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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1384	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus hipposideros		[MSW2] Revised by Felten et al. (1977).; [MSW3] hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999).; [HMW] Noctilio hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 , “ Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and “An mehreren Orten in Deutschland, z. B . in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in Germany , for example in Thuringia , Hesse ].” Rhinolophus hipposideros is the sole member of the hipposideros species group. The phylogenetic relationships of R. hipposideros are still uncertain, but it seems to belong in the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus (probably close to the trifoliatus and pearsonii species groups), unlike its European congeners, which are in the Afro-Palearctic clade. There are two karyotype forms in Europe and a third in the Middle East. These karyotypic forms do not fit the current model of subspecific distribution for R. hipposideros and do not exactly match with currently known genetic lineages within the species. A recent phylogenetic study by S. Shahabi and colleagues, in 2019, found a number of divergent clades across the species’ distribution, and cranial morphometries in the same study showed that there are at least two well-distinguishable morphotypes from south and north-western Iran . There appear to be a few major lineages: (1) Central and West Europe and North Africa; (2) South-east Europe and West Asia; (3) North-west Iran to Azerbaijan ; (4) North Iran (based on a single specimen); and (5) South and Central-west Iran ; a specimen from Tajikistan also appears to form a separate clade, sister to the European and West Asian clades. A revision using substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological data from across the species’ distribution is needed to clarify subspecific distributions, which at present do not reflect karyotypic and genetic data divisions. Six subspecies tentatively recognized.; [batnames2022]  hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) andHorácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).; [batnames2023]  hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) andHorácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).; [MDD2023] previously included R. midas; the authority for this species is often cited as either Bechstein, 1799, 1800, or 1801 or Borkhausen 1797, but it was recently shown to originate from André, 1797, which predates Bechstein, 1797; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included R. midas; the authority for this species is often cited as either Bechstein, 1799, 1800, or 1801 or Borkhausen 1797, but it was recently shown to originate from André, 1797, which predates Bechstein, 1797; [batnames2025_1.7] hipposiderosspecies group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006) and Benda and Mlíkovský (2022). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included R. midas; the authority for this species is often cited as either Bechstein, 1799, 1800, or 1801 or Borkhausen 1797, but it was recently shown to originate from André, 1797, which predates Bechstein, 1797						anomalus, bihastatus, bifer, escalerae, helvetica, intermedius, kashyiriensis, majori, midas, minimus, minutus, moravicus, pallidus, phasma, trogophilus, typus, vespa.	escalerae, vespa, minimus, majori, minutus, hipposideros, midas	hipposideros, escalerae, majori, midas, minimus, minutus	alpinus, anomalus, bifer, bihastatus, eggenhoeffner, helvetica, intermedius, kisnyiresiensis, minor, minuta, moravicus, trogophilus, typicus, typus; escalerae - vespa; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus, phasma	hipposideros, escalerae, majori, midas, minimus, minutus		hipposideros, escalerae, majori, midas, minimus, minutus	hipposideros - alpinus, anomalus, bifer, bihastatus, eggenhoeffner, helvetica, intermedius, kisnyiresiensis, minor, minuta, moravicus, trogophilus, typicus, typus; escalerae - vespa; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus, phasma	minor, hipposideros, minutus, bihastatus, minuta, bifer, minimus, alpinus, pallidus, typus, eggenhoeffner, kisnyiresiensis, trogophilus, helvetica, phasma, midas, typicus, escalerae, majori, anomalus, intermedius, vespa, moravicus, billanyani		hipposideros, escalerae, majori, midas, minimus, minutus	hipposideros - alpinus, anomalus, bifer, bihastatus, eggenhoeffner, helvetica, intermedius, kisnyiresiensis, minor, minuta, moravicus, trogophilus, typicus, typus; escalerae - vespa; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus, phasma	minor, hipposideros, minutus, bihastatus, minuta, bifer, bifer, minimus, alpinus, pallidus, typus, eggenhoeffner, kisnyiresiensis, trogophilus, helvetica, phasma, typicus, escalerae, majori, anomalus, intermedius, vespa, moravicus, billanyani	minor, hipposideros, minor, minutus, bihastatus, alpinus, bifer, bifer, minimus, alpinus, pallidus, typus, eggenhoeffner, kisnyiresiensis, trogophilus, helveticus, typicus, escalerae, majori, anomalus, intermedius, vespa, intermedius, moravicus, billanjani, billanyani 	escalerae, hipposideros, majori, midas, minimus, minutus	escalerae - vespa; hipposideros - alpinus, anomalus, bifer, bihastatus, eggenhoeffner, helvetica, intermedius, kisnyiresiensis, minor, minuta, moravicus, trogophilus, typicus, typus; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus, phasma	minor (Kerr, 1792) [preoccupied]|hipposideros (André, 1797)|minor É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 [preoccupied]|minutus (G. Montagu, 1808)|bihastatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813|alpinus G. Fischer, 1814|bifer H. R. Schinz, 1821|bifer Kaup, 1829 [nomen nudum]|minimus von Heuglin, 1861|alpinus C. Koch, 1863 [preoccupied]|pallidus C. Koch, 1863|typus C. Koch, 1863|eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870 [not used as valid]|kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885|trogophilus Daday, 1887 [nomen novum]|helveticus Bretscher, 1904|phasma Cabrera, 1904|typicus Andersen, 1905 [nomen novum]|escalerae Andersen, 1918|majori Andersen, 1918|anomalus Söderlund, 1921|intermedius Söderlund, 1921|vespa Laurent, 1937|intermedius Laurent, 1943 [preoccupied]|moravicus Kostroň, 1943|billanjani DeBlase, 1972 [unpublished thesis]|billanyani Simmons, 2005 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Lesser horseshoe bat	Britain, Ireland – N India, NE Africa	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus hipposideros	France.	Bechstein	1800	In Pennant, Uebers Vierf. Thiere, 2:629.	Distribution: Widely distributed in the western Palearctic from Ireland to southeastern Kazakh stan and Kashmir, south to northwestern Africa and through western Arabia to Ethiopia and east ern Sudan.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Lesser horseshoe bat	Britain, Ireland – N India, NE Africa	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Bechstein	1800	In Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber. Vierfuss. Thiere, 2:629.	Revised by Felten et al. (1977).	Ireland, Iberia and Morocco through S Europe and N Africa to Kirghizia and Kashmir; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia.	France.		BECHSTEIN	1800	Sella small, without lateral pro cesses. Median groove of horseshoe simple, no pa pilla at posterior end. Connecting process very low and rounded off. Periotic bones enlarged, causing narrowing of the median basioccipital. Size relatively small (forearm length, 34-42 mm).	Distribution: Widely distributed in the western Palearctic from Ireland to southeastern Kazakh stan and Kashmir, south to northwestern Africa and through western Arabia to Ethiopia and east ern Sudan.	Seven subspecies are here recog nized:	R. h. escalerae and R. h. vespa (northeastern Africa), R. h. minimus (southern Europe to the eastern end of the Medi terranean, including several islands and south to Ethiopia and the Sudan), R. h. majori (Corsica), R. h. minutus (Brit ain and Ireland), R. h. hipposideros (continental Europe north of the Alps east to the eastern end of the Black Sea), R. h. midas (Transcaucasia and Iraq to Kazakhstan and Kashmir).	56	species	R. hipposideros	BECHSTEIN	1800	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus hipposideros				Sella small, without lateral pro cesses. Median groove of horseshoe simple, no pa pilla at posterior end. Connecting process very low and rounded off. Periotic bones enlarged, causing narrowing of the median basioccipital. Size relatively small (forearm length, 34-42 mm).	Seven subspecies are here recog nized:		40. R. hipposideros (BECHSTEIN 1800) [hipposi deros group].	40	_R. h. hipposideros_ (André, 1797) (synonyms: _alpinus_ Fischer, 1814, _alpinus_ Koch, 1863, _anomalus_ Söderlund, 1921, _bifer_ Kaup, 1829, _bifer_ Schinz, 1821, _bihastatus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813, _eggenhoeffner_ Fitzinger, 1870, _escalerae_ Andersen, 1918, _helveticus_ Bretscher, 1904, _intermedius_ Laurent, 1943, _intermedius_ Söderlund, 1921, _kisnyiresiensis_ Daday, 1885, _majori_ Andersen, 1918, _minor_ (Kerr, 1792), _minor_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803, _minutus_ (Montagu, 1808), _moravicus_ Kostroň, 1943, _pallidus_ Koch, 1863, _phasma_ Cabrera, 1904, _trogophilus_ Daday, 1887, _typicus_ Andersen, 1905, _typus_ Koch, 1863, _vespa_ Laurent, 1937); _R. h. minimus_ Heuglin, 1861 (synonyms: _billanjani_ DeBlase, 1972)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus		hipposideros	Bechstein	y	1800		In Pennant, Allgemeine Ueber. Vierfüss. Thiere	2		629		Lesser Horseshoe Bat	France.	Ireland, N Europe to Iberia and Morocco, through S Europe and N Africa to Kyrgystan and Kashmir; Bulgaria; Israel and Jordan; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti. Records at some localities in N Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992b).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	alpinus Koch, 1865; anomalus Soderland, 1920; bifer Kaup, 1829 [nomen nudum]; bifer Blainville, 1840 [replacement for bifer Kaup, 1829]; bihastatus E. Geoffroy, 1813; eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870; helvetica Bretschner, 1904; intermedius Soderland, 1920; kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885; minor Kerr 1792:99 [not Kerr 1792:97]; minuta Leach, 1816 [nomen nudum]; moravicus Kostron, 1943; trogophilus Daday, 1887; typicus K. Andersen, 1905; typus Koch, 1865; escalerae K. Andersen, 1918; vespa Laurent, 1937; majori K. Andersen, 1918; billanyani DeBlase, 1972; midas K. Andersen, 1905; minimus Heuglin, 1861; pallidus Koch, 1865; phasma Cabrera, 1904; minutus Montagu, 1808.	hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999).	885887A2FFDC8A3AFF05F6C4F40ADC6F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	326	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFE08A19F8B3FB9AF665D2BD.xml	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	hipposideros	Borkhausen	1797	Petit Rhinolophe @fr | Kleine Hufeisennase @de | Herradura pequeno @es	Noctilio hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 , “ Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and “An mehreren Orten in Deutschland, z. B . in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in Germany , for example in Thuringia , Hesse ].” Rhinolophus hipposideros is the sole member of the hipposideros species group. The phylogenetic relationships of R. hipposideros are still uncertain, but it seems to belong in the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus (probably close to the trifoliatus and pearsonii species groups), unlike its European congeners, which are in the Afro-Palearctic clade. There are two karyotype forms in Europe and a third in the Middle East. These karyotypic forms do not fit the current model of subspecific distribution for R. hipposideros and do not exactly match with currently known genetic lineages within the species. A recent phylogenetic study by S. Shahabi and colleagues, in 2019, found a number of divergent clades across the species’ distribution, and cranial morphometries in the same study showed that there are at least two well-distinguishable morphotypes from south and north-western Iran . There appear to be a few major lineages: (1) Central and West Europe and North Africa; (2) South-east Europe and West Asia; (3) North-west Iran to Azerbaijan ; (4) North Iran (based on a single specimen); and (5) South and Central-west Iran ; a specimen from Tajikistan also appears to form a separate clade, sister to the European and West Asian clades. A revision using substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological data from across the species’ distribution is needed to clarify subspecific distributions, which at present do not reflect karyotypic and genetic data divisions. Six subspecies tentatively recognized.	R.h. hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 — continental Europe E to S Ukraine and Romania . R.h. escalerae K. Andersen, 1918 — N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia . R.h. majori K. Andersen, 1918 — Corsica . R. h. midas K Andersen, 1905 — SW Russia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Armenia , N Iraq , N, W & S Iran (including Qeshm I), SW Turkmenistan , S Kazakhstan , E Uzbekistan , WKyrgyzstan, Tajikistan , N & E Afghanistan , NE Pakistan , and NW India (Kashmir). R. h. minimus Heuglin, 1862 - Mediterranean Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to Greece , Turkey , N & W Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , WJordan, NE Egypt ( Sinai ), and W Saudi Arabia , with isolated records in E Africa, from SW Sudan , C Eritrea , Djibouti , and C Ethiopia ; also on a number of Mediterranean Is, including Balearic Is, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, Malta , Ionian Is (Corfu and Kefalonia), Aegean Is (Thasos, Euboea, Skyros, Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Rhodes), Crete, and Cyprus . R h. minutus Montagu, 1808 — W Ireland and SW Britain.	Head-body 35- 5-48 mm , tail 21-32 mm , ear 12-19 mm , hindfoot 6-7- 9 mm , forearm 35-42- 5 mm ; weight 4-7- 9 g . Dorsal pelage is light to dark, buffy to gray brown (base of hairs drab), whereas ventral pelage is drab to grayish drab. Ears are small. Noseleaf has long, narrow, cuneate lancet with bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is low and rounded or sometimes very bluntly pointed; sella is long and narrow, with convergent lateral margins and pointed tip that projects downward and forward; horseshoe nearly covers muzzle, is 5-7- 3 mm wide, and has rudimentary lateral leaflets. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is very large for body size; ventral emargination is deeper than dorsal, and always simple; dorsal emargination is not as deep and may have many lobes; broad groove is present on ventral surface of basal cone, and bordered by knob-like protuberances; median and distal portions are bent upward, and tip has a button-like knob. Skull is very delicately built (zygomatic width is very slightly greater than, or subequal to, mastoid width); braincase is relatively narrow; zygomatic arch is unusually shaped for the genus, being very weak and slender, and the anterior one-half runs nearly parallel to the tooth row; rostrum is relatively low; anterior median swellings are moderately inflated; posterior swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is moderately developed but flattened posteriorly; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak. C1 is delicate and moderately long; P2 is proportionally larger than in any other member of the genus, and within the tooth row; P3 is minute and extruded from the tooth row; P, and P4 are either touching or have a small gap between them. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FNa = 62 ( Spain and Germany ), 2n = 56 and FNa = 62 ( Czech Republic , Slovakia , Italy , Greece , Turkey , and Azerbaijan ), or 2n = 58 ( Turkey , Syria , and Jordan ).	The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is the most northerly distributed species of horseshoe bat, occurring up to 52° N . It can be found mainly in broadleaf deciduous woodlands along with other open woodland, parkland, farmland, pasture, and scrub habitats in northern portions of its distribution. In southern portions, it can be found in riparian areas, Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands, thorn scrub, and bushy forests near streams. Recorded from sea level up to over 2100 m , appearing to be more commonly found at higher elevations.	Lesser Horseshoe Bats forage mainly by slow hawking but are also known to glean insects off stones, rocks, and vegetation. They typically feed on volant insects, but when gleaning prey, they often pick up non-volant prey including larvae. These bats are often observed flying low and close to vegetation, water, or walls. They are slow but maneuverable fliers that are capable of short bursts of speed and are almost butterfly-like, when flying, because of their fluttering appearance. They are also able to hover for short periods. Throughout Europe, their diet largely consists of small Lepidoptera and Diptera (particularly Nematocera) with smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae , although their diet shifts throughout the year and by region, based on prey availability. Most diet analyses throughout the distribution are dominated by Lepidoptera and Diptera . In Slovakia , fecal analysis showed that they fed mostly on small Lepidoptera (87% by volume) supplemented by nematoceran (10%) and brachyceran (1-2%) Diptera and Neuroptera (1-5%). A similar composition was reported from fecal samples in Algeria , where diet consisted ofDiptera (41-6% by volume; Culicidae , Chironomidae or Ceratopogonidae , and Tipulidae ), Lepidoptera (21-1%), Hemiptera (11-7%), and some minor orders, with insects making up 93-5% of their diet. In Azerbaijan, diet consisted mainly of Tipulidae , Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, and Neuroptera ; and Lepidoptera comprised the most important food in Turkey . On the Sinai Peninsula , Egypt , this species was observed feeding on Formicidae, Homoptera , and Culicidae , and a few fecal samples from Jordan included mostly Homoptera. Diet during the winter in the UK and Ireland consisted mainly of Tipulidae , Sphaeroceridae , and Mycetophilidae in Diptera , and varied in composition across the islands, probably as a result of local habitat differences .	Lesser Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry in which mating typically occurs in autumn (September-November) in Europe, or in the hibernacula during winter. Mating starts with chasing, until the female lands and the male hangs behind and over the female; copulation is brief. Sperm is stored in the female’s reproductive tract until March-April when ovulation and fertilization take place. In Europe, births occur in summer, from midJune to early July, and females generally give birth to a single young; however, in Iran , 35% offemales gave birth to twins, which is rare in Europe. After birth, the young grow quickly and linearly for the first 14 days, and in some cases, a loss in weight is observed during days 15-20, which is correlated with when the young first take flight at 18-20 days. Weaning takes place after c.4-5 weeks and young reach sexual maturity in their first year. However, most females do not give birth for the first time until their second year. The oldest recorded individual was 21 years and three months old.	The Lesser Horseshoe Bat spends the night foraging and the day roosting in underground spaces, such as caves, tunnels, and mines throughout its southern European, Asiatic, and African distribution, but can typically be found roosting in attics and buildings in the northern portions ofits range in summer. During winter, it can be found hibernating mainly in underground sites including cellars, small caves, and burrows. During summer, it will regularly enter a torpid state throughout the day while roosting to conserve energy. While torpid or hibernating, a bat wraps itself in the wing membranes and bends its legs to get close to the substrate in which it is roosting. Bats seem to choose cool areas for hibernating, and have been reported roosting in hibernacula that are 6—9°C with high humidity in Europe, and in similar conditions in Algeria . They leave their roosts around dusk to forage. On an island in the Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria , Germany , six radio-tracked females foraged for 229 minutes/night, primarily in woodland areas and sometimes in orchards and tree rows but never over water. Echolocation call shape is FM/CF/FM with a greater bandwidth on the terminal FM component , although they emit some F and CF/FM calls while foraging by slow hawking. Females emit higher frequency pulses than males, with males having calls 4 kHz lower than females on average in Ireland ;juveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. In Greece , peak F were reported averaging 110-6 kHz, with an average duration of 45-3 milliseconds and an average interpulse interval of 98-2 milliseconds. Similar results were reported throughout Europe ( France , Switzerland , and UK ), with an average peak frequency of 109-6 kHz and average duration of 42-5 milliseconds. Calls from Morocco had an average frequency of 116-9 kHz with a duration averaging 39-7 kHz and, in another study, frequencies of 111-5-117-5 kHz were reported. In Israel , peak frequencies were recorded at 103-5-109-3 kHz (mean 107-6 kHz), with a duration averaging 42-3 milliseconds; in Iran , peak frequencies were 109-111-1 kHz (mean 110-3 kHz), with durations of47-8-52 milliseconds (mean 49-9 milliseconds) and an interpluse intervals of 36-1-48-7 milliseconds (mean 41-9 milliseconds).	Lesser Horseshoe Bats roost either singly or in colonies, generally hanging apart ( 25-50 cm ) from one another, when roosting in colonies. During winter in Europe, they can be found roosting in hibernacula colonies with up to 500 bats, or singly; in summer, females form maternity colonies of 10-1500 individuals, while males roost separately. Maternity colonies consist almost exclusively of females and their young, although some juvenile males may remain in the colonies. Females usually hang separately in maternity colonies, although they will huddle together when heavily pregnant , in cool weather, or when huddling with their young. They are largely sedentary, and both summer roosts and hibernacula are usually within a 5—10 km area. The longest recorded distance for a Lesser Horseshoe Bat migrating for a roost was 152 km . On an island in Lake Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria , six radio-tracked females had home range sizes of 6-8-62-7 ha (mean 25-3 ha) and were active in a central area of 2-8-8-2 ha (mean 5-3 ha). Most of the females stayed on the island to forage, but two of them left (a 1-2-km flight over water) to forage at night in August, after their young had become volant The density of the bats on the island in woodland habitats was calculated at 0-7 ind/ha.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is generally widespread and common throughout much of its range, but is threatened locally in several regions. IUCN ed List regionally classifies the Lesser Horseshoe Bat as Near Threatened in Europe and the Mediterranean. In Europe, there has been substantial reduction in the northern portion of the range over the last 50 years. The northern border of the distribution has moved since the 1950s, and the species has become extinct in the Netherlands , most of Belgium , and western Germany . This decline continues but has probably decelerated, justifying the Near Threatened status. Distribution has become fragmented in Switzerland and Austria , with colonies remaining only at elevations over 400 m . In Switzerland however, the population has shown signs of a slow recovery, with an increase from 2200 to 2500 adults counted in maternity colonies in the past ten years. The species is generally threatened by roost disturbance and the destruction of underground roosts or attics, but can also be affected by agricultural expansion and intensification, habitat fragmentation, and the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. This is exemplified in Spain by the disappearance of some colonies due to the restoration of old buildings, which often destroys attic roosts. The species is common throughout much of its range in North Africa and West Asia, although it is fairly rare in Central and South Asia, as well as northern East Africa, where it is known from few records. It is protected by national legislation across Europe, and there are international legal obligations for protection through the Bonn Convention (EUROBATS) and Bern Convention. The species is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, which requires Special Areas for Conservation for the species. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites, hibernacula, and foraging habitat; these have been variably implemented in Europe. There are no conservation measures currently being implemented throughout the non-European range. Locally in Spain , incentives have been provided to encourage people to keep colonies living in their houses, which may be a good potential method for securing roosting spots for the species.	ACR (2018) | Ahmim & Moali (2013) | Amr (2000) | Andreas et al. (2013) | Arlettaz, Godat & Meyer (2000) | Arslan & Zima (2014) | Aulagnier &Thévenot (1986) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Benda & Gaisler (2015) | Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda, Dietz et al. (2008) | Benda, aizolâhi et al. (2012) | Benda, Georgiakakis et al. (2008) | Benda, Hanâk & Cervenÿ (2011) | Benda, Hanak, Horâcek étal. (2007) | Benda, Ivanova étal. (2003) | Benda, Lucan et al. (2010) | Bontadina, Arlettaz et al. (2000) | Bontadina, Schofield & Naef-Daenzer (2002) | Bufka & Cervenÿ (2012) | Chytil & Gaisler (2012) | Crucitti & Cavalletti (2002) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Dalhoumi et al. (2016 a) | Disca et al. (2014) | Dool, Puechmaille, Dietz et al. (2013) | Dool, Puechmaille, Kelleher et al. (2016) | Fairon et al. (1982) | Gaisler (1963, 1966, 2013c) | Gaisler et al. (2011) | Hackett et al. (2017) | Hanâk et al. (2001) | Holzhaider et al. (2002) | Horâcek (2010) | Hutterer étal. (2005) | Jones & Rayner (1989) | Jones & Siemers (2011) | Jones et al. (1992) | Karata? et al. (2006) | Kelleher (2004) | Knight & Jones (2009) | Lino et al. (2014) | McAney & Fairley (1988,1989) | Motte & Libois (2002) | Ohlendorf (1997) | Papadatou et al. (2008 a) | Puerma et al. (2008) | Reiter (2004) | Reiter et al. (2013) | Rushton (1970) | Schofield (1996, 1999) | Seckerdieck et al. (2005) | Shahabi et al. (2019) | Spitzenberger (2002) | Stoffberg étal. (2010) | Stutz & Haffner (1984) | Taylor ( 2016g) | Urbanczyk (1994) | Volleth et al. (2013) | Walters et al. (2012) | Warren & Witter (2002) | Williams et al. (2011) | Zahn et al. (2008) | Zukal et al. (2005)		95 . Lesser Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus hipposideros French: Petit Rhinolophe / German: Kleine Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura pequeno Taxonomy. Noctilio hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 , “ Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and “An mehreren Orten in Deutschland, z. B . in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in Germany , for example in Thuringia , Hesse ].” Rhinolophus hipposideros is the sole member of the hipposideros species group. The phylogenetic relationships of R. hipposideros are still uncertain, but it seems to belong in the Asiatic clade of Rhinolophus (probably close to the trifoliatus and pearsonii species groups), unlike its European congeners, which are in the Afro-Palearctic clade. There are two karyotype forms in Europe and a third in the Middle East. These karyotypic forms do not fit the current model of subspecific distribution for R. hipposideros and do not exactly match with currently known genetic lineages within the species. A recent phylogenetic study by S. Shahabi and colleagues, in 2019, found a number of divergent clades across the species’ distribution, and cranial morphometries in the same study showed that there are at least two well-distinguishable morphotypes from south and north-western Iran . There appear to be a few major lineages: (1) Central and West Europe and North Africa; (2) South-east Europe and West Asia; (3) North-west Iran to Azerbaijan ; (4) North Iran (based on a single specimen); and (5) South and Central-west Iran ; a specimen from Tajikistan also appears to form a separate clade, sister to the European and West Asian clades. A revision using substantial morphological, genetic, and karyological data from across the species’ distribution is needed to clarify subspecific distributions, which at present do not reflect karyotypic and genetic data divisions. Six subspecies tentatively recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R.h. hipposideros Borkhausen, 1797 — continental Europe E to S Ukraine and Romania . R.h. escalerae K. Andersen, 1918 — N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia . R.h. majori K. Andersen, 1918 — Corsica . R. h. midas K Andersen, 1905 — SW Russia , Georgia , Azerbaijan , Armenia , N Iraq , N, W & S Iran (including Qeshm I), SW Turkmenistan , S Kazakhstan , E Uzbekistan , WKyrgyzstan, Tajikistan , N & E Afghanistan , NE Pakistan , and NW India (Kashmir). R. h. minimus Heuglin, 1862 - Mediterranean Europe from Iberian Peninsula E to Greece , Turkey , N & W Syria , Lebanon , Israel , Palestine , WJordan, NE Egypt ( Sinai ), and W Saudi Arabia , with isolated records in E Africa, from SW Sudan , C Eritrea , Djibouti , and C Ethiopia ; also on a number of Mediterranean Is, including Balearic Is, Sardinia, Sicily, Pantelleria, Malta , Ionian Is (Corfu and Kefalonia), Aegean Is (Thasos, Euboea, Skyros, Lesbos, Chios, Kos, and Rhodes), Crete, and Cyprus . R h. minutus Montagu, 1808 — W Ireland and SW Britain. Descriptive notes. Head-body 35- 5-48 mm , tail 21-32 mm , ear 12-19 mm , hindfoot 6-7- 9 mm , forearm 35-42- 5 mm ; weight 4-7- 9 g . Dorsal pelage is light to dark, buffy to gray brown (base of hairs drab), whereas ventral pelage is drab to grayish drab. Ears are small. Noseleaf has long, narrow, cuneate lancet with bluntly pointed tip; connecting process is low and rounded or sometimes very bluntly pointed; sella is long and narrow, with convergent lateral margins and pointed tip that projects downward and forward; horseshoe nearly covers muzzle, is 5-7- 3 mm wide, and has rudimentary lateral leaflets. Lower lip has one mental groove. Baculum is very large for body size; ventral emargination is deeper than dorsal, and always simple; dorsal emargination is not as deep and may have many lobes; broad groove is present on ventral surface of basal cone, and bordered by knob-like protuberances; median and distal portions are bent upward, and tip has a button-like knob. Skull is very delicately built (zygomatic width is very slightly greater than, or subequal to, mastoid width); braincase is relatively narrow; zygomatic arch is unusually shaped for the genus, being very weak and slender, and the anterior one-half runs nearly parallel to the tooth row; rostrum is relatively low; anterior median swellings are moderately inflated; posterior swellings are well developed; sagittal crest is moderately developed but flattened posteriorly; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are weak. C1 is delicate and moderately long; P2 is proportionally larger than in any other member of the genus, and within the tooth row; P3 is minute and extruded from the tooth row; P, and P4 are either touching or have a small gap between them. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 54 and FNa = 62 ( Spain and Germany ), 2n = 56 and FNa = 62 ( Czech Republic , Slovakia , Italy , Greece , Turkey , and Azerbaijan ), or 2n = 58 ( Turkey , Syria , and Jordan ). Habitat. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is the most northerly distributed species of horseshoe bat, occurring up to 52° N . It can be found mainly in broadleaf deciduous woodlands along with other open woodland, parkland, farmland, pasture, and scrub habitats in northern portions of its distribution. In southern portions, it can be found in riparian areas, Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands, grasslands, thorn scrub, and bushy forests near streams. Recorded from sea level up to over 2100 m , appearing to be more commonly found at higher elevations. Food and Feeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats forage mainly by slow hawking but are also known to glean insects off stones, rocks, and vegetation. They typically feed on volant insects, but when gleaning prey, they often pick up non-volant prey including larvae. These bats are often observed flying low and close to vegetation, water, or walls. They are slow but maneuverable fliers that are capable of short bursts of speed and are almost butterfly-like, when flying, because of their fluttering appearance. They are also able to hover for short periods. Throughout Europe, their diet largely consists of small Lepidoptera and Diptera (particularly Nematocera) with smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Coleoptera, and Araneae , although their diet shifts throughout the year and by region, based on prey availability. Most diet analyses throughout the distribution are dominated by Lepidoptera and Diptera . In Slovakia , fecal analysis showed that they fed mostly on small Lepidoptera (87% by volume) supplemented by nematoceran (10%) and brachyceran (1-2%) Diptera and Neuroptera (1-5%). A similar composition was reported from fecal samples in Algeria , where diet consisted ofDiptera (41-6% by volume; Culicidae , Chironomidae or Ceratopogonidae , and Tipulidae ), Lepidoptera (21-1%), Hemiptera (11-7%), and some minor orders, with insects making up 93-5% of their diet. In Azerbaijan, diet consisted mainly of Tipulidae , Lepidoptera, Heteroptera, and Neuroptera ; and Lepidoptera comprised the most important food in Turkey . On the Sinai Peninsula , Egypt , this species was observed feeding on Formicidae, Homoptera , and Culicidae , and a few fecal samples from Jordan included mostly Homoptera. Diet during the winter in the UK and Ireland consisted mainly of Tipulidae , Sphaeroceridae , and Mycetophilidae in Diptera , and varied in composition across the islands, probably as a result of local habitat differences . Breeding. Lesser Horseshoe Bats exhibit restricted seasonal monoestry in which mating typically occurs in autumn (September-November) in Europe, or in the hibernacula during winter. Mating starts with chasing, until the female lands and the male hangs behind and over the female; copulation is brief. Sperm is stored in the female’s reproductive tract until March-April when ovulation and fertilization take place. In Europe, births occur in summer, from midJune to early July, and females generally give birth to a single young; however, in Iran , 35% offemales gave birth to twins, which is rare in Europe. After birth, the young grow quickly and linearly for the first 14 days, and in some cases, a loss in weight is observed during days 15-20, which is correlated with when the young first take flight at 18-20 days. Weaning takes place after c.4-5 weeks and young reach sexual maturity in their first year. However, most females do not give birth for the first time until their second year. The oldest recorded individual was 21 years and three months old. Activity patterns. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat spends the night foraging and the day roosting in underground spaces, such as caves, tunnels, and mines throughout its southern European, Asiatic, and African distribution, but can typically be found roosting in attics and buildings in the northern portions ofits range in summer. During winter, it can be found hibernating mainly in underground sites including cellars, small caves, and burrows. During summer, it will regularly enter a torpid state throughout the day while roosting to conserve energy. While torpid or hibernating, a bat wraps itself in the wing membranes and bends its legs to get close to the substrate in which it is roosting. Bats seem to choose cool areas for hibernating, and have been reported roosting in hibernacula that are 6—9°C with high humidity in Europe, and in similar conditions in Algeria . They leave their roosts around dusk to forage. On an island in the Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria , Germany , six radio-tracked females foraged for 229 minutes/night, primarily in woodland areas and sometimes in orchards and tree rows but never over water. Echolocation call shape is FM/CF/FM with a greater bandwidth on the terminal FM component , although they emit some F and CF/FM calls while foraging by slow hawking. Females emit higher frequency pulses than males, with males having calls 4 kHz lower than females on average in Ireland ;juveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. In Greece , peak F were reported averaging 110-6 kHz, with an average duration of 45-3 milliseconds and an average interpulse interval of 98-2 milliseconds. Similar results were reported throughout Europe ( France , Switzerland , and UK ), with an average peak frequency of 109-6 kHz and average duration of 42-5 milliseconds. Calls from Morocco had an average frequency of 116-9 kHz with a duration averaging 39-7 kHz and, in another study, frequencies of 111-5-117-5 kHz were reported. In Israel , peak frequencies were recorded at 103-5-109-3 kHz (mean 107-6 kHz), with a duration averaging 42-3 milliseconds; in Iran , peak frequencies were 109-111-1 kHz (mean 110-3 kHz), with durations of47-8-52 milliseconds (mean 49-9 milliseconds) and an interpluse intervals of 36-1-48-7 milliseconds (mean 41-9 milliseconds). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Lesser Horseshoe Bats roost either singly or in colonies, generally hanging apart ( 25-50 cm ) from one another, when roosting in colonies. During winter in Europe, they can be found roosting in hibernacula colonies with up to 500 bats, or singly; in summer, females form maternity colonies of 10-1500 individuals, while males roost separately. Maternity colonies consist almost exclusively of females and their young, although some juvenile males may remain in the colonies. Females usually hang separately in maternity colonies, although they will huddle together when heavily pregnant , in cool weather, or when huddling with their young. They are largely sedentary, and both summer roosts and hibernacula are usually within a 5—10 km area. The longest recorded distance for a Lesser Horseshoe Bat migrating for a roost was 152 km . On an island in Lake Chiemsee in Upper Bavaria , six radio-tracked females had home range sizes of 6-8-62-7 ha (mean 25-3 ha) and were active in a central area of 2-8-8-2 ha (mean 5-3 ha). Most of the females stayed on the island to forage, but two of them left (a 1-2-km flight over water) to forage at night in August, after their young had become volant The density of the bats on the island in woodland habitats was calculated at 0-7 ind/ha. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. The Lesser Horseshoe Bat is generally widespread and common throughout much of its range, but is threatened locally in several regions. IUCN ed List regionally classifies the Lesser Horseshoe Bat as Near Threatened in Europe and the Mediterranean. In Europe, there has been substantial reduction in the northern portion of the range over the last 50 years. The northern border of the distribution has moved since the 1950s, and the species has become extinct in the Netherlands , most of Belgium , and western Germany . This decline continues but has probably decelerated, justifying the Near Threatened status. Distribution has become fragmented in Switzerland and Austria , with colonies remaining only at elevations over 400 m . In Switzerland however, the population has shown signs of a slow recovery, with an increase from 2200 to 2500 adults counted in maternity colonies in the past ten years. The species is generally threatened by roost disturbance and the destruction of underground roosts or attics, but can also be affected by agricultural expansion and intensification, habitat fragmentation, and the use of pesticides in agricultural areas. This is exemplified in Spain by the disappearance of some colonies due to the restoration of old buildings, which often destroys attic roosts. The species is common throughout much of its range in North Africa and West Asia, although it is fairly rare in Central and South Asia, as well as northern East Africa, where it is known from few records. It is protected by national legislation across Europe, and there are international legal obligations for protection through the Bonn Convention (EUROBATS) and Bern Convention. The species is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, which requires Special Areas for Conservation for the species. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites, hibernacula, and foraging habitat; these have been variably implemented in Europe. There are no conservation measures currently being implemented throughout the non-European range. Locally in Spain , incentives have been provided to encourage people to keep colonies living in their houses, which may be a good potential method for securing roosting spots for the species. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim & Moali (2013), Amr (2000), Andreas eta/. (2013), Arlettaz, Godat & Meyer (2000), Arslan & Zima (2014), Aulagnier &Thévenot (1986), Bates & Harrison (1997), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Dietz et al. (2008), Benda, aizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Georgiakakis eta /. (2008), Benda, Hanâk & Cervenÿ (2011), Benda, Hanak, Horâcek étal. (2007), Benda, Ivanova étal. (2003), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Bontadina, Arlettaz eta /. (2000), Bontadina, Schofield & Naef-Daenzer (2002), Bufka & Cervenÿ (2012), Chytil & Gaisler (2012), Crucitti & Cavalletti (2002), Csorba et al. (2003), Dalhoumi eta/. (2016 a ), Disca eta/. (2014), Dool, Puechmaille, Dietz eta/. (2013), Dool, Puechmaille, Kelleher eta/. (2016), Fairon et al. (1982), Gaisler (1963, 1966, 2013c), Gaisler eta/. (2011), Hackett eta/. (2017), Hanâk et al. (2001), Holzhaider et al. (2002), Horâcek (2010), Hutterer étal. (2005), Jones & Rayner (1989), Jones & Siemers (2011), Jones et al. (1992), Karata? et al. (2006), Kelleher (2004), Knight & Jones (2009), Lino eta/. (2014), McAney & Fairley (1988,1989), Motte & Libois (2002), Ohlendorf (1997), Papadatou eta/. (2008 a ), Puerma eta/. (2008), Reiter (2004), Reiter et al. (2013), Rushton (1970), Schofield (1996, 1999), Seckerdieck eta /. (2005), Shahabi eta/. (2019), Spitzenberger (2002), Stoffberg étal. (2010), Stutz & Haffner (1984),Taylor ( 2016g ), Urbanczyk (1994), Volleth et al. (2013), Walters et al. (2012), Warren & Witter (2002), Williams et al. (2011), Zahn et al. (2008), Zukal eta/. (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Rhinolophus		hipposideros	Borkhausen	1797	1	Deutsche Fauna	0.1007	Lesser Horseshoe Bat	 alpinus Koch, 1865; anomalus Soderland, 1920; bifer Kaup, 1829 [ nomen nudum ]; bifer Blainville, 1840 [replacement for bifer Kaup, 1829]; bihastatus E. Geoffroy, 1813; eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870; helvetica Bretschner, 1904; intermedius Soderland, 1920; kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885; minor Kerr 1792:99 [not Kerr 1792:97]; minuta Leach, 1816 [ nomen nudum ]; moravicus Kostron, 1943; trogophilus Daday, 1887; typicus K. Andersen, 1905; typus Koch, 1865; <b>escalerae</b> K. Andersen, 1918; vespa Laurent, 1937; <b> majori </b> K. Andersen, 1918; billanyani DeBlase, 1972; <b>midas</b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b> minimus </b> Heuglin, 1861; pallidus Koch, 1865; phasma Cabrera, 1904; <b>minutus</b> Montagu, 1808.	France.	Ireland, N Europe to Iberia and Morocco, through S Europe and N Africa to Kyrgystan and Kashmir; Bulgaria; Israel and Jordan; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti. Records at some localities in N Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992b).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) andHorácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus hipposideros	23	Lesser Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	hipposideros	Borkhausen	1797	1						"Lebt mit der vorhergehenden an gleichen Orten, oft in ihrer Gesellschaft, begattet sich aber nicht mit ihr [= Lives with previous [species] at the same places, often together, but they do not pair] and "An mehreren Orten in Deutschland, z. B. in Thüringen, Hessen [= At several places in Germany, for example in Thuringia, Hesse]."			minor Kerr 1792 [Kerr, 1792:99, not Kerr 1792:97]|hipposideros (Borkhausen, 1797)|hipposideros (Bechstein, 1800) [preoccupied]|minutus (G. Montagu, 1808)|bihastatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813|minuta (Leach, 1816) [nomen nudum]|bifer Kaup, 1829 [nomen nudum]|bifer Blainville, 1840|minimus Heuglin, 1861|alpinus L. Koch, 1865|pallidus L. Koch, 1865|typus L. Koch, 1865|eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870|kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885|trogophilus Daday, 1887|helvetica Bretschner, 1904|phasma Cabrera, 1904|midas K. Andersen, 1905|typicus K. Andersen, 1905|escalerae K. Andersen, 1918|majori K. Andersen, 1918|anomalus Soderland, 1920|intermedius Soderland, 1920|vespa Laurent, 1937|moravicus Kostron, 1943|billanyani DeBlase, 1972	NA	NA	Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Egypt|Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Germany|Luxembourg|Switzerland|Italy|Malta|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Hungary|Slovakia|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19518	Rhinolophus hipposideros	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	hipposideros	(Bechstein, 1800)		20000000	Rhinolophus hipposideros	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species has a large range. Although there have been marked and well-documented declines in some areas, the species remains widespread, fairly common, and apparently stable in other areas. Assessed as Least Concern.	It forages close to ground within and along the edges of broadleaf deciduous woodland, which represents its primary foraging habitat, but also in riparian vegetation, Mediterranean and sub-mediterranean shrubland. Its prey consists mainly of midges, moths and craneflies. Foraging activities take place nearly exclusively within woodland areas, while open areas are avoided (Zahn et al. 2008, Lino et ;al. ;2014). Habitat loss and fragmentation may therefore reduce the amount of suitable habitats for the Lesser Horseshoe Bat and pose a threat to this species (Reiter et al. 2013). ; Summer roosts (breeding colonies) are found in natural and artificial underground sites in the southern part of the range, and in attics and buildings in the northern part of it. In winter it hibernates in underground sites (including cellars, small caves and burrows). A sedentary species, winter and summer roosts are usually found within 5-10 km (longest distance recorded 153 km: Heymer 1964 in Hutterer et al. 2005).	Threats include disturbance and loss of underground habitats and attics (by conversion of attics for human habitation), agricultural intensification, fragmentation and isolation of habitats, and the use of pesticides in agricultural areas.	An infrequent species in the northern part of its range. In Europe it forms summer colonies of 10-50 individuals (occasionally up to 1,500 animals). Solitary in winter or loose aggregations up to 500 animals per roost. Since the 1950s the northern border of the range in western and central Europe has moved southwards. In the Netherlands, northern Belgium and Germany with the exception of a few colonies in Bavaria, Thüringen, Sachsen and Sachsen-Anhalt the species has become extinct (Fairon et al. 1982, Schofield 1999). It disappeared from northern and western parts of Bohemia, and much of Poland where 87% of the hibernating population was lost between 1950 and 1990 (Urbanczyk 1994, Ohlendorf 1997). In Switzerland and Austria the distribution became fragmented, as colonies remained only in higher elevations (&gt;400 m) (Stutz and Haffner 1984, Spitzenberger 2002), although in Switzerland the population has started to recover slowly over the last 10 years (increasing from 2,200 to 2,500 adults counted in maternity roosts: H. Kraettli pers. comm. 2006). In Spain some colonies have disappeared due to the restoration of buildings, but there are no data on population trend (J. Juste and T. Alcalde pers. comm. 2006), and in France there have been some declines in the north, although large populations in the south are thought to be more stable (EMA Workshop 2006). It is now considered extinct in Gibraltar (S. Finlayson pers. comm. 2015). Populations in southwestern Czech Republic are now recovering and, though more studies are required, it is thought that this demographic increase might reflect a general pattern in Central Europe (Horáček 2010, ;Bufka and ;ÄŒervený 2012, Chytil and Gaisler 2012). In the southwest Asian part of the range it gathers in wintering colonies of up to 40 animals, although it is mainly solitary (K. Tsytsulina pers. comm. 2005). In Turkey it is a commonly reported species, and the population is stable (A. Karatash pers. comm. 2005). It is common in Iran although encountered less frequently than R. ferrumequinum (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005). It is not known how abundant this species is in Jordan and Syria but it may be more common than the collection reports indicate (Amr 2000). Population size and trends within Africa and South Asia are unknown.	Decreasing	The Lesser Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus hipposideros ) ;is widely distributed in the western and central Palaearctic. It is found in almost all the European countries (including the islands of the Mediterranean region). In North Africa it is recorded from Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and the eastern part of the Sinai (to Egypt). It also occurs in most of the Middle East countries, from Turkey and western Arabian Peninsula to southern Iran, and extends to some regions of Central Asia and Indian subcontinent, where it is patchily distributed. This species can be found at altitudes ranging from sea level to 2,000 m.		Terrestrial	Protected by national legislation in all European range states. There are international legal obligations for protection through Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, where those apply. Included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive and hence requiring special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. Some habitat protection through Natura 2000. Recommended conservation measures include protecting maternity roosting sites, hibernation caves and foraging habitats.  No specific conservation measures apply in South Asia; more research and monitoring is needed.	Afrotropical|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		hipposideros	Borkhausen	1797	1	Deutsche Fauna	0.100694	Lesser Horseshoe Bat	 alpinus Koch, 1865; anomalus Soderland, 1920; bifer Kaup, 1829 [ nomen nudum ]; bifer Blainville, 1840 [replacement for bifer Kaup, 1829]; bihastatus E. Geoffroy, 1813; eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870; helvetica Bretschner, 1904; intermedius Soderland, 1920; kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885; minor Kerr 1792:99 [not Kerr 1792:97]; minuta Leach, 1816 [ nomen nudum ]; moravicus Kostron, 1943; trogophilus Daday, 1887; typicus K. Andersen, 1905; typus Koch, 1865; <b>escalerae</b> K. Andersen, 1918; vespa Laurent, 1937; <b> majori </b> K. Andersen, 1918; billanyani DeBlase, 1972; <b>midas</b> K. Andersen, 1905; <b> minimus </b> Heuglin, 1861; pallidus Koch, 1865; phasma Cabrera, 1904; <b>minutus</b> Montagu, 1808.	France.	Ireland, N Europe to Iberia and Morocco, through S Europe and N Africa to Kyrgystan and Kashmir; Bulgaria; Israel and Jordan; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti. Records at some localities in N Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992b).	Not listed.	Least Concern	 hipposideros species group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) andHorácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).	Rhinolophus hipposideros	1004693	23	Lesser Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	hipposideros	André	1797	1	Noctilio_Hipposideros	André, C.K. (1797). Der Zoologe, oder Compendiöse Bibliothek des Wissenswürdigsten aus der Thiergeschichte und allgemeinen Naturkunde. Heft V–VIII. Johann Jacob Gebauer, Eisenach, 416.				Germany.			minor Kerr 1792 [Kerr, 1792:99, not Kerr 1792:97]|hipposideros (André, 1797)|minutus (G. Montagu, 1808)|bihastatus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1813|minuta (Leach, 1816) [nomen nudum]|bifer Kaup, 1829 [nomen nudum]|bifer Blainville, 1840|minimus Heuglin, 1861|alpinus L. Koch, 1865|pallidus L. Koch, 1865|typus L. Koch, 1865|eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870|kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885|trogophilus Daday, 1887|helvetica Bretschner, 1904|phasma Cabrera, 1904|typicus K. Andersen, 1905|escalerae K. Andersen, 1918|majori K. Andersen, 1918|anomalus Soderland, 1920|intermedius Soderland, 1920|vespa Laurent, 1937|moravicus Kostron, 1943|billanyani DeBlase, 1972	previously included R. midas; the authority for this species is often cited as either Bechstein, 1799, 1800, or 1801 or Borkhausen 1797, but it was recently shown to originate from André, 1797, which predates Bechstein, 1797	Benda, P., Uvizl, M., Vallo, P., Reiter, A., & Uhrin, M. (2022). A Revision of the Rhinolophus hipposideros group (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with Definition of an Additional Species from the Middle East. Acta Chiropterologica, 24(2), 269-298.|Benda, P., & Mlíkovský, J. (2022). Nomenclatural notes on the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 191, 5-14.				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Egypt|Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Germany|Luxembourg|Switzerland|Italy|Malta|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Hungary|Slovakia|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	1004693	23	Lesser Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	hipposideros	André	1	Noctilio Hipposideros	André, C.K. 1797-04-19. Der Zoologe, oder Compendiöse Bibliothek des Wissenswürdigsten aus der Thiergeschichte und allgemeinen Naturkunde. Heft V–VIII. Johann Jacob Gebauer, Eisenach, 416 pp.	https://books.google.com/books?id=7XJkAAAAcAAJ				Germany.			previously included R. midas; the authority for this species is often cited as either Bechstein, 1799, 1800, or 1801 or Borkhausen 1797, but it was recently shown to originate from André, 1797, which predates Bechstein, 1797	Benda, P., Uvizl, M., Vallo, P., Reiter, A., & Uhrin, M. (2022). A Revision of the Rhinolophus hipposideros group (Chiroptera: Rhinolophidae) with Definition of an Additional Species from the Middle East. Acta Chiropterologica, 24(2), 269-298.|Benda, P., & Mlíkovský, J. (2022). Nomenclatural notes on the lesser horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus hipposideros (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Journal of the National Museum (Prague), Natural History Series, 191, 5-14.				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Egypt|Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Ireland|United Kingdom|Portugal|Spain|France|Belgium|Germany|Luxembourg|Switzerland|Italy|Malta|Austria|Czech Republic|Poland|Hungary|Slovakia|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Moldova|Ukraine|Russia|Georgia|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Saudi Arabia|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan|Uzbekistan|Kazakhstan|Kyrgyzstan|Tajikistan|Afghanistan|Pakistan|India	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_hipposideros	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		hipposideros	André	1797	1	Der Zoologe	1 (5-8): 65	Lesser Horseshoe Bat	alpinus Koch, 1865; anomalus Soderland, 1920; bifer Kaup, 1829 [nomen nudum]; bifer Blainville, 1840 [replacement for bifer Kaup, 1829]; bihastatus E. Geoffroy, 1813; eggenhoeffner Fitzinger, 1870; helvetica Bretschner, 1904; intermedius Soderland, 1920; kisnyiresiensis Daday, 1885; minor Kerr 1792:99 [not Kerr 1792:97]; minuta Leach, 1816 [nomen nudum]; moravicus Kostron, 1943; trogophilus Daday, 1887; typicus K. Andersen, 1905; typus Koch, 1865; escalerae K. Andersen, 1918; vespa Laurent, 1937; majori K. Andersen, 1918; billanyani DeBlase, 1972; midas K. Andersen, 1905; minimus Heuglin, 1861; pallidus Koch, 1865; phasma Cabrera, 1904; minutus Montagu, 1808.	France.	Ireland, N Europe to Iberia and Morocco, through S Europe and N Africa to Kyrgystan and Kashmir; Bulgaria; Israel and Jordan; Arabia; Sudan; Ethiopia; Djibouti. Records at some localities in N Europe (e.g., the Netherlands) apparently reflect temporary northern range extensions (Glas and Voûte, 1992b).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19518/21972794/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	hipposiderosspecies group. Revised by Felten et al. (1977). Reviewed by Paz (1995) and Bates and Harrison (1997); also see Harrison and Bates (1991) and Horácek et al. (2000). It is possible that minimus represents a distinct species; see Zagorodnyuk (1999). For discussion of authorship see Kozhurhina (2006) and Benda and Mlíkovský (2022). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus hipposideros; Rhinolophus hipposideros; hipposideros; escalerae; majori; midas; minimus; minutus; alpinus; anomalus; bifer; bihastatus; eggenhoeffner; helvetica; intermedius; kisnyiresiensis; minor; minuta; moravicus; trogophilus; typicus; typus; escalerae - vespa; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus; phasma; hipposideros; escalerae; majori; midas; minimus; minutus; escalerae; majori; midas; minimus; minutus; alpinus; anomalus; bifer; bihastatus; eggenhoeffner; helvetica; intermedius; kisnyiresiensis; minor; minuta; moravicus; trogophilus; typicus; typus; escalerae - vespa; majori - billanyani; minimus - pallidus; phasma; minor; hipposideros; minutus; bihastatus; minuta; bifer; minimus; alpinus; pallidus; typus; eggenhoeffner; kisnyiresiensis; trogophilus; helvetica; phasma; midas; typicus; escalerae; majori; anomalus; intermedius; vespa; moravicus; billanyani; Petit Rhinolophe; Kleine Hufeisennase; Herradura pequeno; Lesser Horseshoe Bat; Lesser Horseshoe Bat; Lesser Horseshoe Bat; R. hipposideros