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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1407	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus mehelyi		[MSW2] Revised by DeBlase (1972).; [MSW3] euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b).; [HMW] Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi Matschie, 1901 , “ Bukarest [= Bucharest ],” Romania . Rhinolophus mehelyi is in the euryale species group along with R euryale . The names barbants and meridionalis by EL Andersen and P. Matschie in 1904 are better treated as synonyms of R mehelyi rather than synonyms of R euryale . Based on morphometric analyses by P. Benda and colleagues in 2006 and 2014 , tuneti by R. Deleuil and A . Labbé in 1955 is considered a junior synonym of R mehelyi , and judaicus is better treated as a subspecies of R mehelyi instead of R euryale based on comparisons with the type specimen. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).; [batnames2023]  euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).; [batnames2025_1.7] euryalespecies group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).						carpentanus, tunetae.	mehelyi, tunetae	mehelyi, tuneti	carpetanus	mehelyi, judaicus	barbants, meridionalis, tuneti	mehelyi, tuneti	mehelyi - carpetanus	mehelyi, barbarus, carpetanus, judaicus, meridionalis, tuneti		mehelyi, tuneti	mehelyi - carpetanus	mehelyi, barbarus, carpetanus, judaicus, meridionalis, tuneti	mehelyi, barbarus, carpetanus, judaicus, meridionalis, tuneti, birzebbugensis, scythotauricus	mehelyi, tuneti	mehelyi - carpetanus	mehelyi Matschie, 1901|barbarus (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|carpetanus Cabrera, 1904|judaicus (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|meridionalis (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|tuneti Deleuil & Labbé, 1955|birzebbugensis Storch, 1974|tunetae Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|scythotauricus Lopatin, 2023		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Mehely's horseshoe bat	Spain, Morocco – Iran	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rumania, Bucharest.	Matschie	1901	Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 225.	Distribution: Ranging across Afri ca (north of the Sahara) and southern Europe (in cluding several Mediterranean islands) to Turkey, Transcaucasia and western Iran.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Mehely's horseshoe bat	Portugal, Morocco – Afghanistan	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Matschie	1901	Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 225.	Revised by DeBlase (1972).	Portugal, Spain, France, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Transcaucasia; Morocco to Cyrenaica (Libya); Mediterranean islands, Iran, Afghanistan, Asia Minor, Israel, Egypt.	Rumania, Bucharest.		MATSCHIE	1901	Connecting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shor tened. Sella parallel sided. Anterior lower premo lar reduced. Lancet abruptly narrowing to a linear tip. Size relatively large (forearm length, 43-54 mm).	Distribution: Ranging across Afri ca (north of the Sahara) and southern Europe (in cluding several Mediterranean islands) to Turkey, Transcaucasia and western Iran.	Two subspecies are here recognized:	R. m. mehelyi (European and western Asian parts of range), R. m. tunetae (northern Africa).	56	species	R. mehelyi	MATSCHIE	1901	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus mehelyi				Connecting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shor tened. Sella parallel sided. Anterior lower premo lar reduced. Lancet abruptly narrowing to a linear tip. Size relatively large (forearm length, 43-54 mm).	Two subspecies are here recognized:		38. R. mehelyi MATSCHIE 1901 [pusillus group].	38	_R. m. birzebbugensis_ Storch, 1974 (fossil); _R. m. judaicus_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904); _R. m. mehelyi_ Matschie, 1901 (synonyms: _barbarus_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904), _carpetanus_ Cabrera, 1904, _meridionalis_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904), _tuneti_ Deleuil & Labbé, 1955); _R. m. scythotauricus_ Лопатин, 2023 (fossil)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus		mehelyi	Matschie		1901		Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin			225		Mehely's Horseshoe Bat	Romania, Bucharest.	Portugal, Spain, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Transcaucasia; Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya; Mediterranean islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan; Afghanistan.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	carpetanus Cabrera, 1904; tuneti Deleuil and Labbe, 1955.	euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b).	885887A2FFE48A02F8B7FC6AF77CC945	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	287	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8.xml	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	mehelyi	Matschie	1901	Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe de Méhelÿ @fr | Mehely-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura mediana @es | French @en	Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi Matschie, 1901 , “ Bukarest [= Bucharest ],” Romania . Rhinolophus mehelyi is in the euryale species group along with R euryale . The names barbants and meridionalis by EL Andersen and P. Matschie in 1904 are better treated as synonyms of R mehelyi rather than synonyms of R euryale . Based on morphometric analyses by P. Benda and colleagues in 2006 and 2014 , tuneti by R. Deleuil and A . Labbé in 1955 is considered a junior synonym of R mehelyi , and judaicus is better treated as a subspecies of R mehelyi instead of R euryale based on comparisons with the type specimen. Two subspecies recognized.	R m. mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia , E Sicily , SE Italy , S Albania , E Serbia , S Romania , E North Macedonia , Bulgaria , and Greece ), SW Asia (Caucasus, Anatolia , N Iraq , and Zagros Mts in W Iran ), and N Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia ); possibly a record from SE France , and there are apparently records from Afghanistan , although exact localities are uncertain. R m. judaicus K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904 - Levant in Cyprus , N Syria , W Jordan , Israel , NE Egypt (including NW Sinai based on echolocation), and NE Libya .	Head—body 42—64 mm , tail 21—37 mm , ear 18—22 mm , hindfoot 9-12 mm , forearm 48-56 mm ; weight 10-23 g . Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat ( AE mryafe ), although its lancet is emarginateti near tip, is generally a little larger, and can have lighter pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (individual hairs are pale grayish beige, with grayish brown tips), with paler face and usually having conspicuous dark brown patch completely around or below each eye (much darker than in the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat ). Ventral pelage is much paler, being pure white or nearly white; boundary between dorsum and venter is fairly distinct. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short ( c .42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with narrow upper one-half and almost parallel sides, although slightly tapered; lancet tip is bluntly pointed; connecting process is subtriangular; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward, with completely parallel sides; horseshoe is narrow at 4-9—7- 5 mm , does not cover entire muzzle, and lacks lateral leaflets; and there is slight median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are grayish brown. Skull is medium built, with slender zygomatic arches and zygomatic width wider than mastoid width; nasal swelling is low; frontal depression is shallow to nearly flat; supraorbital ridge is inconspicuous; sagittal crest is moderately developed; bony bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is narrow; and infraorbital foramen is large. P2 is somewhat displaced labially but still stops C1 and P4 from touching; P3 is very small and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-64.	Mediterranean shrub and woodlands and dry steppes, closely associated with water sources and caves, from sea level to elevations of c . 2000 m . In Spain , Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats were frequently found in semi-natural oak savanna and avoided open areas. They tend to prefer areas with lots of vegetation to forage in. Males and females seem to use different habitat types , at least in south-western Spain . Males foraged in riparian forest and broadleaved woodlands, and females foraged in mixed pastureland and woodland landscapes (“dehesa”), scrubland, and eucalypt plantations. They are found in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, montane forests, and sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grass and shrublands in North Africa and seem to avoid coastal regions.	Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats feed by slow hawking and fly-catching prey close to vegetation, and they probably also glean prey offfoliage and the ground. Foraging generally occurs close to the ground or near dense vegetation. They feed largely on lepidopterans in most parts of their distribution, with moths making up, by volume, 56-7—88-2% of spring diets and 34-9—69-6% of summer diets in Iran ; beeties (8-2-26-2% and 11-3-33-5%), homopterans (0-13-9%), and flies (0-11% and 0-13-1%) also occurred in diets. Lepidopterans also made up significant proportion of diets in Spain (80—90% by volume), and only lepidopterans were found in three stomach samples in Romania . Although lepidopterans make up majority of their diet, Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also feed on a variety of flies, beetles, homopterans, neuropterans, and cockroaches. In Libya , 22 fecal pellets contained an extremely large percentage ofcockroaches at 99-1% by volume; lepidopterans represented only 0 - 9 %. In Bulgaria , other non-lepidopterans (e.g. flies, beetles, and neuropterans) are seasonally important in diets.	Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. It probably also exhibits delayed fertilization and might copulate before entering hibernation. During mating season, females seem to prefer males with higher frequency calls, which reflects larger body size and thus sexual selection by females. Births in Algeria have been recorded in May and earlyJune; litter size is one. Females with nursing young have been recorded inJune in Iran . In Algeria , some young were volant by lateJune and roosted with their mother in the group. Young will roost with their mothers until they are weaned, after which young disperse and roost in other groups. Females do not become sexually mature until their third year; males become sexually mature at two years old.	Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are almost completely restricted to day roosting in caves, although they will roost in underground man-made structures like abandoned mines. In Iran , they are only known from roosts in natural caves. Summer caves are generally warmer caves in karst areas; winter caves are colder, further underground, and maintain constant microclimates. Temporary roosts are used between foraging bouts at night and have been reported in groves of trees. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day roosting and foraging through the night. They are able to enter torpor throughout the day but enter deeper torpor in winter. Active and torpid individuals can be found in roosts in winter. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component averaging 109 (range 104—112) kHz; call durations are 20-36 milliseconds in Europe; and interpluse interval is 62-5 milliseconds in Greece . Tunisian individuals emitted frequencies of 111-5—117-5 kHz (mean 106-1 kHz). In Sinai, individuals were recorded with F component of 105 kHz, but species identity was tentative. Juveniles seem to emit lower frequencies than adults, and body condition seems to increase F component, which might affect sexual selection for larger mates. Both sexes are able to recognize sex of conspecifics based on their calls.	Although Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily sedentary throughout the year, they have been recorded to move more than 90 km . Such movements seem to be females moving to maternity colonies to give birth and rear young, although males usually leave colonies so that females can remain, thereby establishing a maternity colony. Outside of the breeding season, males and females roost together in groups ranging in size from single individuals to up to 5000 individuals in winter and 3000 (maternity colony) in summer in some regions. Maternity colonies in Iran have 200-300 individuals. Males separate from the females when maternity colonies are created during summer, which is why colonies are smaller in summer. Within colonies, individuals often cluster tight together and make contact with one another, which is unlike all other European and North African species of Rhinolophus except the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also form loose clusters where individuals do not touch. In Iran , some caves used as maternity colonies were abandoned before winter started, showing that distincdy different caves are used for maternity colonies and hibernacula. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are typically docile when roosting , although fights have been observed when foraging. In winter, they might cluster with individuals of different species , such as the Greater Horseshoe Bat (AE ferrumequinum ) , the Maghreb Myotis ( Myotis punicus), or Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ) , although they roost intraspecifically in spring and summer.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide but fragmented distribution but is extinct in north-eastern Spain ( Catalonia ), Balearics (Mallorca), most of Italy , and Croatia . Most records from France are old ( 1908-1965 ), and it is nearly extinct there. A male was recendy collected in south-eastern Italy after not being recorded in that country since 1960. Overall, populations of Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats seem to be declining throughout much of the distribution, but reasons are not fully understood . Some colonies have been reduced to a fraction of their former size , and a decline of 30% over three generations (27 years ) is expected to be occurring . They are affected by habitat loss and disturbance and general roost disturbance. Mining in Iran is responsible for destruction of large multispecies maternity colonies. Climate change might also be a major threat. In some areas (e.g. Portugal ), collisions with cars are problematic. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is protected in Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.	ACR (2018) | Alcalde , Benda & Juste (2016) | Almenar et al. (2007) | Al-Sheikhly , Haba , Görföl & Csorba (2015) | Andersen & Matschie (1904) | Arrizabalaga-Escudero et al. (2018) | Arslan & Zima (2014) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda , Dietz et al. (2008) | Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012) | Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007) | Benda , Luòan et al. (2010) | Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Csösz et al. (2015) | DeBlase (1972) | Deleuil & Labbé (1955) | Dietz , Dietz et al. (2009) | Dondini et al. (2014) | Dulie & Soldatovic (1969) | Gaisler (2013d) | Kowalski et al. (1986) | Paunovié et al. (1998) | Puechmaille , Borissov et al. (2014) | Rodrigues & Palmeirim (1999) | Russo , Almenar et al. (2005) | Russo, Jones & Mucedda (2001) | Salsamendi , Aihartza, et al. (2006) | Salsamendi, Arostegui et al. (2012) | Salsamendi, Garin et al. (2008) | Schuchmann et al. (2012) | Sharifi (2004a) | Sharifi & Hemmati (2001, 2004) | Siemers & Ivanova (2004) | Stoffberg et al. (2010) | Turni & Kock (2008) | Voigt et al. (2010) | Walters et al. (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749940/files/figure.png	15 . Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus mehelyi French : Rhinolophe de Méhelÿ I German: Mehely-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura mediana Taxonomy. Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi Matschie, 1901 , “ Bukarest [= Bucharest ],” Romania . Rhinolophus mehelyi is in the euryale species group along with R euryale . The names barbants and meridionalis by EL Andersen and P. Matschie in 1904 are better treated as synonyms of R mehelyi rather than synonyms of R euryale . Based on morphometric analyses by P. Benda and colleagues in 2006 and 2014 , tuneti by R. Deleuil and A . Labbé in 1955 is considered a junior synonym of R mehelyi , and judaicus is better treated as a subspecies of R mehelyi instead of R euryale based on comparisons with the type specimen. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R m. mehelyi Matschie, 1901 - S Europe (S Iberian Peninsula, Sardinia , E Sicily , SE Italy , S Albania , E Serbia , S Romania , E North Macedonia , Bulgaria , and Greece ), SW Asia (Caucasus, Anatolia , N Iraq , and Zagros Mts in W Iran ), and N Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia ); possibly a record from SE France , and there are apparently records from Afghanistan , although exact localities are uncertain. R m. judaicus K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904 - Levant in Cyprus , N Syria , W Jordan , Israel , NE Egypt (including NW Sinai based on echolocation), and NE Libya . Descriptive notes. Head—body 42—64 mm , tail 21—37 mm , ear 18—22 mm , hindfoot 9-12 mm , forearm 48-56 mm ; weight 10-23 g . Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is very similar to the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat ( AE mryafe ), although its lancet is emarginateti near tip, is generally a little larger, and can have lighter pelage. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown (individual hairs are pale grayish beige, with grayish brown tips), with paler face and usually having conspicuous dark brown patch completely around or below each eye (much darker than in the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat ). Ventral pelage is much paler, being pure white or nearly white; boundary between dorsum and venter is fairly distinct. There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short ( c .42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with narrow upper one-half and almost parallel sides, although slightly tapered; lancet tip is bluntly pointed; connecting process is subtriangular; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward, with completely parallel sides; horseshoe is narrow at 4-9—7- 5 mm , does not cover entire muzzle, and lacks lateral leaflets; and there is slight median emargination. Wings and uropatagium are grayish brown. Skull is medium built, with slender zygomatic arches and zygomatic width wider than mastoid width; nasal swelling is low; frontal depression is shallow to nearly flat; supraorbital ridge is inconspicuous; sagittal crest is moderately developed; bony bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is narrow; and infraorbital foramen is large. P2 is somewhat displaced labially but still stops C1 and P4 from touching; P3 is very small and completely displaced labially, allowing P2 and P4 to touch. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60-64. Habitat. Mediterranean shrub and woodlands and dry steppes, closely associated with water sources and caves, from sea level to elevations of c . 2000 m . In Spain , Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats were frequently found in semi-natural oak savanna and avoided open areas. They tend to prefer areas with lots of vegetation to forage in. Males and females seem to use different habitat types , at least in south-western Spain . Males foraged in riparian forest and broadleaved woodlands, and females foraged in mixed pastureland and woodland landscapes (“dehesa”), scrubland, and eucalypt plantations. They are found in Mediterranean forests, woodlands, montane forests, and sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grass and shrublands in North Africa and seem to avoid coastal regions. Food and Feeding. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats feed by slow hawking and fly-catching prey close to vegetation, and they probably also glean prey offfoliage and the ground. Foraging generally occurs close to the ground or near dense vegetation. They feed largely on lepidopterans in most parts of their distribution, with moths making up, by volume, 56-7—88-2% of spring diets and 34-9—69-6% of summer diets in Iran ; beeties (8-2-26-2% and 11-3-33-5%), homopterans (0-13-9%), and flies (0-11% and 0-13-1%) also occurred in diets. Lepidopterans also made up significant proportion of diets in Spain (80—90% by volume), and only lepidopterans were found in three stomach samples in Romania . Although lepidopterans make up majority of their diet, Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also feed on a variety of flies, beetles, homopterans, neuropterans, and cockroaches. In Libya , 22 fecal pellets contained an extremely large percentage ofcockroaches at 99-1% by volume; lepidopterans represented only 0 - 9 %. In Bulgaria , other non-lepidopterans (e.g. flies, beetles, and neuropterans) are seasonally important in diets. Breeding. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous. It probably also exhibits delayed fertilization and might copulate before entering hibernation. During mating season, females seem to prefer males with higher frequency calls, which reflects larger body size and thus sexual selection by females. Births in Algeria have been recorded in May and earlyJune; litter size is one. Females with nursing young have been recorded inJune in Iran . In Algeria , some young were volant by lateJune and roosted with their mother in the group. Young will roost with their mothers until they are weaned, after which young disperse and roost in other groups. Females do not become sexually mature until their third year; males become sexually mature at two years old. Activity patterns. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are almost completely restricted to day roosting in caves, although they will roost in underground man-made structures like abandoned mines. In Iran , they are only known from roosts in natural caves. Summer caves are generally warmer caves in karst areas; winter caves are colder, further underground, and maintain constant microclimates. Temporary roosts are used between foraging bouts at night and have been reported in groves of trees. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal, spending the day roosting and foraging through the night. They are able to enter torpor throughout the day but enter deeper torpor in winter. Active and torpid individuals can be found in roosts in winter. Call shape is FM/CF/FM, with F component averaging 109 (range 104—112) kHz; call durations are 20-36 milliseconds in Europe; and interpluse interval is 62-5 milliseconds in Greece . Tunisian individuals emitted frequencies of 111-5—117-5 kHz (mean 106-1 kHz). In Sinai, individuals were recorded with F component of 105 kHz, but species identity was tentative. Juveniles seem to emit lower frequencies than adults, and body condition seems to increase F component, which might affect sexual selection for larger mates. Both sexes are able to recognize sex of conspecifics based on their calls. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily sedentary throughout the year, they have been recorded to move more than 90 km . Such movements seem to be females moving to maternity colonies to give birth and rear young, although males usually leave colonies so that females can remain, thereby establishing a maternity colony. Outside of the breeding season, males and females roost together in groups ranging in size from single individuals to up to 5000 individuals in winter and 3000 (maternity colony) in summer in some regions. Maternity colonies in Iran have 200-300 individuals. Males separate from the females when maternity colonies are created during summer, which is why colonies are smaller in summer. Within colonies, individuals often cluster tight together and make contact with one another, which is unlike all other European and North African species of Rhinolophus except the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats also form loose clusters where individuals do not touch. In Iran , some caves used as maternity colonies were abandoned before winter started, showing that distincdy different caves are used for maternity colonies and hibernacula. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats are typically docile when roosting , although fights have been observed when foraging. In winter, they might cluster with individuals of different species , such as the Greater Horseshoe Bat (AE ferrumequinum ) , the Maghreb Myotis ( Myotis punicus), or Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat ( Miniopterus schreibersii ) , although they roost intraspecifically in spring and summer. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat has a wide but fragmented distribution but is extinct in north-eastern Spain ( Catalonia ), Balearics (Mallorca), most of Italy , and Croatia . Most records from France are old ( 1908-1965 ), and it is nearly extinct there. A male was recendy collected in south-eastern Italy after not being recorded in that country since 1960. Overall, populations of Mehely’s Horseshoe Bats seem to be declining throughout much of the distribution, but reasons are not fully understood . Some colonies have been reduced to a fraction of their former size , and a decline of 30% over three generations (27 years ) is expected to be occurring . They are affected by habitat loss and disturbance and general roost disturbance. Mining in Iran is responsible for destruction of large multispecies maternity colonies. Climate change might also be a major threat. In some areas (e.g. Portugal ), collisions with cars are problematic. Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat is protected in Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Alcalde , Benda & Juste (2016), Almenar et al. (2007), Al-Sheikhly , Haba , Görföl & Csorba (2015), Andersen & Matschie (1904), Arrizabalaga-Escudero et al. (2018), Arslan & Zima (2014), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda , Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda , Luòan et al. (2010), Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014), Csorba et al. (2003), Csösz et al. (2015), DeBlase (1972), Deleuil & Labbé (1955), Dietz , Dietz et al. (2009), Dondini et al. (2014), Dulie & Soldatovic (1969), Gaisler (2013d), Kowalski et al. (1986), Paunovié et al. (1998), Puechmaille , Borissov et al. (2014), Rodrigues & Palmeirim (1999), Russo , Almenar et al. (2005), Russo, Jones & Mucedda (2001), Salsamendi , Aihartza, et al. (2006), Salsamendi, Arostegui et al. (2012), Salsamendi, Garin et al. (2008), Schuchmann et al. (2012), Sharifi (2004a), Sharifi & Hemmati (2001, 2004), Siemers & Ivanova (2004), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Turni & Kock (2008), Voigt et al. (2010), Walters et al. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Rhinolophus		mehelyi	Matschie	1901	0	Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin	p. 225	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat	 carpetanus Cabrera, 1904; <b>tuneti </b> Deleuil and Labbe, 1955.	Romania, Bucharest.	Portugal, Spain, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Transcaucasia; Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya; Mediterranean islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan; Afghanistan.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	 euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus mehelyi	23	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	mehelyi	Matschie	1901	0						"Bukarest [= Bucharest]," Romania.			mehelyi Matschie, 1901|barbarus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|carpetanus Cabrera, 1904|judaicus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|meridionalis (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|tuneti Deleuil & Labbe, 1955	NA	NA	Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France?|Italy|Libya|Egypt|Albania|Serbia|Romania|Greece|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Iraq|Iran|Afghanistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	VU	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19519	Rhinolophus mehelyi	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	mehelyi	Matschie, 1901		20000000	Rhinolophus mehelyi	Vulnerable	A4c	2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is declining throughout its range, which is becoming increasingly fragmented. The rate of decline has been estimated as 10% in the last 10 years in Andalucia (Spain). Elsewhere, declines have not been quantified but appear to have been considerable, with some colonies having been reduced to a fraction of their former size. Overall, declines throughout the global range are thought likely to exceed 30% over 3 generations (27 years) over a time window including both the past and the future. The species is going extinct in France and is declining in Morocco due to disturbance in caves. The species only roosts in caves and abandoned mines and does not use other artificial roosts. Hence the species is listed as Vulnerable.	Mehely's Horsehoe Bat (Rhinolophus mehelyi ) forages in Mediterranean shrubland and woodland, in dry steppes ;<span lang="EN-US">and particularly link to water bodies (Salsamendi et al. ; 2012). It feeds mainly on moths, but can also prey on other insects. Summer roosts are in warm caves, often in karstic regions. Winter hibernacula are in colder underground sites (usually large caves with a constant microclimate). The species roosts mainly in caves and abandoned mines and does not use artificial habitats (but there is a single report of animals using an abandoned building in Bulgaria (Benda et al . 2003)). This bat is sedentary (longest distance recorded 90 km: Palmeirim and Rodrigues 1992).	<p><span lang="EN-US">The species is affected by disturbance and loss of underground habitats and adequate hunting grounds, changes in foraging habitats due to agriculture, urbanization and fires, and destruction of caves by tourism. Mortality due to collision with cars is a problem in some areas (e.g. Portugal). The reasons for the declines are not fully understood.</p>	An infrequent species, which is reported to have declined in all parts of its range for which data are available. In Andalucia (Spain), the rate of decline has been estimated at 10% over the last ten years. The species is close to extinction in France (Rodrigues and Palmeirim 1999), Romania (Botnariuc and Tatole 2005), and north-east Spain (J. Juste and J. T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006). In France, only one individual was recorded in 2004 (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2006), and in Romania the population was estimated at 5,000 in the 1950s, but now numbers approximately 100 (Dumitrescu et al. 1962-1963, Botnariuc and Tatole 2005). It is also declining in southern Spain (Franco and Rodrigues 2001), Portugal (Rodrigues et al. 2003), the Russian Federation (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005), Georgia, and Morocco (SW Asia Workshop 2005). In Iran mixed-species colonies including R. mehelyi , which in the 1970s were estimated to be over 10,000 individuals, now only number a few hundred individuals (M. Sharifi pers. obs. 2005). Summer nursery colonies typically number 30-500 individuals (although colonies of up to 3,000 individuals have been recorded, separated in smaller groups within the same cave). Winter clusters consist of up to 5,000 animals.	Decreasing	Rhinolophus mehelyi is largely restricted to the Mediterranean. It has a discontinuous distribution from north Africa (Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Egypt) and southern Europe (southern Portugal and Spain, possibly one occurrence in France, a few places in Italy and the Balkans) through Asia Minor, Anatolia, to Transcaucasia, Iran and Afghanistan (where its exact roost location is not known: Srinivasulu et al. in press).  A single male specimen was recently found by Dondini et al. 2014 ;in Apulia, Italy, where this bat has not been recorded since 1960. ;This species has also been recorded for the first time in the Kurdistan region of northern Iraq by Al-Sheikhly et al. 2015 within a mountain cave used as a breeding site. It is patchily distributed in some large and vulnerable colonies. It occurs up to 2,000 m Asl in High and Saharan Atlas mountains, although it is typically found at lower altitudes in other parts of its range (e.g. in Spain it tends to occur below 700 m).		Terrestrial	It is protected by national legislation in all European range states. There are also international legal obligations for its protection through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention where those apply. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000 (some roosts are already protected by national legislation). An EU-LIFE funded project aims to ensure the long-term conservation of the large populations of cave and forest-dwelling bats, including this species, in Spain. There are no specific conservation measures in place in North Africa. Research is required on the causes of the declines across the range.	Indomalayan|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		mehelyi	Matschie	1901	0	Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin	p. 225	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat	 carpetanus Cabrera, 1904; <b>tuneti </b> Deleuil and Labbe, 1955.	Romania, Bucharest.	Portugal, Spain, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Transcaucasia; Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya; Mediterranean islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan; Afghanistan.	Not listed.	Vulnerable	 euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).	Rhinolophus mehelyi	1004713	23	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	mehelyi	Matschie	1901	0						"Bukarest [= Bucharest]," Romania.			mehelyi Matschie, 1901|barbarus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|carpetanus Cabrera, 1904|judaicus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|meridionalis (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|tuneti Deleuil & Labbe, 1955	NA	NA				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France?|Italy|Libya|Egypt|Albania|Serbia|Romania|Greece|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Iraq|Iran|Afghanistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	VU	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	1004713	23	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	mehelyi	Matschie	0	Rhinolophus (Euryalus) mehelyi	Matschie, P. 1901. Ãœber rumänische Säugethiere. Sitzungsberichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin 1901:220-238.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8798633				"Bukarest [= Bucharest]," Romania.			NA	NA				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France?|Italy|Libya|Egypt|Albania|Serbia|Romania|North Macedonia|Bulgaria|Greece|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Iraq|Iran|Afghanistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	VU	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_mehelyi	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		mehelyi	Matschie	1901	0	Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin	p. 225	Mehely's Horseshoe Bat	carpetanus Cabrera, 1904; tuneti Deleuil and Labbe, 1955.	Romania, Bucharest.	Portugal, Spain, France, Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia and Montenegro, Transcaucasia; Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, and Libya; Mediterranean islands, Turkey, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Israel, and Jordan; Afghanistan.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19519/21974380/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	euryalespecies group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001c). Includes tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019) and Najafi et al. (2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinolophus mehelyi; Rhinolophus mehelyi; mehelyi; tuneti; carpetanus; mehelyi; judaicus; barbants; meridionalis; tuneti; tuneti; carpetanus; mehelyi; barbarus; carpetanus; judaicus; meridionalis; tuneti; Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe de Méhelÿ; Mehely-Hufeisennase; Herradura mediana; French; Mehely's Horseshoe Bat; Mehely's Horseshoe Bat; Mehely's Horseshoe Bat; R. mehelyi