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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1373	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus euryale		[MSW2] Revised by DeBlase (1972).; [MSW3] euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b).; [HMW] Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 , Milan , Italy . Rhinolophus euryale is in the euryale species group, which seems to be close to the other African species groups ( landeri , capensis , fumigatus , ferrumequinum , and maclaudi groups) and the xinanzhongguoensis group from China . These groups form a large Afro-Palearctic clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade are still unresolved . Following P. Benda and colleagues in 2006, subspecies judaicus is best treated under R mehelyi based on morphometric comparisons including the type specimen that clearly represented R mehelyi . Populations of R euryale from the Levant region seem to represent a separate unnamed subspecies; additional research is needed to clarify this. Monotypic .; [batnames2022]  euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).; [batnames2023]  euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).; [batnames2025_1.7] euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).						algirus, atlanticus, barbarus, cabrerae, judaicus, meridionalis, nordmanni, toscanus.	meridionalis, barbarus, euryale, judaicus	euryale, judaicus	atlanticus, barbarus, cabrerae, meridionalis, nordmanni, toscanus; Unassigned - algirus			euryale, judaicus	atlanticus, barbarus, cabrerae, meridionalis, nordmanni, toscanus; Unassigned - algirus	euryale, algirus, atlanticus, cabrerae, toscanus, nordmanni		euryale, judaicus, Unassigned	euryale - atlanticus, barbarus, cabrerae, meridionalis, nordmanni, toscanus; Unassigned - algirus	euryale, algirus, atlanticus, cabrerae, toscanus, nordmanni	euryale, algirus, atlanticus, cabrerae, toscanus, nordmanni, praeglacialis	euryale, judaicus	algirus; euryale - atlanticus, barbarus, cabrerae, meridionalis, nordmanni, toscanus	euryale J. H. Blasius, 1853|algirus Loche, 1867|atlanticus (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|cabrerae (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|toscanus (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|nordmanni Satunin, 1912|praeglacialis Kormos, 1934		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Mediterranean horseshoe bat	Portugal, Morocco – Iran	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus euryale	Italy, Milan.	Blasius	1853	Arch. Naturgesch., 19(1):49.	Dis tribution: Ranging from northwestern Africa through southern Europe (including several Me diterranean islands) to southwestern Asia south to Palestine and Iraq and east to Turkmenia and Iran.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Mediterranean horseshoe	Portugal, Morocco – Iran bat	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Blasius	1853	Arch. Naturgesch., 19(1):49.	Revised by DeBlase (1972).	Transcaucasia to Israel and S Europe; Turkmenistan; Iran; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.	Italy, Milan.		BLASIUS	1853	Connecting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shor tened. Sella parallel sided. Anterior lower premo lar reduced. Lancet gradually narrowing. Size re latively large (forearm length, 44-51 mm).	Dis tribution: Ranging from northwestern Africa through southern Europe (including several Me diterranean islands) to southwestern Asia south to Palestine and Iraq and east to Turkmenia and Iran.	Four poorly defined subspecies are here recognized:	R. e. meridionalis and R. e. barbarus (northwestern Africa), R. e. euryale (= nordmanni) (southern Europe east to Turk menia and Iran), R. e. judaicus (Syria and Iraq south).	56	species	R. euryale	BLASIUS	1853	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus euryale				Connecting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shor tened. Sella parallel sided. Anterior lower premo lar reduced. Lancet gradually narrowing. Size re latively large (forearm length, 44-51 mm).	Four poorly defined subspecies are here recognized:		37. R. euryale BLASIUS 1853 [pusillus group].	37	_R. e. euryale_ Blasius, 1853 (synonyms: _atlanticus_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904), _cabrerae_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904), _nordmanni_ Сатунин, 1912, _toscanus_ (Andersen & Matschie, 1904)); _R. e. praeglacialis_ Kormos, 1934 (fossil)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus		euryale	Blasius		1853		Arch. Naturgesch.	19	1	49		Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat	Italy, Milan.	Transcaucasia to Turkey, Israel, and Jordan; S Europe from Portugal, C France to S Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania; Turkmenistan; Iran; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	atlanticus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; barbarus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; cabrerae K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; meridionalis K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; nordmanni Satunin, 1911; toscanus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; judaicus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904. Unassigned: algirus Loche, 1867.	euryale species group. Revised by DeBlase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), and Gaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b).	885887A2FFE88A0EFF02FA7CF4A0DB35	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	288	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFC68A23FF11F3BBFB41DD06.xml	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	euryale	Blasius	1853		Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 , Milan , Italy . Rhinolophus euryale is in the euryale species group, which seems to be close to the other African species groups ( landeri , capensis , fumigatus , ferrumequinum , and maclaudi groups) and the xinanzhongguoensis group from China . These groups form a large Afro-Palearctic clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade are still unresolved . Following P. Benda and colleagues in 2006, subspecies judaicus is best treated under R mehelyi based on morphometric comparisons including the type specimen that clearly represented R mehelyi . Populations of R euryale from the Levant region seem to represent a separate unnamed subspecies; additional research is needed to clarify this. Monotypic .	S Europe (from Iberian Peninsula and C & S France to entire Balkan Peninsula, including Corsica , Sardinia, Sicily, Rhodes I, and isolated areas in S Slovakia and N Hungary ), N Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and Tunisia ), and SW Asia ( Turkey , Caucasus, Levant region, N & W Iran , and N Iraq ). Possibly also Cyprus (known from a single specimen regarded as Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat, R mehelyi , by most authors) and Turkmenistan .	Head—body 43—58 mm , tail 22—30 mm , ear 17—27 mm , hindfoot 9—11 mm , forearm 43—51 mm ; weight 7-5—17- 5 g . The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is very difficult to distinguish from Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with slight reddish, lilac, or yellowish tinge (hairs are whitish with grayish brown tips); ventral pelage is paler to much paler, although it is never close to white.Juveniles are gray . There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has straight-sided subtriangular lancet, with blundy pointed tip; connecting process is narrow , forward curving, and pointed at tip; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward and has almost parallel sides and broad top; horseshoe is narrow at 6-5—7- 5 mm and does not completely cover muzzle, having no lateral leaflets and shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three distinct grooves. Wings and uropatagium are pale brown. Skull is delicately built, with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths; rostrum is narrow, and nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are poorly developed, and sagittal crest is absent or very low; bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is short and broad, and infraorbital foramen is small. P2 is small but in tooth row, separating C 1 and P4; P3 is very small and only somewhat displaced labially, separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60.	Various Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands from sea level to elevations of c. 1360 m . Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer habitats with broadleaf woodlands and riparian vegetation for foraging in Italy and avoid coniferous forests and shrublands in Italy . They are often associated with edge habitats in Spain , including hedgerows, woodland edges, and isolated trees. They are recorded in Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grassland and shrubland, and edge habitats throughout northern Africa. They are often found in limestone areas, with many caves and nearby water sources.	The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat feeds by slow hawking , flycatching, and probably gleaning off of vegetation and the ground. After prey has been captured, it is generally taken to night roosts to be eaten. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to feed primarily on lepidopterans throughout their distribution and at all times of the year, generally favoring small- to medium-sized moths ( 5-11 mm and 25- 40 mm long, respectively) over larger moths. They are also known to eat dipterans (especially Tipulidae and brachycerans), coleopterans, hymenopterans, neuropterans, trichopterans, and psocopterans in smaller quantities and varying amounts depending on prey availability. In Spain, lepidopterans made up 68-99% of diets throughout the year and during and after lactation. Scarabaeid beedes (Rhizotrogus) also made up a variably but important food source (especially before breeding). Fecal samples from northern Algeria found that dipterans made up 29% of diets, and lepidopterans were only 19-1%; chilopods were also eaten (3-8%). In autumn and early winter in southern Slovakia and northern Hungary , moths remained the most important dietary item, being the only food source identified and only a single species recorded in fecal samples ( Colotois pennaria , Geometridae ).	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous and probably have delayed fertilization. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, although there is only limited information regarding reproductive habits. Gestation lasts c.90 days. Births occur in summer (June-July) in Europe, and litter size is one. Males reach sexual maturity between 15 months and 2-2 years; females take 2—3 years. They reportedly live C .13 years.	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats roost most often in large caves, but they have been found in buildings in Europe. They stay further in caves in summer and closer to entrances during winter hibernation. Night roosts are generally where individuals can hang and rest or consume prey , such as groves of trees. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting and leave late in the evening to forage at night They are highly maneuverable and fly relatively slow, being able to hover for short periods of time. They hibernate in winter in deep torpor but frequentiy arise and leave roosts to forage. Winter foraging is limited by temperature and might result in foraging on moths in roost caves, although this has yet to be confirmed. Reports from the Iberian Peninsula show that foraging occurred an average of 1-3 km (at most 4- 2 km ) from roosts; lactating females foraged an average of 4- 3 km (at most 9- 2 km ) from roosts; and males foraged much closer to their roosts, averaging 1 -9 km . After young are no longer lactating, adults traveled an average of 4-6 km from roosts to forage;juveniles only traveled an average of 2-6 km . Call shape is FM/ CF /FM, with mean F component of 104-8 kHz in Greece , 104-106 kHz in Bulgaria , 102-3 kHz across France , 100-104 kHz in Italy , and 102-4 kHz in Tunisia , generally 100-109 kHz. Mean call duration was 53-8 milliseconds in Greece , and mean interpulse interval was 84-5 milliseconds in Greece . Males and females can recognize sex of conspecifics by their echolocation calls.	Although mosdy sedentary, Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are known to travel relatively short distances (0-5-16- 7 km in the Carpathian region) between summer (maternity) and winter (hibernating) roosts. Longest recorded movement is 134 km in Europe. They roost in colonies of up to 2000 individuals during winter hibernation and then segregate into smaller maternity colonies of 50-400 individuals in summer. Males usually create their own roosts in summer but are occasionally found with females in maternity colonies. In spring, males and females roost together, and roosts of up to 200 individuals have been recorded in Algeria . Colonies of Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats usually group in small clusters and will hang in contact with one another when active, although torpid individuals generally do not touch other bats. They have been reported sharing roosts with other species of Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma , Plecotus , Myotis , and Miniopterus .	Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Although the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution, its overall population is considered to be declining. It is stable and common in central and eastern Balkans but declining in Portugal and Italy , where populations are already small. In France , populations declined by c.70% from 1940 to 1980 , although trends seem to have stabilized after the 1980s. Large population declines have also been reported in Spain , and the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat appears to be extirpated in Gibraltar and Switzerland . Caves in Iran that once had thousands of individuals (20,000 bats of various species) just 30 years ago now have no bats, indicating the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is also declining outside of Europe. Major threats seem to be general habitat destruction from urbanization and intensive agriculture. Habitat fragmentation and roost destruction are also prevalent threats. Use of organochlorine pesticides is thought to have been a contributing factor to the major decline in France . The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is protected throughout Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive.	ACR (2018) | Ahmim & Moali (2013) | Aihartza, Garin et al. (2003) | Al-Sheikhly, Haba , Görföl & Csorba (2015) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012) | Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007) | Benda, LuCan et al. (2010) | Brasset et al. (1988) | Csorba et al. (2003) | DeBlase (1972) | Gaisler (2013a) | Goiti, Aihartza, Almenar et al. (2006) | Goiti, Aihartza & Garin (2004) | Goiti, Aihartza, Garin & Zabala (2003) | Goiti, Garin et al. (2008) | Horéóek et al. (2008) | Hutterer étal. (2005) | ibânez (1999) | Juste & Alcalde (2016a) | Koselj & Kryâtufek (1999) | Mikové et al. (2013) | Russo, Almenar et al. (2005) | Russo, Jones & Migliozzi (2002) | Russo , Jones & Mucedda (2001) | Salsamendi et al. (2006) | Siemers & Ivanova (2004) | Stoffberg et al. (2010) | Szekely et al. (2015) | Turni & Kock (2008) | Tuttle & Stevenson (1982) | Uhrin étal. (2012)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749942/files/figure.png	16 . Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus euryale French: Rhinolophe euryale / German: Mittelmeer-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura mediterrànea Taxonomy. Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853 , Milan , Italy . Rhinolophus euryale is in the euryale species group, which seems to be close to the other African species groups ( landeri , capensis , fumigatus , ferrumequinum , and maclaudi groups) and the xinanzhongguoensis group from China . These groups form a large Afro-Palearctic clade, although phylogenetic relationships in this clade are still unresolved . Following P. Benda and colleagues in 2006, subspecies judaicus is best treated under R mehelyi based on morphometric comparisons including the type specimen that clearly represented R mehelyi . Populations of R euryale from the Levant region seem to represent a separate unnamed subspecies; additional research is needed to clarify this. Monotypic . Distribution. S Europe (from Iberian Peninsula and C & S France to entire Balkan Peninsula, including Corsica , Sardinia, Sicily, Rhodes I, and isolated areas in S Slovakia and N Hungary ), N Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and Tunisia ), and SW Asia ( Turkey , Caucasus, Levant region, N & W Iran , and N Iraq ). Possibly also Cyprus (known from a single specimen regarded as Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat, R mehelyi , by most authors) and Turkmenistan . Descriptive notes. Head—body 43—58 mm , tail 22—30 mm , ear 17—27 mm , hindfoot 9—11 mm , forearm 43—51 mm ; weight 7-5—17- 5 g . The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is very difficult to distinguish from Mehely’s Horseshoe Bat. Dorsal pelage is grayish brown, with slight reddish, lilac, or yellowish tinge (hairs are whitish with grayish brown tips); ventral pelage is paler to much paler, although it is never close to white.Juveniles are gray . There is no orange morph. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (c.42% of forearm length). Noseleaf has straight-sided subtriangular lancet, with blundy pointed tip; connecting process is narrow , forward curving, and pointed at tip; sella is naked, rounded, and tilted forward and has almost parallel sides and broad top; horseshoe is narrow at 6-5—7- 5 mm and does not completely cover muzzle, having no lateral leaflets and shallow median emargination. Lower lip has three distinct grooves. Wings and uropatagium are pale brown. Skull is delicately built, with subequal zygomatic and mastoid widths; rostrum is narrow, and nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital crests are poorly developed, and sagittal crest is absent or very low; bar between infraorbital foramen and orbit is short and broad, and infraorbital foramen is small. P2 is small but in tooth row, separating C 1 and P4; P3 is very small and only somewhat displaced labially, separating P2 and P4. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60. Habitat. Various Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrublands and woodlands from sea level to elevations of c. 1360 m . Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to prefer habitats with broadleaf woodlands and riparian vegetation for foraging in Italy and avoid coniferous forests and shrublands in Italy . They are often associated with edge habitats in Spain , including hedgerows, woodland edges, and isolated trees. They are recorded in Mediterranean sclerophyllous forest, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grassland and shrubland, and edge habitats throughout northern Africa. They are often found in limestone areas, with many caves and nearby water sources. Food and Feeding. The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat feeds by slow hawking , flycatching, and probably gleaning off of vegetation and the ground. After prey has been captured, it is generally taken to night roosts to be eaten. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats seem to feed primarily on lepidopterans throughout their distribution and at all times of the year, generally favoring small- to medium-sized moths ( 5-11 mm and 25- 40 mm long, respectively) over larger moths. They are also known to eat dipterans (especially Tipulidae and brachycerans), coleopterans, hymenopterans, neuropterans, trichopterans, and psocopterans in smaller quantities and varying amounts depending on prey availability. In Spain, lepidopterans made up 68-99% of diets throughout the year and during and after lactation. Scarabaeid beedes (Rhizotrogus) also made up a variably but important food source (especially before breeding). Fecal samples from northern Algeria found that dipterans made up 29% of diets, and lepidopterans were only 19-1%; chilopods were also eaten (3-8%). In autumn and early winter in southern Slovakia and northern Hungary , moths remained the most important dietary item, being the only food source identified and only a single species recorded in fecal samples ( Colotois pennaria , Geometridae ). Breeding. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are seasonally monoestrous and probably have delayed fertilization. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, although there is only limited information regarding reproductive habits. Gestation lasts c.90 days. Births occur in summer (June-July) in Europe, and litter size is one. Males reach sexual maturity between 15 months and 2-2 years; females take 2—3 years. They reportedly live C .13 years. Activity patterns. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats roost most often in large caves, but they have been found in buildings in Europe. They stay further in caves in summer and closer to entrances during winter hibernation. Night roosts are generally where individuals can hang and rest or consume prey , such as groves of trees. Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal. They spend the day roosting and leave late in the evening to forage at night They are highly maneuverable and fly relatively slow, being able to hover for short periods of time. They hibernate in winter in deep torpor but frequentiy arise and leave roosts to forage. Winter foraging is limited by temperature and might result in foraging on moths in roost caves, although this has yet to be confirmed. Reports from the Iberian Peninsula show that foraging occurred an average of 1-3 km (at most 4- 2 km ) from roosts; lactating females foraged an average of 4- 3 km (at most 9- 2 km ) from roosts; and males foraged much closer to their roosts, averaging 1 -9 km . After young are no longer lactating, adults traveled an average of 4-6 km from roosts to forage;juveniles only traveled an average of 2-6 km . Call shape is FM/ CF /FM, with mean F component of 104-8 kHz in Greece , 104-106 kHz in Bulgaria , 102-3 kHz across France , 100-104 kHz in Italy , and 102-4 kHz in Tunisia , generally 100-109 kHz. Mean call duration was 53-8 milliseconds in Greece , and mean interpulse interval was 84-5 milliseconds in Greece . Males and females can recognize sex of conspecifics by their echolocation calls. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Although mosdy sedentary, Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats are known to travel relatively short distances (0-5-16- 7 km in the Carpathian region) between summer (maternity) and winter (hibernating) roosts. Longest recorded movement is 134 km in Europe. They roost in colonies of up to 2000 individuals during winter hibernation and then segregate into smaller maternity colonies of 50-400 individuals in summer. Males usually create their own roosts in summer but are occasionally found with females in maternity colonies. In spring, males and females roost together, and roosts of up to 200 individuals have been recorded in Algeria . Colonies of Mediterranean Horseshoe Bats usually group in small clusters and will hang in contact with one another when active, although torpid individuals generally do not touch other bats. They have been reported sharing roosts with other species of Rhinolophus, Rhinopoma , Plecotus , Myotis , and Miniopterus . Status and Conservation. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. Although the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat has a wide distribution, its overall population is considered to be declining. It is stable and common in central and eastern Balkans but declining in Portugal and Italy , where populations are already small. In France , populations declined by c.70% from 1940 to 1980 , although trends seem to have stabilized after the 1980s. Large population declines have also been reported in Spain , and the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat appears to be extirpated in Gibraltar and Switzerland . Caves in Iran that once had thousands of individuals (20,000 bats of various species) just 30 years ago now have no bats, indicating the Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is also declining outside of Europe. Major threats seem to be general habitat destruction from urbanization and intensive agriculture. Habitat fragmentation and roost destruction are also prevalent threats. Use of organochlorine pesticides is thought to have been a contributing factor to the major decline in France . The Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat is protected throughout Europe by national legislation and is Annex II and IV on the EU Habitats and Species Directive. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim & Moali (2013), Aihartza, Garin et al. (2003), Al-Sheikhly, Haba , Görföl & Csorba (2015), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda, LuCan et al. (2010), Brasset et al. (1988), Csorba et al. (2003), DeBlase (1972), Gaisler (2013a), Goiti, Aihartza, Almenar et al. (2006), Goiti, Aihartza & Garin (2004), Goiti, Aihartza, Garin & Zabala (2003), Goiti, Garin et al. (2008), Horéóek et al. (2008), Hutterer étal. (2005), ibânez (1999), Juste & Alcalde (2016a), Koselj & Kryâtufek (1999), Mikové et al. (2013), Russo, Almenar et al. (2005), Russo, Jones & Migliozzi (2002), Russo , Jones & Mucedda (2001), Salsamendi et al. (2006), Siemers & Ivanova (2004), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Szekely et al. (2015), Turni & Kock (2008),Tuttle & Stevenson (1982), Uhrin étal. (2012).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus euryale	Rhinolophus		euryale	Blasius	1853	0	Arch. Naturgesch.	19(1): 49	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat	 atlanticus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; barbarus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; cabrerae K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; meridionalis K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; nordmanni Satunin, 1911; toscanus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <b>judaicus</b> K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904. <b>Unassigned</b>: algirus Loche, 1867.	Italy, Milan.	Transcaucasia to Turkey, Israel, and Jordan; S Europe from Portugal, C France to S Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania; Turkmenistan; Iran; Iraq; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus euryale	23	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	euryale	Blasius	1853	0						Milan, Italy.			euryale Blasius, 1853|algirus Loche, 1867|atlanticus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|cabrerae (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|toscanus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904|nordmanni Satunin, 1911	NA	NA	Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France|Italy|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Montenegro|Albania|Serbia|Kosovo|North Macedonia|Greece|Romania|Bulgaria|Turkey|Cyprus?|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Russia|Armenia|Georgia|Azerbaijan|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19516	Rhinolophus euryale	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	euryale	Blasius, 1853		20000000	Rhinolophus euryale	Near Threatened		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Many range states have reported that populations have declined and colonies have disappeared over the last 27 years (=3 generations). It is inferred that overall population decline has approached 30% over that period (although the population is now stable and or even increasing in some areas, e.g. France), so the species is assessed as Near Threatened (approaching A2c).	It forages in Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean shrubland and woodland, feeding on moths and other insects. In Italy, preferred foraging habitats are broadleaved woodland and riparian vegetation; coniferous woodland is avoided, and shrubland is rarely used (Russo et al. 2002). In Spain, foraging activities take place mostly in edge habitat such as hedgerows, woodland edges and isolated trees (Goiti et al. 2008). Summer roosts are located in natural and artificial underground sites, as well as attics in some part of the range. In winter it hibernates in underground sites (usually large caves with a constant microclimate). It is a sedentary species (the longest recorded distance traveled by an individual is 134 km) (Heymer 1964 in Hutterer et al. 2005).	Threats include loss of foraging habitat, and disturbance and loss of underground habitats. On a landscape scale, fragmentation and loss of linear elements such as hedgerows and riparian vegetation is a problem because such elements are used as landscape references for commuting. ;<span lang="EN-US">Foraging habitats are lost due to intensive agriculture, urbanization and large infrastructures. ;The species' strong dependence upon caves for roosting makes it particularly sensitive to cave disturbance, such as that from caving or tourism. Tourist disturbance of caves affects the species in a number of range states. The use of organochlorine pesticides is believed to have contributed to the earlier dramatic decline of the species in France (Brosset et al. 1988). In North Africa, threats include habitat loss due to agriculture (livestock) and human disturbance.	An infrequent species. Summer colonies number ca . 50-1,500 individuals (S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2007). Winter clusters typically number up to 2,000 animals. It occurs in large vulnerable colonies, and is considered threatened in many range states. Large population declines have been reported in a number of European countries, including Spain (Palomo and Gisbert 2002). In France, the population declined by ca . 70% between 1940 and 1980, although subsequently the trend appears to have stabilized (Brosset et al. 1988, S. Aulagnier pers. comm. 2007). Apart from R. blasii , which may have gone extinct in the country, R. euryale is probably the rarest rhinolophid in Italy, and anecdotal evidence suggests that a number of colonies have declined in the past few decades (D. Russo pers. comm. 2006). The species has a very small and declining population in Portugal (Rodrigues et al. 2003, Cabral et al. 2005). It is also considered extinct from Gibraltar (S. Finlayson pers. comm. 2015). It is stable and common in the central and eastern Balkans (M. Paunovic pers. comm. 2007). There is little information on population trends outside Europe, although it is suspected that continuing declines have also occurred in at least parts of the non-European range. For example, in Iran the species is no longer found in caves which 30 years ago held 20,000 individuals of different species (M. Sharifi pers. comm. 2005).	Decreasing	Rhinolophus euryale is a western Palaearctic species, occurring in southern Europe, north-west Africa (known range extends across northern Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia), and the Near East. There is only a single record from Cyprus, but this is regarded by most authors to be R. mehelyi . It has been recently found in northern Iraq (Al-Sheikhly et al. ;2015). It is widely distributed over its range, and is found from sea level to 1,360 m.		Terrestrial	It is protected by national legislation in most range states. There are also international legal obligations for protection of this species through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention, where these apply. It is included in Annex II (and IV) of EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires special measures for conservation including designation of Special Areas for Conservation. There is some habitat protection through Natura 2000, and some roosts are already protected by national legislation). The species is directly or indirectly benefiting from EU LIFE-funded projects in France, Spain and Italy. No specific measures are in place in North Africa.	Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		euryale	Blasius	1853	0	Arch. Naturgesch.	19(1): 49	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat	 atlanticus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; barbarus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; cabrerae K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; meridionalis K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; nordmanni Satunin, 1911; toscanus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; <b>judaicus</b> K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904. <b>Unassigned</b>: algirus Loche, 1867.	Italy, Milan.	Transcaucasia to Turkey, Israel, and Jordan; S Europe from Portugal, C France to S Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania; Turkmenistan; Iran; Iraq; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.	Not listed.	Near Threatened	 euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).	Rhinolophus euryale	1004682	23	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	euryale	Blasius	1853	0						Milan, Italy.			euryale Blasius, 1853|algirus Loche, 1867|atlanticus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|cabrerae (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904)|toscanus (K. Andersen & Matschie, 1904|nordmanni Satunin, 1911	NA	NA				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France|Italy|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Montenegro|Albania|Serbia|Kosovo|North Macedonia|Greece|Romania|Bulgaria|Turkey|Cyprus?|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Russia|Armenia|Georgia|Azerbaijan|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_euryale	1004682	23	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	euryale	J. H. Blasius	0	Rhinolophus Euryale	Blasius, J.H. 1853. Beschreibung zweier neuer deutscher Fledermausarten. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 19(1):35-57.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2415616 | https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2415621				Milan, Italy.			NA	NA				Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Portugal|Spain|France|Italy|Slovakia|Hungary|Slovenia|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Montenegro|Albania|Serbia|Kosovo|North Macedonia|Greece|Romania|Bulgaria|Turkey|Cyprus?|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Syria|Russia|Armenia|Georgia|Azerbaijan|Iraq|Iran|Turkmenistan?	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic	NT	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_euryale	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		euryale	Blasius	1853	0	Arch. Naturgesch.	19(1): 49	Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat	atlanticus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; barbarus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; cabrerae K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; meridionalis K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; nordmanni Satunin, 1911; toscanus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904; judaicus K. Andersen and Matschie, 1904. Unassigned: algirus Loche, 1867.	Italy, Milan.	Transcaucasia to Turkey, Israel, and Jordan; S Europe from Portugal, C France to S Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, and Romania; Turkmenistan; Iran; Iraq; Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; various Mediterranean islands; perhaps Egypt.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19516/21971185/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	euryale species group. Revised by De Blase (1972); also see Harrison and Bates (1991), Paz (1995), Zagorodnyuk (1999), Horácek et al. (2000), andGaisler (2001b). Does not include tuneti; see Cockrum (1976b). For a review of the species, including discussion of subspecies, in Iran see Najafi et al. (2018) and Shahabi et al. (2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus euryale; Rhinolophus euryale; euryale; judaicus; atlanticus; barbarus; cabrerae; meridionalis; nordmanni; toscanus; Unassigned - algirus; judaicus; atlanticus; barbarus; cabrerae; meridionalis; nordmanni; toscanus; Unassigned - algirus; euryale; algirus; atlanticus; cabrerae; toscanus; nordmanni; Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat; Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat; Mediterranean Horseshoe Bat; R. euryale