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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1361	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus cognatus		[MSW3] pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).; [HMW] Rhinolophus cognatus K Andersen, 1906 , “ Port Blair, South Andaman Island ,” India . Rhinolophus cognatus is included in the pusillus species group. The exact relationship of this species to other Rhinolophus species is uncertain. Validity of race famulus is sometimes questioned. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).; [IUCN] This species belongs to pusillus species group (<span lang="EN-US">Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012).; [batnames2023]  pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).; [batnames2025_1.7] pusillusspecies group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).						famulus.	famulus, cognatus	cognatus, famulus		cognatus		cognatus, famulus		cognatus, famulus	This species belongs to pusillus species group (<span lang="EN-US">Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012).	cognatus, famulus		cognatus, famulus 	cognatus, famulus 	cognatus, famulus		cognatus Andersen, 1906|famulus Andersen, 1918		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Andaman Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus cognatus	India, Andaman Isis., S. Andaman Isl., Port Blair.	K. Andersen	1906	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, 2:181.	Distribution: Confined to the Andaman islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Andaman Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1906	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3, 2:181.		Andaman Isis (India).	India, Andaman Isis, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.		ANDERSEN	1906	Connecting process an erect narrow horn. Lat eral margins of lancet slightly concave, its upper part more or less spatulate. Size medium (forearm length, 39-40 mm; total length of skull, 17-19 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 6.1-6.9 mm). Median anterior nasal swellings moderately enlarged. Posterior palatal emargina tion wider than anterior palatal emargination. Upper canines relatively slender.	Distribution: Confined to the Andaman islands.	Two subspe cies:	R. c. famulus (North Andaman), R. c. cognatus (South An daman).	56	species	R. cognatus	ANDERSEN	1906	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus cognatus				Connecting process an erect narrow horn. Lat eral margins of lancet slightly concave, its upper part more or less spatulate. Size medium (forearm length, 39-40 mm; total length of skull, 17-19 mm; maxillary tooth row length, 6.1-6.9 mm). Median anterior nasal swellings moderately enlarged. Posterior palatal emargina tion wider than anterior palatal emargination. Upper canines relatively slender.	Two subspe cies:		36. R. cognatus ANDERSEN 1906 [pusillus group].	36	_R. c. cognatus_ Andersen, 1906; _R. c. famulus_ Andersen, 1918			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus		cognatus	K. Andersen		1906		Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3	2		181		Andaman Horseshoe Bat	India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.	Andaman Isls (India).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.	famulus K. Andersen, 1918.	pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).	885887A2FFC58A22F883F13FFB1CDF1A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	314	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFEC8A0AFF06F534F239DC09.xml	Rhinolophus cognotus	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	cognotus	K Andersen	1906	Rhinolophede Giglioli @fr | Andamanen-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Andaman @es	Rhinolophus cognatus K Andersen, 1906 , “ Port Blair, South Andaman Island ,” India . Rhinolophus cognatus is included in the pusillus species group. The exact relationship of this species to other Rhinolophus species is uncertain. Validity of race famulus is sometimes questioned. Two subspecies recognized.	R. c. cognatus K Andersen, 1906 - Andaman Is (South Andaman). R. c. famulus K. Andersen, 1918 - Andaman Is (North, Point, Interview , Baratang, and Narcondam). The species is not known from the Nicobar Is, despite a number of sources listing it from them.	Head-body 36- 9 mm (average), tail 13-21 mm , ear 13-5-18- 3 mm , hindfoot 6- 5-9 mm , forearm 37-5-40- 7 mm ; weight 9- 9 g (average). There is no published information about its coloration. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleafhas tall lancet with concave lateral margins and spatulate tip; connecting process is hom-shaped and slightly curved downward near tip; sella is relatively large and slightly narrows from base, with widely rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (6-5-7- 1 mm ) and lateral leaflets are conspicuous. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); anterior and lateral rostral swellings are moderately developed; rostral profile is sloped backward; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital ridges are well developed. C1 is relatively slender and long; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P 3 is either within tooth row or half-extruded from it, separating P2 from P 4.	Subtropical and tropical moist lowland forest, mangrove forest, and swamps, at elevations up to 600 m .	Andaman Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. An individual was observed hunting from a constant perch at the edge of moist lowland forest, suggesting that the species probably perch-hunts.	No information.	The Andaman Horseshoe Bat roosts mainly in caves and hollows in trees. Some individuals in a large limestone cave on Baratang were seen in torpor in January when the average minimum temperature was 18°C. Search call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F of 85-2-92-1 kHz (mean 89-9 kHz) and duration of 40-2-82-1 milliseconds (mean 53-1 milliseconds).	Average colony size in caves appears to be less than 50 individuals. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is known to form mixedspecies colonies, and it frequently shares its cave roosts with Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat (. andamanensis ).	Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is poorly known, and its distribution is limited to a few islands within the Andamans. It is threatened by roost disturbance due to the collection of nests of edible-nest swiftlets ( Aerodramusfuciphagus) , which share the caves with these bats. There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species and it remains unprotected by in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act , 1972. However, much of the distribution of this species falls within protected areas. Further studies are needed to understand the ecology of this species and potential threats.	Aul (2003, 2006) | Aul & Chakravarty (2016) | Aul et al. (2014) | Bates & Harrison (1997) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012) | Srinivasulu, Racey & Mistry (2010) | Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu et al. (2017)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750050/files/figure.png	72 . Andaman Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus cognotus French: Rhinolophe de Giglioli / German: Andamanen-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Andaman Taxonomy. Rhinolophus cognatus K Andersen, 1906 , “ Port Blair, South Andaman Island ,” India . Rhinolophus cognatus is included in the pusillus species group. The exact relationship of this species to other Rhinolophus species is uncertain. Validity of race famulus is sometimes questioned. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R. c. cognatus K Andersen, 1906 - Andaman Is (South Andaman). R. c. famulus K. Andersen, 1918 - Andaman Is (North, Point, Interview , Baratang, and Narcondam). The species is not known from the Nicobar Is, despite a number of sources listing it from them. Descriptive notes. Head-body 36- 9 mm (average), tail 13-21 mm , ear 13-5-18- 3 mm , hindfoot 6- 5-9 mm , forearm 37-5-40- 7 mm ; weight 9- 9 g (average). There is no published information about its coloration. Ears are medium-sized. Noseleafhas tall lancet with concave lateral margins and spatulate tip; connecting process is hom-shaped and slightly curved downward near tip; sella is relatively large and slightly narrows from base, with widely rounded tip; horseshoe is relatively wide (6-5-7- 1 mm ) and lateral leaflets are conspicuous. There are three mental grooves on lower lip. Skull is moderately robust (zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width); anterior and lateral rostral swellings are moderately developed; rostral profile is sloped backward; sagittal crest is moderately developed; frontal depression is shallow; supraorbital ridges are well developed. C1 is relatively slender and long; P2 is medium-sized and within tooth row; P 3 is either within tooth row or half-extruded from it, separating P2 from P 4. Habitat. Subtropical and tropical moist lowland forest, mangrove forest, and swamps, at elevations up to 600 m . Food and Feeding. Andaman Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. An individual was observed hunting from a constant perch at the edge of moist lowland forest, suggesting that the species probably perch-hunts. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat roosts mainly in caves and hollows in trees. Some individuals in a large limestone cave on Baratang were seen in torpor in January when the average minimum temperature was 18°C. Search call shape is FM/ CF/FM with a peak F of 85-2-92-1 kHz (mean 89-9 kHz) and duration of 40-2-82-1 milliseconds (mean 53-1 milliseconds). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Average colony size in caves appears to be less than 50 individuals. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is known to form mixedspecies colonies, and it frequently shares its cave roosts with Homfray’s Horseshoe Bat (. andamanensis ). Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Andaman Horseshoe Bat is poorly known, and its distribution is limited to a few islands within the Andamans. It is threatened by roost disturbance due to the collection of nests of edible-nest swiftlets ( Aerodramusfuciphagus) , which share the caves with these bats. There are currently no conservation measures in place for this species and it remains unprotected by in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act , 1972. However, much of the distribution of this species falls within protected areas. Further studies are needed to understand the ecology of this species and potential threats. Bibliography. Aul (2003, 2006), Aul & Chakravarty (2016), Aul et al. (2014), Bates & Harrison (1997), Csorba et al. (2003), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Srinivasulu, Racey & Mistry (2010), Srinivasulu, Srinivasulu et al. (2017).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus cognatus	Rhinolophus		cognatus	K. Andersen	1906	0	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3	0.209	Andaman Horseshoe Bat	<b> famulus </b>K. Andersen, 1918.	India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.	Andaman Isls (India).	Not listed.	Endangered	 pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus cognatus	23	Andaman Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	cognatus	K. Andersen	1906	0	Rhinolophus_cognatus	Andersen, K. (1906). On some new or little-known bats of the genus Rhinolophus in the collection of the Museo Civico, Genoa. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, ser. 3, 42, 181.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137853#page/189/mode/1up	BM 1906.12.1.12 [syntype]		"Port Blair, South Andaman Island," India.			cognatus K. Andersen, 1906|famulus K. Andersen, 1918	NA	NA	Andaman Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19533	Rhinolophus cognatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	cognatus	K. Andersen, 1906	This species belongs to pusillus species group (<span lang="EN-US">Srinivasulu and Srinivasulu 2012).	20000000	Rhinolophus cognatus	Endangered	B2ab(iv)	2016	2015-12-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p><span lang="EN-US">Rhinolophus cognatus <span lang="EN-US">has a restricted distribution due to the relatively small size of the islands that it inhabits. ;<span lang="EN-US">It has an area of occupancy less than 500 km². The species has been reported from five independent locations and the number of subpopulations have probably declined as inferred from recent observations. The species has thus been classified as Endangered. ;</span></p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">Rhinolophus cognatus <span lang="EN-US"> predominantly roosts in caves but also in tree holes. Average colony size in caves appears to be less than 50 individuals (Aul 2006). It frequently shares its cave roosts with R. yunanensis and Hipposideros pomona (Aul 2003). An individual was observed hunting from a constant perch at the edge of moist lowland forest (R. Chakravarty pers. obs.) suggesting that it might be a perch hunter. Some individuals in a large limestone cave in Baratang were seen in torpor in the month of January when average minimum temperature was 18°C (R. Chakravarty pers. obs). It is certainly not as common and widespread as the sympatric R. yunanensis .</span></p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">The threats to this species remain poorly known. It is likely to face disturbance at the roost due to illegal collection of the nests of Edible-nest swiftlets (Aul et al . 2014).</p>	The abundance, population size and trends of this species are not known (Molur et al. 2002). The species was absent from previously known roosts at caves in North Andaman, Interview Island and Little Andaman during surveys in 2013-14 (R. Chakravarty pers. obs). This absence is not attributed to seasonality as the survey was done in approximately the same months as Aul (2003). It is therefore inferred that the number of subpopulations of this species is declining.	Decreasing	<p><span lang="EN-US">The Andaman Horseshoe Bat (Rhinolophus cognatus )<span lang="EN-US"> is endemic to the Andaman Islands (Aul et al . 2014). It is not found in the Nicobar Islands (Bates and Harrison 1997, Aul 2006). Aul (2003) reported this species to be fairly widespread and found in the following major islands: North Andaman Island, Interview Island, Baratang, and Little Andaman; and small islands like Paget, Point and North Reef Islands. It was also caught in a mistnet at Saddle Peak in North Andaman Island at an altitude of ca 600 m asl (Aul 2003). However, the species was found to be absent in caves in North Andaman, Interview Island and Little Andaman Island during surveys in 2013-14 (R. Chakravarty pers. obs). The area of occupancy (AOO) for this species is estimated to be less than 500 km² based on known home ranges of approximately 5 km² (around the roost) of similar-sized Rhinolophids (Bontadina et al . 2002).</span></p>		Terrestrial	<p><span lang="EN-US">There are no direct conservation measures in place and the species is unprotected in the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. However, most of its current range falls within protected areas or areas with restricted access. Further studies are required to assess changes in the species’ distribution and population. Taxonomic studies must be undertaken to identify cryptic species (if any), particularly in Little Andaman Island. Since island species are sensitive to stochastic events, it is recommended that the species be accorded protection under the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.</p>	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		cognatus	K. Andersen	1906	0	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3	0.209028	Andaman Horseshoe Bat	<b> famulus </b>K. Andersen, 1918.	India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.	Andaman Isls (India).	Not listed.	Endangered	 pusillus species group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).	Rhinolophus cognatus	1004671	23	Andaman Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	cognatus	K. Andersen	1906	0	Rhinolophus_cognatus	Andersen, K. (1906). On some new or little-known bats of the genus Rhinolophus in the collection of the Museo Civico, Genoa. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova, ser. 3, 42, 181.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/137853#page/189/mode/1up	BM 1906.12.1.12 [syntype]		"Port Blair, South Andaman Island," India.			cognatus K. Andersen, 1906|famulus K. Andersen, 1918	NA	NA				Andaman Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_cognatus	1004671	23	Andaman Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	cognatus	Andersen	0	Rhinolophus cognatus	Andersen, K.C. 1906-05-10. On some new or little-known bats of the genus _Rhinolophus_ in the collection of the Museo Civico, Genoa. Annali del Museo civico di storia naturale di Genova 42:173-193.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43076187	BMNH:Mamm:1906.12.1.12, MSNG (no number given)	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/056fb87b-de91-4e8f-b2e6-3637bd106386	"Port Blair, South Andaman Island," India.			NA	NA				Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_cognatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		cognatus	K. Andersen	1906	0	Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 3	0.209028	Andaman Horseshoe Bat	famulus K. Andersen, 1918.	India, Andaman Isls, S Andaman Isl, Port Blair.	Andaman Isls (India).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19533/21981807/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	pusillusspecies group. Reviewed by Bates and Harrison (1997); see also Csorba (1997).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus cognatus; Rhinolophus cognatus; Rhinolophus cognatus; Rhinolophus cognatus; Rhinolophus cognatus; Rhinolophus cognatus; cognatus; famulus; cognatus; famulus; cognatus; famulus; Rhinolophede Giglioli; Andamanen-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Andaman; Andaman Horseshoe Bat; Andaman Horseshoe Bat; Andaman Horseshoe Bat; R. cognatus