is desperately needed within the species complex. Two subspecies are recognized.; [batnames2022]  philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Two morphologically distinct populations occur on the Cape York peninisula of Australia; see Flannery (1995a, b), Churchill (1998), and Csorba et al. (2003). Flannery (1995 a,b) referred the smaller of these forms to the subspecies maros (which he considered to be a senior synonym of alleni and sanborni) and the larger-bodied form to achilles. The only name based on an Australian holotype, robertsi, was treated as a junior synonym of achilles by Flannery (1995b). Flannery (1995a, b) referred all New Guinea populations to maros , but Bonaccorso (1998) referred the New Guinea and Cape York populations to robertsi , while recognizing the Kai Isl form (achilles) as a distinct subspecies. Jackson and Groves (2015) followed Churchill (2008) and Reardon et al. (2010) in recognizing robersti as a distinct species. Burgin (2019) recognized  achilles for the populations in Queensland and the Kai Islands, considering the name robertsi a junior synonym. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of data on which to make these assessments. Based on sympatry of two forms of " philippinensis " on the Cape York peninsula, it seems clear that at least two species are present in this complex, but taxonomic limits and the appropriate names for each population remain unclear. We follow Koopman (1994) and Csorba et al. (2003) in recognizing each of the named forms as a distinct subspecies pending a thorough revision of this complex.; [MDD2022] previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi); [IUCN] Rhinolophus 'philippinensis ' ;is a species complex that remains unresolved. It occupies a distribution across Maritime Southeast Asia and part of Australasia and is distinct from members of the ‘Rhinolophus macrotis ’ species group (sensu Zhang et al. 2018) that are distributed in China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is well established that different size forms are found in sympatry in several parts of its range, including Buton Island near Sulawesi (Kingston and Rossiter 2004), Papua New Guinea (Armstrong 2017), Timor-Leste (with R. montanus , K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and Cape York Peninsula in Queensland (Churchill 2008). Resolving the taxonomic status of one of these forms will be best undertaken within a context of comprehensive geographic sampling. Further comments on taxonomy are available in Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (2020). It is known as two separate taxa in Australia: Rhinolophus robertsi and Rhinolophus  ‘intermediate ’ (Woinarski et al. 2014).; [batnames2023]  philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include achilles or robertsi ; see the achilles entry for additional details.; [MDD2023] previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi); [MDD2025_2.0] previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi); [batnames2025_1.7] philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include achilles or robertsi; see the achilles entry for additional details.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi)						achilles, alleni, maros, montanus, robertsi, sanborni.	sanborni, alleni, philippinensis, maros, montanus, achilles, robertsi	philippinensis, achilles, alleni, maros, robertsi, sanborni		philippinensis, maros		philippinensis, achilles, alleni, maros, robertsi, sanborni		philippinensis, alleni, maros, sanborni	Rhinolophus 'philippinensis ' ;is a species complex that remains unresolved. It occupies a distribution across Maritime Southeast Asia and part of Australasia and is distinct from members of the ‘Rhinolophus macrotis ’ species group (sensu Zhang et al. 2018) that are distributed in China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is well established that different size forms are found in sympatry in several parts of its range, including Buton Island near Sulawesi (Kingston and Rossiter 2004), Papua New Guinea (Armstrong 2017), Timor-Leste (with R. montanus , K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and Cape York Peninsula in Queensland (Churchill 2008). Resolving the taxonomic status of one of these forms will be best undertaken within a context of comprehensive geographic sampling. Further comments on taxonomy are available in Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (2020). It is known as two separate taxa in Australia: Rhinolophus robertsi and Rhinolophus  ‘intermediate ’ (Woinarski et al. 2014).	philippinensis, alleni, maros, sanborni		philippinensis, alleni, maros, sanborni 	philippinensis, alleni, maros, sanborni	alleni, maros, philippinensis, sanborni 		philippinensis G. R. Waterhouse, 1843|alleni B. Lawrence, 1939|maros Tate & Archbold, 1939|sanborni Chasen, 1940		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Philippine horseshoe bat	Philippines, Borneo, Celebes, NE Queensland	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Philippines, Luzon.	Waterhouse	1843	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843:68.	Distribution: Known from Borneo, main Philippines, Celebes, Timor, Keis, and northeastern Queensland in Australia.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Philippines horseshoe bat (Large-eared horseshoe Sulawesi, Timor, NE (Large-eared horseshoe bat) Queensland	Philippines, Borneo – Sulawesi, Timor, NE	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Waterhouse	1843	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843:68.		Mindoro, Luzon, Mindanao and Negros (Phillipines); Kei Isis, Sulawesi and Timor (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea; NE Queensland (Australia).	Philippines, Luzon.		WATERHOUSE	1843	Large broad ears with well-developed antitragal lobe. Horseshoe broad. Skull with high projecting median anterior rostral swellings. An terior upper and middle lower premolars in tooth row. Palatal bridge long, more than 1 /3 length of maxillary toothrow. Connecting process extreme ly low and rounded off. Zygomatic width less than mastoid width. Upper incisors minute and widely separated. Infraorbital canal short. Sella broad, without expanded lappets at base, but internarial lobes forming a large cup which is twice as broad as the sella. Lancet tall and weakly haired, its tip rounded. Size fairly large (forearm length, 47-55 mm).	Distribution: Known from Borneo, main Philippines, Celebes, Timor, Keis, and northeastern Queensland in Australia.	Six sub species are currently recognized:	R. p. sanborni (Borneo), R. p. alleni (Mindoro in the Phi lippines), R.p. philippinensis (remaining Philippine is lands), R. p. maros (Celebes), R. p. montanus (Timor), R. p. achilles (Keis), R. p. robertsi (northeastern Queensland).	56	species	R. philippinensis	WATERHOUSE	1843	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus philippinensis				Large broad ears with well-developed antitragal lobe. Horseshoe broad. Skull with high projecting median anterior rostral swellings. An terior upper and middle lower premolars in tooth row. Palatal bridge long, more than 1 /3 length of maxillary toothrow. Connecting process extreme ly low and rounded off. Zygomatic width less than mastoid width. Upper incisors minute and widely separated. Infraorbital canal short. Sella broad, without expanded lappets at base, but internarial lobes forming a large cup which is twice as broad as the sella. Lancet tall and weakly haired, its tip rounded. Size fairly large (forearm length, 47-55 mm).	Six sub species are currently recognized:		41. R. philippinensis WATERHOUSE 1843 [luctus group].	41	_R. p. alleni_ Lawrence, 1939; _R. p. maros_ Tate & Archbold, 1939; _R. p. philippinensis_ Waterhouse, 1843; _R. p. sanborni_ Chasen, 1940			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus		philippinensis	Waterhouse		1843		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1843		68		Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	Philippines, Luzon.	Phillipines; Kai Isls, Sabah, Sarawak, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea; NE Queensland (Australia).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	achilles Thomas, 1900; alleni Lawrence, 1939; maros Tate and Archbold, 1939; robertsi Tate, 1952; sanborni Chasen, 1940.	philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Two morphologically distinct populations occur on the Cape York peninisula of Australia; see Flannery (1995a, b), Churchill (1998), and Csorba et al. (2003). Flannery (1995a, b) referred the smaller of these forms to the subspecies maros (which he considered to be a senior synonym of alleni and sanborni) and the larger-bodied form to achilles. The only name based on an Australian holotype, robertsi, was treated as a junior synonym of achilles by Flannery (1995b). Flannery (1995a, b) referred all New Guinea populations to maros, but Bonaccorso (1998) referred the New Guinea and Cape York populations to robertsi while recognizing the Kai Isl form (achilles) as a distinct subspecies. Based on sympatry of two forms of "philippinensis" on the Cape York peninsula, it seems clear that at least two species are present in this complex, but taxonomic limits and the appropriate names for each population remain unclear. I follow Koopman (1994) and Csorba et al. (2003) in recognizing each of the named forms as a distinct subspecies pending a thorough revision of this complex.	885887A2FFE78A01FF69F95CFA44C82D	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	305	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFD58A33FF63F31AF6DED7F2.xml	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe des Philippines @fr | Philippinen-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de ilipinas @es | German @en | Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat; Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large morph) @en | Lesser Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (small morph) @en | Other commonnames @en	Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 , Luzon , Philippines . Included in the philippinensis species group along with R montanus and R achilles , both of which have generally been regarded as subspecies of R philippinensis . The philippinensis group may be best included within the megaphyllus species group, based on genetic data which show that if not , the megaphyllus group is paraphyletic with respect to R philippinensis . This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion, as populations from Australia (both small and large forms discussed under R achiUes) are closely related to R megaphyllus , while the Sabah (and probably also the Sarawak ) and New Guinea populations form their own clades. Populations in the Philippines and Lesser Sundas have not been genetically tested and neither has R montanus , so at present it is impossible to make firm taxonomic conclusions. The Sabah and New Guinea populations are included here but Australian and Kai Island populations are recognized as a distinct species, based on genetic and morphological data (see R achiUes). Proposed races alleni and sanbomi are considered synonyms of mams, based on morphological similarities. Throughout the distribution of R philippinensis , there are large and small forms, and even within populations there can be several size morphs, such as three in Sabah and Sulawesi (large, intermediate, and small). The three morphs in Sulawesi cluster together genetically in an mtDNA study presented by T. Kingston and S. J. Rossiter in 2004, despite having distinct call frequencies and markedly different forearm lengths. In the same study, Buton Island (offsouth-east Sulawesi) specimens clustered separately from Australian R achiUes, although the authors only included specimens from these two populations. Continued research is desperately needed within the species complex. Two subspecies are recognized.	R p. philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 - Philippines ( Luzon , Polillo , Mindoro , Samar , Negros , Bohol , Siquijor , and Mindanao Is ). R p. maros Tate & Archbold , 1939 - N Borneo ( Sabah and Sarawak ), SW Sulawesi, Kabaena , Buton, Flores , and E Timor Is , and C Papua New Guinea ( Mt Karimui and Waro ).	Head—body c . 56-61 mm , tail 29—37 mm , ear 30-38 mm , hindfoot 10-11 mm , forearm 47-58 mm ; weight 6-7- 12 g . The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat has distinct size morphs throughout much of its distribution. In one study, three size morphs were found in sympatry on Buton Island , off Sulawesi, average forearm lengths being large (56- 1 mm ), intermediate (50- 6 mm ), and small ( 47 mm ). Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon buff or dark brown, while ventral pelage is paler and more grayish; there is no orange morph. Ears are enormous and antitragus is well developed and marked off by deep notch. Noseleaf has prominent lancet with a rounded tip connecting process is low, has convex outline, and joins lancet near base; sella is very large, long, and tongue-shaped, being narrowest at base with longitudinal median depression extending nearly to top; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe’s width; horseshoe is exceptionally broad, covers and extends well past muzzle, has deep median emargination, and lateral leaflets. Skull is narrow and long (zygomatic width is much less than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are conspicuous and elliptical and protrude anteriorly well beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongate; sagittal crest is very low to low; frontal depression is deep or moderately deep; supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small but within tooth row completely, separating C 1 and P4; tiny to small P3 is also within tooth row separating P2 and P4.	Primary and secondary lowland and montane rainforest, riparian forest, open forest, and woodland, as well as disturbed forest in Sulawesi and Flores . Large-eared Horseshoe Bats are typically found near caves or other roosting sites but have been recorded in forest where no caves are known to exist. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1500 m , typically occurring at higher densities at lower elevations.	The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous, foraging among dense vegetation.	Litter size is a single young.	The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, roosting during the day in warm, humid small caves and abandoned mine shafts; also large, deep caves in the Philippines . Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 31-32 kHz on Bohol Island, Philippines , 36-6 kHz in Sabah, Borneo, 27 kHz in East Timor , 27-2 kHz (large morph), 39 kHz (intermediate morph) and 53-6 kHz ( small morph) on Buton Island, Indonesia .	Large-eared Horseshoe Bats appear to roost in relatively small numbers. When roosting, individuals hang separately rather than in a cluster.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Although widespread, the Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is not particularly common throughout its range. It may be threatened by general habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as roost disturbance.	Armstrong & Konishi (2012) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Cooper et al. (1998) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Duya et al. (2007) | Flannery (1995a, 1995b) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Kingston & Rossiter (2004) | Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017) | Zhang Lin et al. (2018)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750006/files/figure.png	50 . Large-eared Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus philippinensis French: Rhinolophe des Philippines I German : Philippinen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de ilipinas Other common names: Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat; Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large morph), Lesser Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (small morph) Taxonomy. Rhinolophus philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 , Luzon , Philippines . Included in the philippinensis species group along with R montanus and R achilles , both of which have generally been regarded as subspecies of R philippinensis . The philippinensis group may be best included within the megaphyllus species group, based on genetic data which show that if not , the megaphyllus group is paraphyletic with respect to R philippinensis . This has led to considerable taxonomic confusion, as populations from Australia (both small and large forms discussed under R achiUes) are closely related to R megaphyllus , while the Sabah (and probably also the Sarawak ) and New Guinea populations form their own clades. Populations in the Philippines and Lesser Sundas have not been genetically tested and neither has R montanus , so at present it is impossible to make firm taxonomic conclusions. The Sabah and New Guinea populations are included here but Australian and Kai Island populations are recognized as a distinct species, based on genetic and morphological data (see R achiUes). Proposed races alleni and sanbomi are considered synonyms of mams, based on morphological similarities. Throughout the distribution of R philippinensis , there are large and small forms, and even within populations there can be several size morphs, such as three in Sabah and Sulawesi (large, intermediate, and small). The three morphs in Sulawesi cluster together genetically in an mtDNA study presented by T. Kingston and S. J. Rossiter in 2004, despite having distinct call frequencies and markedly different forearm lengths. In the same study, Buton Island (offsouth-east Sulawesi) specimens clustered separately from Australian R achiUes, although the authors only included specimens from these two populations. Continued research is desperately needed within the species complex. Two subspecies are recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R p. philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843 - Philippines ( Luzon , Polillo , Mindoro , Samar , Negros , Bohol , Siquijor , and Mindanao Is ). R p. maros Tate & Archbold , 1939 - N Borneo ( Sabah and Sarawak ), SW Sulawesi, Kabaena , Buton, Flores , and E Timor Is , and C Papua New Guinea ( Mt Karimui and Waro ). Descriptive notes . Head—body c . 56-61 mm , tail 29—37 mm , ear 30-38 mm , hindfoot 10-11 mm , forearm 47-58 mm ; weight 6-7- 12 g . The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat has distinct size morphs throughout much of its distribution. In one study, three size morphs were found in sympatry on Buton Island , off Sulawesi, average forearm lengths being large (56- 1 mm ), intermediate (50- 6 mm ), and small ( 47 mm ). Dorsal pelage is light cinnamon buff or dark brown, while ventral pelage is paler and more grayish; there is no orange morph. Ears are enormous and antitragus is well developed and marked off by deep notch. Noseleaf has prominent lancet with a rounded tip connecting process is low, has convex outline, and joins lancet near base; sella is very large, long, and tongue-shaped, being narrowest at base with longitudinal median depression extending nearly to top; intemarial cup is very broad and extends laterally over much of horseshoe’s width; horseshoe is exceptionally broad, covers and extends well past muzzle, has deep median emargination, and lateral leaflets. Skull is narrow and long (zygomatic width is much less than mastoid width); median nasal swellings are conspicuous and elliptical and protrude anteriorly well beyond rostral wall; lateral compartments are elongate; sagittal crest is very low to low; frontal depression is deep or moderately deep; supraorbital crests are moderately developed. P2 is small but within tooth row completely, separating C 1 and P4; tiny to small P3 is also within tooth row separating P2 and P4. Habitat. Primary and secondary lowland and montane rainforest, riparian forest, open forest, and woodland, as well as disturbed forest in Sulawesi and Flores . Large-eared Horseshoe Bats are typically found near caves or other roosting sites but have been recorded in forest where no caves are known to exist. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1500 m , typically occurring at higher densities at lower elevations. Food and Feeding. The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is insectivorous, foraging among dense vegetation. Breeding. Litter size is a single young. Activity patterns. The Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, roosting during the day in warm, humid small caves and abandoned mine shafts; also large, deep caves in the Philippines . Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F recorded at 31-32 kHz on Bohol Island, Philippines , 36-6 kHz in Sabah, Borneo, 27 kHz in East Timor , 27-2 kHz (large morph), 39 kHz (intermediate morph) and 53-6 kHz ( small morph) on Buton Island, Indonesia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Large-eared Horseshoe Bats appear to roost in relatively small numbers. When roosting, individuals hang separately rather than in a cluster. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNed List. Although widespread, the Large-eared Horseshoe Bat is not particularly common throughout its range. It may be threatened by general habitat loss and fragmentation, as well as roost disturbance. Bibliography. Armstrong & Konishi (2012), Bonaccorso (1998), Cooper eta/. (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), Duya et al. (2007), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Heaney et al. (2016), Kingston & Rossiter (2004), Tu Vuong Tan, Hassanin et al. (2017), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Rhinolophus		philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1844:08:00	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	<b> achilles </b>Thomas, 1900; <b> alleni </b>Lawrence, 1939;<b> maros </b>Tate and Archbold, 1939;<b> robertsi </b>Tate, 1952; <b> sanborni </b>Chasen, 1940.	Philippines, Luzon.	Phillipines; Kai Isls, Sabah, Sarawak, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea; NE Queensland (Australia).		Least Concern	 philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Two morphologically distinct populations occur on the Cape York peninisula of Australia; see Flannery (1995a, b), Churchill (1998), and Csorba et al. (2003). Flannery (1995 a,b) referred the smaller of these forms to the subspecies maros (which he considered to be a senior synonym of alleni and sanborni) and the larger-bodied form to achilles. The only name based on an Australian holotype, robertsi, was treated as a junior synonym of achilles by Flannery (1995b). Flannery (1995a, b) referred all New Guinea populations to maros , but Bonaccorso (1998) referred the New Guinea and Cape York populations to robertsi , while recognizing the Kai Isl form (achilles) as a distinct subspecies. Jackson and Groves (2015) followed Churchill (2008) and Reardon et al. (2010) in recognizing robersti as a distinct species. Burgin (2019) recognized  achilles for the populations in Queensland and the Kai Islands, considering the name robertsi a junior synonym. Unfortunately, there remains a lack of data on which to make these assessments. Based on sympatry of two forms of " philippinensis " on the Cape York peninsula, it seems clear that at least two species are present in this complex, but taxonomic limits and the appropriate names for each population remain unclear. We follow Koopman (1994) and Csorba et al. (2003) in recognizing each of the named forms as a distinct subspecies pending a thorough revision of this complex.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus philippinensis	23	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	0						Luzon, Philippines.			philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843|alleni B. Lawrence, 1939|maros Tate & Archbold, 1939|sanborni Chasen, 1940	previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi)	Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.	Philippines|Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19560	Rhinolophus philippinensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	philippinensis	Waterhouse, 1843	Rhinolophus 'philippinensis ' ;is a species complex that remains unresolved. It occupies a distribution across Maritime Southeast Asia and part of Australasia and is distinct from members of the ‘Rhinolophus macrotis ’ species group (sensu Zhang et al. 2018) that are distributed in China and mainland Southeast Asia. It is well established that different size forms are found in sympatry in several parts of its range, including Buton Island near Sulawesi (Kingston and Rossiter 2004), Papua New Guinea (Armstrong 2017), Timor-Leste (with R. montanus , K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and Cape York Peninsula in Queensland (Churchill 2008). Resolving the taxonomic status of one of these forms will be best undertaken within a context of comprehensive geographic sampling. Further comments on taxonomy are available in Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment (2020). It is known as two separate taxa in Australia: Rhinolophus robertsi and Rhinolophus  ‘intermediate ’ (Woinarski et al. 2014).	20000000	Rhinolophus philippinensis	Least Concern		2021	2020-12-09 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is assessed as Least Concern because it cannot be matched against any threatened criteria. In Australia, it was assessed as Near Threatened by Woinarski et al. (2014), but also listed as Vulnerable under Australia’s national environmental legislation. Future taxonomic studies are likely to define several species with a much-reduced extent of occurrence.	Forages in the forest interior, including both primary and secondary forest, in tropical moist forest and open woodland (Ruedas et al. 1994, Lepiten 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Pavey 1999, Duncan et al. 1999). It roosts as individuals or small colonies in caves, mines and similar habitats.	There appear to be no major threats to this species that could cause widespread or imminent decline, mainly because of the small colony sizes and broad distribution. However, it is threatened in Australia by disturbance of roost sites and the collapse and intentional closure of old mines (Duncan et al. 1999, Woinarski et al. 2014). Over-collection for museums and habitat loss have also been suggested as threats to this species (Duncan et al. 1999). Deforestation and limestone extraction in Southeast Asia may also affect the species.	It is an uncommon species (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Heaney et al. 1998), and is typically captured in either low numbers or as singletons. It is also uncommon in recordings from bat detector surveys (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data). Only one individual was found after much survey effort on Mount Makiling in Laguna province, Luzon (J. Sedlock unpublished data). There are some moderately large colonies in Sabah (C. Francis unpublished data). In Sulawesi the species is uncommon (I. Suyanto unpublished data), and only one individual was captured on a survey on Halmahera (S. Hamilton and K.N. Armstrong unpublished data). There is evidence of a mild population decline in Australia (Woinarski et al. 2014), and elsewhere populations may be decreasing in parts of its range where forest loss continues.	Unknown	This species has been recorded from the Philippines (islands of Luzon (Abra Province), Mindoro, Negros, Mindanao (Zamboanga del Norte and Zamboanga del Sur provinces), Polillo and Samar (Gonzales pers. comm. 2004) and Siquijor (Heaney et al. 1998), north-eastern Borneo (Sabah and Sarawak, Malaysia), Indonesia (Sulawesi, Buton, Flores, Halmahera (S. Hamilton and K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), the Kai Islands, Geelvinck Bay in the Province of West Papua), Timor-Leste (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), numerous locations in Papua New Guinea both north and south of the central cordillera (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data), and from north-eastern Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Australia (Corbet and Hill 1992, Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998, Churchill 2008). It has been recorded between 200 and 1,500 m asl.	The species is not known to be hunted, but over-collection for museums has been suggested as threats to this species (Duncan et al. 1999)	Terrestrial	Broadscale protection of forests will help maintain population size in this species. It has been recorded from protected areas in both Australia and the Philippines. A Recovery Plan for this species has been developed for the Australian population (Thomson et al. 2001). Until taxonomic studies are completed, it should be considered that island populations could represent the extent of occurrence of an entire species. Additional research is required to determine the species distribution, population status and trends, threats, and basic ecology.	Australasian|Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1844:08:00	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	<b> achilles </b>Thomas, 1900; <b> alleni </b>Lawrence, 1939;<b> maros </b>Tate and Archbold, 1939;<b> robertsi </b>Tate, 1952; <b> sanborni </b>Chasen, 1940.	Philippines, Luzon.	Phillipines; Sabah, Sarawak, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea		Least Concern	 philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include achilles or robertsi ; see the achilles entry for additional details.	Rhinolophus philippinensis	1004727	23	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	0						Luzon, Philippines.			philippinensis Waterhouse, 1843|alleni B. Lawrence, 1939|maros Tate & Archbold, 1939|sanborni Chasen, 1940	previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi)	Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Philippines|Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	1004727	23	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	philippinensis	G. R. Waterhouse	0	Rhinolophus Philippinensis	Waterhouse, G.R. 1843-11. Various species of Bats from the Philippine Islands, collected by Hugh Cuming, Esq., Corresponding Member, were placed on the table. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1843:66-69.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30680046	BMNH:Mamm:1855.12.26.270	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/f0225ce3-2db7-4beb-a004-119e1b2637f4	Luzon, Philippines.			previously included R. achilles (often known as R. robertsi)	Wilson D.E. & Mittermeier R.A. 2019. Handbook of the mammals of the world. Vol. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.				Philippines|Indonesia|Malaysia|Brunei|East Timor|Papua New Guinea	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_philippinensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		philippinensis	Waterhouse	1843	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1844:08:00	Large-eared Horseshoe Bat	achilles Thomas, 1900; alleni Lawrence, 1939; maros Tate and Archbold, 1939; robertsi Tate, 1952; sanborni Chasen, 1940.	Philippines, Luzon.	Phillipines; Sabah, Sarawak, and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Borneo; New Guinea	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19560/21992817/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	philippinensis species group. Variation discussed by Goodwin (1979). May be closely related to megaphyllus, and both taxa as presently recognized maybe polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include montanus, see Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include achilles or robertsi; see the achilles entry for additional details.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus philippinensis; Rhinolophus philippinensis; Rhinolophus philippinensis; Rhinolophus philippinensis; Rhinolophus philippinensis; Rhinolophus philippinensis; philippinensis; achilles; alleni; maros; robertsi; sanborni; philippinensis; maros; achilles; alleni; maros; robertsi; sanborni; philippinensis; alleni; maros; sanborni; Large-eared Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe des Philippines; Philippinen-Hufeisennase; Herradura de ilipinas; German; Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat; Greater Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (large morph); Lesser Large-eared Horseshoe Bat (small morph); Other commonnames; Large-eared Horseshoe Bat; Enormous-eared Horseshoe Bat; Large-eared Horseshoe Bat; Large-eared Horseshoe Bat; R. philippinensis