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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1406	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus		[MSW3] megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba et al. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Rhinolophus megaphyllus J. E . Gray, 1834 , “ Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia ], in cavemis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee , New South Wales ]. ” Included in the megaphyUus species group, along with R keyensis , R virgo , R madurensis , R celebensis , R mbinsoni R chaseni R nereis , R bomeensis , R malayanus , and R acuminatus, although the taxonomy of this species group and other Oriental species groups is still in need of clarification. The megaphyllus group is placed in a broader clade including the Australo-Oriental lineage of Rhinolophus . The philippinensis group may also be best included within the megaphyUus group, as otherwise the megaphyUus group is paraphyletic with respect to. philippinensis . Another taxonomic solution would be to split the megaphyllus group into several smaller species groups, although this requires more complete taxon sampling. Queensland populations of R megaphyUus seem to be closer to R achilles (previously included in R philippinensis ) than to Victorian and New Guinean R megaphyllus . Thus, R megaphyllus most likely represents a species complex of at least two species, but further morphological and genetic testing is needed. Some authors have treated the Asiatic R robinsoni and R keyensis as subspecies of R megaphyllus , but they are generally recognized as distinct species, based on morphological and genetic differences. Specimens from southern Vietnam tentatively identified as R megaphyllus by G. Csorba and colleagues in 2003 probably represent R chaseni The subspecies currently recognized herein may turn out to be distinct species, based on genetic and morphological variation. Five subspecies are currently recognized.; [batnames2022]  megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [IUCN] Synonyms were reviewed by Csorba et al . (2003), however Rhinolophus megaphyllus is now considered to be restricted to Australia and Papua New Guinea. The taxa R. robinsoni Andersen, 1918 (includes klossi K. Andersen, 1918; and thaianus Hill, 1992 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) and R. keyensis Peters, 1871 (includes truncatus Peters, 1871; nanus K. Andersen, 1905; and simplex K. Andersen, 1905 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) were subsequently considered distinct species by Simmons (2005). There is an unresolved relationship with Australasian forms of R. philippinensis (Cooper et al. 1998) that is currently being resolved (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data).; [batnames2023]  megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] megaphyllusspecies group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).						fallax, ignifer, monachus, vandeuseni.	megaphyllus, fallax, monachus, vandeuseni	megaphyllus, fallax, ignifer, monachus, vandeuseni		megaphyllus, fallax, ignifer, monachus, vandeuseni		megaphyllus, fallax, ignifer, monachus, vandeuseni		megaphyllus, monachus, fallax, ignifer, vandeuseni	Synonyms were reviewed by Csorba et al . (2003), however Rhinolophus megaphyllus is now considered to be restricted to Australia and Papua New Guinea. The taxa R. robinsoni Andersen, 1918 (includes klossi K. Andersen, 1918; and thaianus Hill, 1992 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) and R. keyensis Peters, 1871 (includes truncatus Peters, 1871; nanus K. Andersen, 1905; and simplex K. Andersen, 1905 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) were subsequently considered distinct species by Simmons (2005). There is an unresolved relationship with Australasian forms of R. philippinensis (Cooper et al. 1998) that is currently being resolved (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data).	megaphyllus, fallax, ignifer, monachus, vandeuseni		megaphyllus, monachus, fallax, ignifer, vandeuseni 	megaphyllus, monachus, typicus, fallax , ignifer, vandeuseni	fallax, ignifer, megaphyllus, monachus, vandeuseni		megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834|monachus Andersen, 1905|typicus Andersen, 1905 [nomen novum]|fallax Andersen, 1906|ignifer G. M. Allen, 1933|vandeuseni Koopman, 1982		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Southern horseshoe bat	SE New Guinea, E Australia	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.	Gray	1834	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834:52.	Distribution: East ern edge of Australia from Victoria to Cape York, eastern New Guinea, East Papuan islands, and Bismarcks.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Southern horseshoe bat (Eastern horseshoe bat)	New Guinea, New Ireland, New Britain, E Australia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gray	1834	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1834:52.		E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isis), and Bismark Arch. (Papua New Guinea); E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.		GRAY	1834	Sella abruptly constricted in middle, rounded or truncate on top. Size small to medium (forearm length, 41-50 mm).	Distribution: East ern edge of Australia from Victoria to Cape York, eastern New Guinea, East Papuan islands, and Bismarcks.	Four currently recognized sub species:	R. m. megaphyllus (eastern Australia), R. m.fallax (south eastern New Guinea, D'Entrecasteaux islands), R. m. monachus (Louisiade islands), R. m. vandeuseni (northeastern New Guinea, Bismarcks).	52	species	R. megaphyllus	GRAY	1834	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus megaphyllus				Sella abruptly constricted in middle, rounded or truncate on top. Size small to medium (forearm length, 41-50 mm).	Four currently recognized sub species:		2. R.megaphyllus GRAY 1834 [ferrumequinum group],	2	_R. m. fallax_ Andersen, 1906; _R. m. ignifer_ Allen, 1933; _R. m. megaphyllus_ Gray, 1834 (synonyms: _typicus_ Andersen, 1905); _R. m. monachus_ Andersen, 1905; _R. m. vandeuseni_ Koopman, 1982			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus		megaphyllus	Gray		1834		Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	1834		52		Smaller Horseshoe Bat	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.	E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isls), and Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Moluccas, Lesser Sundas; E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	fallax K. Andersen, 1906; ignifer Allen, 1933; monachus K. Andersen, 1905; vandeuseni Koopman, 1982.	megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba et al. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al. (1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003). Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	885887A2FFC78A20FF65EF0EFD39D2C8	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	306	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFD48A35F8B7FBE7F962D7FC.xml	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	megaphyllus	J. E. Gray	1834	Rhinolophe à grande feuille @fr | Östliche Hufeisennase @de | Herradura dehoja grande @es | Smaller Horseshoe Bat @en	Rhinolophus megaphyllus J. E . Gray, 1834 , “ Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia ], in cavemis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee , New South Wales ]. ” Included in the megaphyUus species group, along with R keyensis , R virgo , R madurensis , R celebensis , R mbinsoni R chaseni R nereis , R bomeensis , R malayanus , and R acuminatus, although the taxonomy of this species group and other Oriental species groups is still in need of clarification. The megaphyllus group is placed in a broader clade including the Australo-Oriental lineage of Rhinolophus . The philippinensis group may also be best included within the megaphyUus group, as otherwise the megaphyUus group is paraphyletic with respect to. philippinensis . Another taxonomic solution would be to split the megaphyllus group into several smaller species groups, although this requires more complete taxon sampling. Queensland populations of R megaphyUus seem to be closer to R achilles (previously included in R philippinensis ) than to Victorian and New Guinean R megaphyllus . Thus, R megaphyllus most likely represents a species complex of at least two species, but further morphological and genetic testing is needed. Some authors have treated the Asiatic R robinsoni and R keyensis as subspecies of R megaphyllus , but they are generally recognized as distinct species, based on morphological and genetic differences. Specimens from southern Vietnam tentatively identified as R megaphyllus by G. Csorba and colleagues in 2003 probably represent R chaseni The subspecies currently recognized herein may turn out to be distinct species, based on genetic and morphological variation. Five subspecies are currently recognized.	R m. megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834 - SE Australia (E New South Wales and E Victoria ). R m. fallax K. Andersen, 1906 - W to SE New Guinea and D’Entrecasteaux Is (Goodenough). R m. igniferG. M. Allen , 1933 - NE Australia (E Queensland and Prince ofWales and Fraser Is). R m. monachus K. Andersen, 1905 - Louisiade Archipelago (Woodlark and Misima). R m. vandeuseni Koopman , 1982 - Bismarck Archipelago ( New Ireland , Lihir , and New Britain ).	Head-body 42-58 mm , tail 24- 6-28 mm , ear 17-21 mm , forearm 44—52 mm , weight 7-14 g for Australia ; head-body 42-7-49- 8 mm , tail 18-21- 6 mm , ear 16-8-19- 5 mm , hindfoot 12- 1 mm , forearm 41-7-48- 7 mm , weight 6- 5-12 g for Melanesia. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is morphologically variable. Dorsal pelage is either grayish brown to dark grayish brown (gray morph) or bright rufous (orange morph; can be found roosting with gray individuals in Queensland ), while ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are of medium length. Noseleaf has long lancet with straight or slightly concave sides, and pointed to more or less blunt tip; connecting process is high (higher than sella tip), rounded, and hairy; sella varies between subspecies, being wide and abruptly constricted in middle with upper margin slightly convex in megaphyllus and fallax, but narrower, less constricted in middle, and not broader at base than at top in monachus, horseshoe is wide, at 8-3—9- 2 mm , nearly covers muzzle, has small but noticeable median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are mostly covered by horseshoe. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is moderate in length ( c . 2-7 mm long) and has long, thin shaft with wide bifurcated base; in lateral view near base, there is small lobe followed by sharp downward curve before straightening out toward rest of thick base; tip is very slightly wider and rounded. Skull is of medium build (zygomatic width is slightly larger than or subequal to mastoid width); anterior nasal swellings are moderately developed and semicircular in outline; lateral compartment is conspicuously inflated and larger than anterior compartment; sagittal crest is low; frontal depression is longer than wide and clearly defined; supraorbital crestsjoin sagittal crest at more or less behind mid-orbit; rostrum is elongated. P2 is small with well-developed cusp and is within tooth row or slightly displaced labially, separating C 1 and P4 widely ; P3 is variably in tooth row, partially displaced, or fully displaced labially, depending on subspecies.	Tropical and temperate rainforest, deciduous vine forest, dry or wet sclerophyll forest, and open woodland, as well as coastal scrub and grassland habitats; most active in mature primary forests. Eastern Horseshoe Bats prefer to forage around dense vegetation near waterways, while avoiding more open environments. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1600 m , but acoustically detected at 250-2350 m on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea .	Eastern Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage primarily by fly-catching and perch-hunting, as well occasionally as vegetation and ground gleaning. They specialize in foraging in cluttered environments, like many other rhinolophids; they are highly maneuverable and can even hover for a few seconds. Their primary prey is non-eared moths, but they also feed opportunistically on beedes, flies, crickets, true bugs, cockroaches, and wasps. Once prey is captured, it is usually taken to a temporary night roost to be consumed, leaving the ground below it littered with wings and legs that the bats have discarded. These bats are also known to feed on particular insects within their caves, specifically Speiredonia spectans and S . mutabilis ( Erebidae ), which are species of eared moth found cohabitating with this species in caves year-round; the moths are able to detect the calls of this species and sometimes avoid predation mid-flight. These moths are used most as a food source during hibernation in the southern portion of the range, when there are no insects active outside the cave.	Eastern Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry. Spermatogenesis occurs in February and sperm is available in March. Copulation, ovulation, and fertilization occur in lateJune, which is when spermatogenesis halts; males store sperm in the epididymis for at least another four months. Unlike many horseshoe bats in more temperate regions, female Eastern Horseshoe Bats do not seem to store sperm, and males do not produce a vaginal plug. Gestation lasts 4-4-5 months, depending on how much the mother goes into a torpid state during pregnancy. A single young is bom around November and clings to the mother during infancy, becoming independent and beginning to forage on its own, before it reaches adult size. Young are weaned at c.8 weeks after reaching adult size after 5-6 weeks. Males reach sexual maturity after 18 months, whereas females take 36 months. Maximum longevity has been recorded at seven years, although this species may live longer, as in other rhinolophids, due to its restricted breeding rate as a result of seasonal monoestry and only having a single young.	The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, feeding throughout the night and reentering the cave at dawn, to roost throughout the day. It can enter torpor during the day and in the southern portion of its distribution, it can hibernate during cold winters, becoming increasingly torpid from April toJune and decreasingly torpid from June to September. Day roosts are typically found in warm, humid large caves and abandoned mine shafts, and other man-made subterranean places. The species will also inhabit rock piles, buildings, tree hollows, old railway tunnels, tree roots in creek banks, stormwater drains, and culverts, generally finding roosts with restricted entrances and narrow vertical drops; it roosts in the dark portions of the caves rather than near the opening. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of c.68 kHz on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea and 67-71 kHz in north-east Queensland , Australia .	Eastern Horseshoe Bats are highly gregarious and can be found in colonies of up to thousands of individuals, although most colonies number only 5-50. Adult males have high roost-site fidelity and are more sedentary than adult females, which will fly up to 20 km to reach a maternity roost in September or October each year. Females create very large maternity colonies when giving birth and raising their young, the largest recorded colony consisting of over 10,000 individuals in a sandstone cave near Sydney. Females return to their nonmatemity caves in March or April, forming mixed-sex colonies that persist through the winter months where they hibernate in the southern portion of their distribution. The species is often found roosting with other species of Rhinolophus and Miniopterus in both Australia and New Guinea .	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat has a relatively wide distribution and is rather common. However, it is sensitive to roost disturbance, especially during their breeding season. Habitat destruction also seems to be a major threat, as local populations generally decline after major alterations and clearance of vegetation near roosting sites. The species seems to be less common in the southern portion of its range. Destruction or gating of abandoned mine shafts are also threats to this species.	Armstrong & Aplin ( 2017g) | Balcombe & enton (1988) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Churchill (2008) | Cooper et al. (1998) | Csorba et al. (2003) | enton (1982b) | Flannery (1995a, 1995b) | Fullard et al. (2008) | Hall et al. (1975) | Jones & Corben (1993) | Kerle (1979) | Kitchener, Schmitt et al. (1995) | Krutzsch et al. (1992) | Pavey (1998) | Pavey & Burwell (1998a, 1998 b , 2004) | Pavey & Young (2008) | Richards (1989) | Robson et al. (2012) | Slade & Law (2007) | Stoffberg et al. (2010) | Vestjens & Hall (1977) | Young (1975, 2001) | Zhang Lin et al. (2018)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750010/files/figure.png	52 . Eastern Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus megaphyllus French: Rhinolophe à grande feuille / German: Östliche Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de hoja grande Other common names: Smaller Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus megaphyllus J. E . Gray, 1834 , “ Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia ], in cavemis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee , New South Wales ]. ” Included in the megaphyUus species group, along with R keyensis , R virgo , R madurensis , R celebensis , R mbinsoni R chaseni R nereis , R bomeensis , R malayanus , and R acuminatus, although the taxonomy of this species group and other Oriental species groups is still in need of clarification. The megaphyllus group is placed in a broader clade including the Australo-Oriental lineage of Rhinolophus . The philippinensis group may also be best included within the megaphyUus group, as otherwise the megaphyUus group is paraphyletic with respect to. philippinensis . Another taxonomic solution would be to split the megaphyllus group into several smaller species groups, although this requires more complete taxon sampling. Queensland populations of R megaphyUus seem to be closer to R achilles (previously included in R philippinensis ) than to Victorian and New Guinean R megaphyllus . Thus, R megaphyllus most likely represents a species complex of at least two species, but further morphological and genetic testing is needed. Some authors have treated the Asiatic R robinsoni and R keyensis as subspecies of R megaphyllus , but they are generally recognized as distinct species, based on morphological and genetic differences. Specimens from southern Vietnam tentatively identified as R megaphyllus by G. Csorba and colleagues in 2003 probably represent R chaseni The subspecies currently recognized herein may turn out to be distinct species, based on genetic and morphological variation. Five subspecies are currently recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R m. megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834 - SE Australia (E New South Wales and E Victoria ). R m. fallax K. Andersen, 1906 - W to SE New Guinea and D’Entrecasteaux Is (Goodenough). R m. igniferG. M. Allen , 1933 - NE Australia (E Queensland and Prince ofWales and Fraser Is). R m. monachus K. Andersen, 1905 - Louisiade Archipelago (Woodlark and Misima). R m. vandeuseni Koopman , 1982 - Bismarck Archipelago ( New Ireland , Lihir , and New Britain ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-58 mm , tail 24- 6-28 mm , ear 17-21 mm , forearm 44—52 mm , weight 7-14 g for Australia ; head-body 42-7-49- 8 mm , tail 18-21- 6 mm , ear 16-8-19- 5 mm , hindfoot 12- 1 mm , forearm 41-7-48- 7 mm , weight 6- 5-12 g for Melanesia. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is morphologically variable. Dorsal pelage is either grayish brown to dark grayish brown (gray morph) or bright rufous (orange morph; can be found roosting with gray individuals in Queensland ), while ventral pelage is slightly lighter. Ears are of medium length. Noseleaf has long lancet with straight or slightly concave sides, and pointed to more or less blunt tip; connecting process is high (higher than sella tip), rounded, and hairy; sella varies between subspecies, being wide and abruptly constricted in middle with upper margin slightly convex in megaphyllus and fallax, but narrower, less constricted in middle, and not broader at base than at top in monachus, horseshoe is wide, at 8-3—9- 2 mm , nearly covers muzzle, has small but noticeable median emargination, and has lateral leaflets that are mostly covered by horseshoe. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum is moderate in length ( c . 2-7 mm long) and has long, thin shaft with wide bifurcated base; in lateral view near base, there is small lobe followed by sharp downward curve before straightening out toward rest of thick base; tip is very slightly wider and rounded. Skull is of medium build (zygomatic width is slightly larger than or subequal to mastoid width); anterior nasal swellings are moderately developed and semicircular in outline; lateral compartment is conspicuously inflated and larger than anterior compartment; sagittal crest is low; frontal depression is longer than wide and clearly defined; supraorbital crestsjoin sagittal crest at more or less behind mid-orbit; rostrum is elongated. P2 is small with well-developed cusp and is within tooth row or slightly displaced labially, separating C 1 and P4 widely ; P3 is variably in tooth row, partially displaced, or fully displaced labially, depending on subspecies. Habitat. Tropical and temperate rainforest, deciduous vine forest, dry or wet sclerophyll forest, and open woodland, as well as coastal scrub and grassland habitats; most active in mature primary forests. Eastern Horseshoe Bats prefer to forage around dense vegetation near waterways, while avoiding more open environments. They have been recorded from sea level up to 1600 m , but acoustically detected at 250-2350 m on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea . Food and Feeding. Eastern Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage primarily by fly-catching and perch-hunting, as well occasionally as vegetation and ground gleaning. They specialize in foraging in cluttered environments, like many other rhinolophids; they are highly maneuverable and can even hover for a few seconds. Their primary prey is non-eared moths, but they also feed opportunistically on beedes, flies, crickets, true bugs, cockroaches, and wasps. Once prey is captured, it is usually taken to a temporary night roost to be consumed, leaving the ground below it littered with wings and legs that the bats have discarded. These bats are also known to feed on particular insects within their caves, specifically Speiredonia spectans and S . mutabilis ( Erebidae ), which are species of eared moth found cohabitating with this species in caves year-round; the moths are able to detect the calls of this species and sometimes avoid predation mid-flight. These moths are used most as a food source during hibernation in the southern portion of the range, when there are no insects active outside the cave. Breeding. Eastern Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry. Spermatogenesis occurs in February and sperm is available in March. Copulation, ovulation, and fertilization occur in lateJune, which is when spermatogenesis halts; males store sperm in the epididymis for at least another four months. Unlike many horseshoe bats in more temperate regions, female Eastern Horseshoe Bats do not seem to store sperm, and males do not produce a vaginal plug. Gestation lasts 4-4-5 months, depending on how much the mother goes into a torpid state during pregnancy. A single young is bom around November and clings to the mother during infancy, becoming independent and beginning to forage on its own, before it reaches adult size. Young are weaned at c.8 weeks after reaching adult size after 5-6 weeks. Males reach sexual maturity after 18 months, whereas females take 36 months. Maximum longevity has been recorded at seven years, although this species may live longer, as in other rhinolophids, due to its restricted breeding rate as a result of seasonal monoestry and only having a single young. Activity patterns. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, feeding throughout the night and reentering the cave at dawn, to roost throughout the day. It can enter torpor during the day and in the southern portion of its distribution, it can hibernate during cold winters, becoming increasingly torpid from April toJune and decreasingly torpid from June to September. Day roosts are typically found in warm, humid large caves and abandoned mine shafts, and other man-made subterranean places. The species will also inhabit rock piles, buildings, tree hollows, old railway tunnels, tree roots in creek banks, stormwater drains, and culverts, generally finding roosts with restricted entrances and narrow vertical drops; it roosts in the dark portions of the caves rather than near the opening. Call shape is FM/CF/FM with a peak F of c.68 kHz on the Huon Peninsula (YUS Conservation Area), New Guinea and 67-71 kHz in north-east Queensland , Australia . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Eastern Horseshoe Bats are highly gregarious and can be found in colonies of up to thousands of individuals, although most colonies number only 5-50. Adult males have high roost-site fidelity and are more sedentary than adult females, which will fly up to 20 km to reach a maternity roost in September or October each year. Females create very large maternity colonies when giving birth and raising their young, the largest recorded colony consisting of over 10,000 individuals in a sandstone cave near Sydney. Females return to their nonmatemity caves in March or April, forming mixed-sex colonies that persist through the winter months where they hibernate in the southern portion of their distribution. The species is often found roosting with other species of Rhinolophus and Miniopterus in both Australia and New Guinea . Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN ed List. The Eastern Horseshoe Bat has a relatively wide distribution and is rather common. However, it is sensitive to roost disturbance, especially during their breeding season. Habitat destruction also seems to be a major threat, as local populations generally decline after major alterations and clearance of vegetation near roosting sites. The species seems to be less common in the southern portion of its range. Destruction or gating of abandoned mine shafts are also threats to this species. Bibliography. Armstrong & Aplin ( 2017g ), Balcombe & enton (1988), Bonaccorso (1998), Churchill (2008), Cooper eta/. (1998), Csorba et al. (2003), enton (1982b), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Fullard et al. (2008), Hall et al. (1975), Jones & Corben (1993), Kerle (1979), Kitchener, Schmitt et al. (1995), Krutzsch et al. (1992), Pavey (1998), Pavey & Burwell (1998a, 1998 b , 2004), Pavey & Young (2008), Richards (1989), Robson et al. (2012), Slade & Law (2007), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Vestjens & Hall (1977), Young (1975, 2001), Zhang Lin et al. (2018).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Rhinolophus		megaphyllus	Gray	1834	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	######	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	<b> fallax </b>K. Andersen, 1906;<b> ignifer </b>Allen, 1933;<b> monachus </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> vandeuseni </b>Koopman, 1982.	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.	E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isls), and Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Moluccas, Lesser Sundas; E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	23	Eastern Horseshoe Bat	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	megaphyllus	J. E. Gray	1834	0						"Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia], in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee, New South Wales]."			megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834|monachus K. Andersen, 1905|fallax K. Andersen, 1906|ignifer G. M. Allen, 1933|vandeuseni Koopman, 1982	NA	NA	Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19553	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	megaphyllus	Gray, 1834	Synonyms were reviewed by Csorba et al . (2003), however Rhinolophus megaphyllus is now considered to be restricted to Australia and Papua New Guinea. The taxa R. robinsoni Andersen, 1918 (includes klossi K. Andersen, 1918; and thaianus Hill, 1992 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) and R. keyensis Peters, 1871 (includes truncatus Peters, 1871; nanus K. Andersen, 1905; and simplex K. Andersen, 1905 listed as synonyms of megaphyllus by Csorba et al . 2003) were subsequently considered distinct species by Simmons (2005). There is an unresolved relationship with Australasian forms of R. philippinensis (Cooper et al. 1998) that is currently being resolved (K.N. Armstrong unpublished data).	200000000	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Least Concern		2021	2016-07-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>This species is listed as Least Concern given its wide distribution, use of a broad range of habitats, presumed large population size, occurrence in protected areas, and the absence of significant key threats or evidence for a decline.</p>	<p></p><p>Rhinolophus megaphyllus roosts in caves and other analogous underground structures, in colonies of up to 5000 individuals, but more often less than 50. It is generally associated with closed forest habitats and warm humid roosting sites, but has also been recorded from drier vegetation types, rural gardens and plantations. They forage within stands of vegetation and flight is normally slow and fluttery. A wide variety of small insects form their diet. Males tend to be strongly philopatric to roost sites, whereas females will move to maternity sites during breeding. Males store sperm for four months before copulation, but there is no sperm storage by females prior to fertilisation. Females produce a single young, which are weaned after eight weeks by the end of January (Pavey and Young 2008). </p>	<p>They are sensitive to disturbance of their underground roost sites, especially during breeding. Local population declines may follow high levels of vegetation alteration and clearance around roost sites. The availability of suitable roost sites will also affect local occurrence, and loss of roost sites could reduce area of occupancy.</p>	<p></p><p>It is locally common in suitable habitats within Australia and New Guinea, and relatively abundant in New Ireland and New Britain, and islands of Milne Bay. Local abundance is determined by the presence of suitable subterranean roosts. There has been no detailed systematic census in any part of its range, though demographic studies in south-east Queensland were conducted by banding (Young 2001).</p>	Unknown	<p></p><p> </p><p>This species ranges from the island of New Guinea (Papua New Guinea only; R. m. fallax K. Andersen, 1906), the Bismarck Archipelago (islands of New Britain and New Ireland, Papua New Guinea; R. m. vandeuseni Koopman, 1982); the D’Entrecasteaux Islands (Papua New Guinea; R. m. fallax K. Andersen, 1906), the Louisiade Archipelago (Papua New Guinea; monachus K. Andersen, 1905), and throughout eastern Australia from Cape York to Victoria (ignifer Allen, 1933 and the nominate subspecies; Flannery 1995a,b; Bonaccorso 1998). It occurs from sea level up to 1,600 m Asl. On the New Guinea mainland it can be difficult to detect acoustically because echolocation call frequency is similar to that of R. arcuatus (Leary and Pennay 2011; Robson et al . 2012; K.N. Armstrong and K.P. Aplin unpublished data) and the geographic variation in call frequency in both species has not been documented. Its range has expanded in Victoria, Australia in the past 100 years because of mine adits. In contrast, in southern Australia it's echolocation calls are distinctive and can not be confused with other species. ; Its range has expanded in Victoria, Australia in the past approximately 100 years, extending its distribution westwards by over 200 km, through the use of abandoned mine adits (Kerle 1979).</p> <p></p>		Terrestrial	<p>It is present in several protected areas. The protection of underground roosts should be a priority for management, but consideration of the area and quality of foraging habitat around roosts is equally important for maintaining area of occupancy. The addition of gates over mine entrances could have a seriously detrimental effect on colony size, and an inventory of disused mines containing colonies of this species would assist management planning.</p>	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		megaphyllus	Gray	1834	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	########	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	<b> fallax </b>K. Andersen, 1906;<b> ignifer </b>Allen, 1933;<b> monachus </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> vandeuseni </b>Koopman, 1982.	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.	E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isls), and Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Moluccas, Lesser Sundas; E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 megaphyllus species group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	1004712	23	Eastern Horseshoe Bat	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	megaphyllus	J. E. Gray	1834	0						"Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia], in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee, New South Wales]."			megaphyllus J. E. Gray, 1834|monachus K. Andersen, 1905|fallax K. Andersen, 1906|ignifer G. M. Allen, 1933|vandeuseni Koopman, 1982	NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	1004712	23	Eastern Horseshoe Bat	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	megaphyllus	J. E. Gray	0	Rhinolophus megaphyllus	Gray, J.E. 1834-09-26. A specimen was exhibited of a Bat captured in New Holland by George Bennett, Esq., Corr. Memb. Z.S. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1834:52-53.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30568357	BMNH:Mamm:1941.1509	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/1a27b3ea-839b-4e5e-87da-87d182088796	"Novâ Hollandiâ [= Australia], in cavernis prope fluvium Moorumbidjee [= in caves near the river Murrumbidgee, New South Wales]."			NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_megaphyllus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		megaphyllus	Gray	1834	0	Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.	########	Smaller Horseshoe Bat	fallax K. Andersen, 1906; ignifer Allen, 1933; monachus K. Andersen, 1905; vandeuseni Koopman, 1982.	Australia, New South Wales, Murrumbidgee River.	E New Guinea; Misima Isl (Louisiade Arch.), Goodenough Isl (D'Entrecasteaux Isls), and Bismarck Arch. (Papua New Guinea); Moluccas, Lesser Sundas; E Queensland, E New South Wales, and E Victoria (Australia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19553/209537963/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	megaphyllusspecies group. Does not include keyensis and amiri; see Kitchener et al. (1995a), although also see discussion in Csorba etal. (2003). May be closely related to philippinensis, and both taxa as presently recognized may be polyphyletic; see Cooper et al.(1998). Does not include robinsoni and simplex, although see discussion in Corbet and Hill (1992) and Csorba et al. (2003).Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus megaphyllus; Rhinolophus megaphyllus; Rhinolophus megaphyllus; Rhinolophus megaphyllus; Rhinolophus megaphyllus; Rhinolophus megaphyllus; megaphyllus; fallax; ignifer; monachus; vandeuseni; megaphyllus; fallax; ignifer; monachus; vandeuseni; fallax; ignifer; monachus; vandeuseni; megaphyllus; monachus; fallax; ignifer; vandeuseni; Rhinolophe à grande feuille; Östliche Hufeisennase; Herradura dehoja grande; Smaller Horseshoe Bat; Eastern Horseshoe Bat; Smaller Horseshoe Bat; Smaller Horseshoe Bat; Smaller Horseshoe Bat; R. megaphyllus