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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1359	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus clivosus		[MSW2] Includes bocharicus; see Aellen (1959:362-366). R. bocharicus is considered a species by Hanak (1969), DeBlase (1980:94-97), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). This species does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975:386).; [MSW3] ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000).; [HMW] Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar in Rùppell, 1828 , Red Sea Coast , Saudi Arabia . Rhinolophus clivosus is in the jfemzTwegwzwra species group and is closely related to R ferrumequinum. Rhinolophus clivosus currently represents a paraphyletic species complex with respect to 7t and is probably composed of at least three species from Arabia and Socotra { clivosus ), East Africa {acrotis), and southern Africa { augurar geoffmyii if the latter is determined to be a valid name). Egyptian populations of R clivosus clustered with R ferrumequinum in phylogenetic studies, but there has been no genetic sampling from the rest of North Africa, east-central Africa, and the Levant so the phylogenetic position of all populations has not yet been determined. There are five genetically distinct populations from southern Africa that could represent subspecies of the southern African species . The name geoffmyii is here recognized as a subspecies because no other name is available for a genetically distinct population in south-western South Africa , but the name is not considered valid by most authors because it lacks a type specimen. Populations originally attributed to R clivosus from Cyrenaica, Libya , recently have been classified as a distinct species, R haraceki . R clivosus traditionally has contained ten subspecies with considerable morphological, ecological, echolocation, and genetic diversity ; additional research might result in taxonomic changes. Ten subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus ; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.; [IUCN] Further taxonomic research is needed into Rhinolophus clivosus . Variability in mitochondrial DNA, bacular morphology, pelage colour, habitat preference, echolocation calls and reproduction strongly suggests that R . clivosus comprises multiple species (Benda &; Vallo 2012; Stoffberg et al. 2012). Specifically, Stoffberg et al. (2012) provided genetic evidence that demonstrated southern African R . clivosus sensu lato are as genetically distinct from samples further north in Africa as from the sister species R . ferrumequinum ; they described five distinct groups within South Africa corresponding to a Western Cape clade, Knysna region clade, Northern Cape clade, a predominantly KwaZulu-Natal/Mpumalanga mixed group and a Mpumalanga/Limpopo clade (ACR 2015). A useful character for separating R . clivosus and R . darlingi from all other southern African Rhinolophus species is the absence of the minute first upper premolar in the toothrow; and R . clivosus is larger than R . darlingi (Monadjem et al. 2010).; [batnames2023]  ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus ; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included R. acrotis; [batnames2025_1.7] ferrumequinum species group. Does not include acrotis and other sub-Saharan forms (e.g., augur, keniensis, zuluensis); see Uvizl et al. (2024). Does not include bocharicus; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included R. acrotis				bocharicus		acrotis, andersoni, angur, bocharicus, brachygnathus, hillorum, keniensis, schwarzi, zuluensis.	bocharicus, rubiginosus, clivosus, brachygnathus, schwartzi, acrotis, keniensis, zuluensis, augur	clivosus, acrotis, augur, brachygnathus, keniensis, schwarzi, zuluensis	andersoni; zuluensis - zambesiensis	clivosus, acrotis, augur, brachygnathus, geoffmyii, keniensis, schwarzi, socotranus, zambesiensis, zuluensis		clivosus, acrotis, augur, keniensis, zuluensis	clivosus - brachygnathus, schwarzi; acrotis - andersoni; zuluensis - zambesiensis	clivosus, geoffroyii, acrotis, andersoni, augur, zambesiensis, zuluensis, brachygnathus, keniensis, schwarzi, socotranus	Further taxonomic research is needed into Rhinolophus clivosus . Variability in mitochondrial DNA, bacular morphology, pelage colour, habitat preference, echolocation calls and reproduction strongly suggests that R . clivosus comprises multiple species (Benda &; Vallo 2012; Stoffberg et al. 2012). Specifically, Stoffberg et al. (2012) provided genetic evidence that demonstrated southern African R . clivosus sensu lato are as genetically distinct from samples further north in Africa as from the sister species R . ferrumequinum ; they described five distinct groups within South Africa corresponding to a Western Cape clade, Knysna region clade, Northern Cape clade, a predominantly KwaZulu-Natal/Mpumalanga mixed group and a Mpumalanga/Limpopo clade (ACR 2015). A useful character for separating R . clivosus and R . darlingi from all other southern African Rhinolophus species is the absence of the minute first upper premolar in the toothrow; and R . clivosus is larger than R . darlingi (Monadjem et al. 2010).	clivosus, acrotis, augur, keniensis, zuluensis	clivosus - brachygnathus, schwarzi; acrotis - andersoni; zuluensis - zambesiensis	clivosus, geoffroyii, acrotis, andersoni, augur, zambesiensis, zuluensis, brachygnathus, keniensis, schwarzi, socotranus	clivosus, andersoni, brachygnathus, schwarzi, socotranus	clivosus, socotranus 	clivosus - brachygnathus, schwarzi	clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828|andersoni O. Thomas, 1904|brachygnathus Andersen, 1905|schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934|schwartzi Koopman, 1994 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|socotranus Benda, Reiter, & Vallo in Benda, Nasher, Van Damme, Vallo, & Reiter, 2017		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Geoffroy's horseshoe bat	Afghanistan – Algeria, Ethiopia – Zambia, Mozambique	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus clivosus	Saudi Arabia, Muwaylih(=Mohila).	Cretzschmar	1828	In Ruppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Saugeth., p. 47.	Distribution: Widely, if somewhat discontinuously distributed in Af ghanistan, Iran, southern Soviet Central Asia, and Azerbaydzhan, also southern Israel through most of Arabia, Egypt west to southeastern Algeria, south through eastern Africa to southern Africa and west to Liberia, western Zaire, and Angola.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Geoffroy's horseshoe bat	Arabia – Algeria, Ethiopia – Zambia, S Africa	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Cretzschmar	1828	In Riippell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Saugeth., p. 47.	Includes bocharicus; see Aellen (1959:362-366). R. bocharicus is considered a species by Hanak (1969), DeBlase (1980:94-97), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). This species does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975:386).	Turkmenistan to Afghanistan; Arabia to Algeria; subsaharan Africa to Liberia, Cameroon and South Africa.	Saudi Arabia, Muwaylih (= Mohila).		CRETZSCHMAR	1828	Metacarpal of third digit relatively short, metacarpals of fourth and fifth relatively long and subequal to one another; second phalanx of third shortened, less than two thirds length of first phalanx. Sella pandurate. Horseshoe relative ly narrow. Anterior upper premolar extruded from toothrow, greatly reduced or absent. Anter ior nasal swellings fairly small. Periotic bones not enlarged. Size fairly small to fairly large (forearm length, 43-56 mm).	Distribution: Widely, if somewhat discontinuously distributed in Af ghanistan, Iran, southern Soviet Central Asia, and Azerbaydzhan, also southern Israel through most of Arabia, Egypt west to southeastern Algeria, south through eastern Africa to southern Africa and west to Liberia, western Zaire, and Angola.	There are nine currently recognized subspecies:	R. c. bocharicus (Afghanistan, Iran, Khirghizia to Turkmenia). R. c. rubiginosus (Azerbaydzhan), R. c. clivosus (Israel to northeastern Sudan), R. c. brachygnathus (Egypt to northeastern Libya and northern Sudan), R. c. schwartzi (southeastern Algeria), R. c. acrotis (central and south western Arabia, Ethiopia, most of central and southern Sudan, Somalia, most of Kenya), R. c. keniensis (south eastern Sudan, Mount Kenya), R. c. zuluensis (Uganda, eastern and southern Zaire, south through eastern southern Africa), R. c. augur (western southern Africa).	54	species	R. clivosus	CRETZSCHMAR	1828	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus clivosus				Metacarpal of third digit relatively short, metacarpals of fourth and fifth relatively long and subequal to one another; second phalanx of third shortened, less than two thirds length of first phalanx. Sella pandurate. Horseshoe relative ly narrow. Anterior upper premolar extruded from toothrow, greatly reduced or absent. Anter ior nasal swellings fairly small. Periotic bones not enlarged. Size fairly small to fairly large (forearm length, 43-56 mm).	There are nine currently recognized subspecies:		20. R. clivosus CRETZSCHMAR 1828 [ferrumequinum group].	20	_R. c. clivosus_ Cretzschmar, 1828 (synonyms: _andersoni_ Thomas, 1904, _brachygnathus_ Andersen, 1905, _schwarzi_ Heim de Balsac, 1934); _R. c. socotranus_ Benda, Reiter & Vallo, 2017			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus		clivosus	Cretzschmar		1828		In Rüppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. Säugeth.			47		Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).	Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	andersoni Thomas, 1904; acrotis Heuglin, 1861; augur K. Andersen, 1904; brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905; keniensis Hollister, 1916; schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934; zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904; zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904.	ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo (1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000).	885887A2FFE58A02F892F252FC75D193	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	296	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFDE8A3BF8B3F693F72EDD14.xml	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	Rhinolophede Cretzschmar @fr | Geoffroy-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Geoffroy @es | German @en | Arabian Horseshoe Bat @en | Cretzschmar’s Horseshoe Bat @en	Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar in Rùppell, 1828 , Red Sea Coast , Saudi Arabia . Rhinolophus clivosus is in the jfemzTwegwzwra species group and is closely related to R ferrumequinum. Rhinolophus clivosus currently represents a paraphyletic species complex with respect to 7t and is probably composed of at least three species from Arabia and Socotra { clivosus ), East Africa {acrotis), and southern Africa { augurar geoffmyii if the latter is determined to be a valid name). Egyptian populations of R clivosus clustered with R ferrumequinum in phylogenetic studies, but there has been no genetic sampling from the rest of North Africa, east-central Africa, and the Levant so the phylogenetic position of all populations has not yet been determined. There are five genetically distinct populations from southern Africa that could represent subspecies of the southern African species . The name geoffmyii is here recognized as a subspecies because no other name is available for a genetically distinct population in south-western South Africa , but the name is not considered valid by most authors because it lacks a type specimen. Populations originally attributed to R clivosus from Cyrenaica, Libya , recently have been classified as a distinct species, R haraceki . R clivosus traditionally has contained ten subspecies with considerable morphological, ecological, echolocation, and genetic diversity ; additional research might result in taxonomic changes. Ten subspecies recognized.	R. c.c clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828 - SWJordan, W & C Saudi Arabia , Yemen , and SW Oman . R c. acrotis Heuglin, 1862 — Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , and N Somalia . R c. augur ÌL . Andersen, 1904 — N & C South Africa . R c. brachygnathus K . Andersen, 1905 - Israel , Egypt , and N Sudan . R c. geoffmyii A. Smith, 1829 — SW South Africa . R c. keniensis Hollister, 1916 - SE Sudan , South Sudan , Uganda , NE DR Congo , Rwanda , Burundi , Kenya , and N Tanzania ; other records throughout C Africa need further investigation. R c. schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934 - SE Algeria and W Libya . 7t c., socotranus Benda, Reiter & Vallo, 2017 - Socotra I, Yemen . AE c. zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904 - S Tanzania, Malawi , Zambia, and SE DR Congo S to NE South Africa. R c. zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904 - E & S South Africa , Swaziland , and Lesotho . There is also a record from W DR Congo with no subspecific affinity and populations from Namibia and SW Angola are not currently assigned to any subspecies but might be associated with subspecies augur or geoffroyii following further morphological and genetic tests.	Head—body 46-50 mm , tail 22-40 mm , ear 16-24 mm , hindfoot 11—13 mm , forearm 42-59 mm ; weight 10-25 g . Dorsal pelage is highly variable and can be cream, gray, brownish gray, grayish fawn, or reddish brown (hairs usually have dark tips); venter varies from beige and pale brown to gray . Orange-morph (more reddish brown) individuals have been recorded. Adult males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (30-47% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with rounded tip; connecting process is rounded and elevated, can be smoothly curved or slighdy angular, and is slighdy to clearly higher than sella tip; sella is naked and narrow and has concave sides and broad and rounded tip; and horseshoe is narrow to moderately wide at 6-6-9- 6 mm , varies widely among subspecies, and has lateral leaflets (rudimentary in some individuals) and variably median emargination, varying between shallow to moderately deep. Lower lip has well-defined medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are light to dark gray. Baculum has shallow dorsal invagination, deep ventral invagination on basal cone, and dorso-ventrally flattened shaft; subspecies augur has slightly expanded tip. Skull is robust; zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is very shallow, and supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is low anteriorly and completely absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is absent or very undeveloped. P2 is minute and completely displaced labially or absent all together, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent when P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is variable: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 ( x 2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 ( South Africa ) or 62 (South and East Africa).	Wide variety of habitats but generally drier and open environments such as woodland savannas, Mediterranean shrubland, dry savanna, open grasslands, and some semi-desert and desert habitats from sea level to elevations of c . 2300 m . Although Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats prefer dry habitats, they are often found associated with water sources, dense vegetation where they can forage, and caves for roosting. In southern Africa, they are found largely in woodland savannas, some desert habitats, and montane grasslands (e.g. Drakensberg). Populations in West Africa are found largely in mountainous and hilly regions. In Malawi , they have been recorded in miombo forest and woodlands and thicket savannas. In Northern Africa, Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily restricted to mountain “islands” throughout the Sahara Desert and sub-desert and savanna habitats in north-eastern Africa. They occur primarily in arid Mediterranean shrubland in the Levant and arid shrubland, steppe, and savanna throughout Arabia and Socotra .	Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking, fly-catching, and probably gleaning prey offvegetation and the ground. Foraging occurs around vegetation under tree canopies. After prey is captured, they eat it while perching on branches or other vegetation. They feed primarily on moths and beetles throughout their distribution. Fecal samples from two bats in Zimbabwe included only beetles. Populations in South Africa fed primarily on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera . In Algeria , 46 fecal pellets from five bats included Lepidoptera (mean 62-6% by volume), Coleoptera (29-4%), Hemiptera (2%), Hymenoptera (1-4%), and unknown arthropods (4-6%). Twenty-three fecal samples from two bats in Jordan mainly contained Lepidoptera, Coleoptera , and Diptera (especially Nematocera) and smaller amounts of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Hemiptera. Captive individuals have eaten mantises. In South Africa , Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat seemed to eat larger prey than the Cape Horseshoe Bat ( A capensis ) on average, but prey size of the two species did overlap. Wild Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats seem to depend on water sources for drinking; captive individuals drink regularly.	Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, at least in southern Africa ( Zimbabwe and South Africa ). Copulation seems to occur in dry season in Zimbabwe (June-July) and autumn in South Africa ( April ). Females store sperm. Parturition begins in wet season (mid-November) in Zimbabwe and late winter (August) in South Africa . In South Africa , however, not all populations exhibit delayed implantation where females store sperm, and they will copulate in late winter. Gestation lasts 3-5 months, and lactation lasts c.2 months. Most females appear to reach reproductive maturity at c.18 months of age, but it can take as long as 42 months or more.	Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night. During the day, they can enter torpor, and in Malawi , they became torpid at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C. Day roosts are usually in caves, rock crevices , and artificial underground structures such as abandoned mine shafts, catacombs, stone huts, and other rocky areas. They will roost in abandoned buildings and hollow baobabs { Adansonia , Malvaceae ). On Socotra , primary day roosts are located in limestone karst caves. Call shape is FM/ CF /FM; they are able to distinguish sex based on call (probably using FM components) and even individual identity ( probably using resting frequency). Peak (CF) component has been recorded at 90-100 kHz or 80-85 kHz in various parts of South Africa , 91 -9 kHz in Swaziland , 79-84 kHz (usually 82-84 kHz) in Malawi , 79-8-81 kHz in Mozambique , 92-7 kHz in Algeria , 85-2 kHz in Israel , and 83-5-85 kHz in Jordan . Mean call duration is 32-9 milliseconds in Swaziland , 14-3 milliseconds in South Africa , 54-5 milliseconds in Israel , and 48 milliseconds in Jordan .	Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat roosts singly or in groups of up to 50 individuals in most cases, although colonies of up to 10,000 individuals have been recorded in Malawi and southern Africa. Roosting bats generally hang in small clusters not touching each another; many small clusters are formed in large colonies.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is relatively common throughout much of its distribution, although it might be declining in Palearctic parts of its distribution. There are no overarching threats, but some populations might be locally threatened by habitat destruction and roost disturbance. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat might be locally threatened by indirect poisoning from insecticides, pesticides, and similar chemicals. It is protected inJordan by national legislation.	ACR (2018) | Benda & Vallo (2012) | Benda, Dietz et al. (2008) | Benda, Lucan et al. (2010) | Benda, Nasher et al. (2017) | Benda, Spitzenberger et al. (2014) | Bernard (1983) | Bernard & Happold (2013a) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Dulie & Mutere (1974) | enton et al. (1977) | Finger et al. (2017) | Hackett et al. (2017) | Jacobs, Barclay et al. (2007) | Jacobs, Catto et al. (2017) | Linden et al. (2014) | Monadjem, Reside & Lumsden (2007) | Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010) | Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017) | Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs, Kock et al. (2017) | Nader (1982) | Rautenbach et al. (1993) | Richards et al. (2016) | Schoeman & Jacobs (2003) | Stoffberg et al. (2012) | Taylor (1999, 2000) | Taylor , Sowler et al. (2013) | Wessels & van der Merwe (1997) | Whitaker et al. (1994) | Wingate (1986)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749970/files/figure.png	32 . Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus clivosus French: Rhinolophe de Cretzschmar / German : Geoffroy-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Geoffroy Other common names: Arabian Horseshoe Bat, Cretzschmar’s Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus clivosus Cretzschmar in Rùppell, 1828 , Red Sea Coast , Saudi Arabia . Rhinolophus clivosus is in the jfemzTwegwzwra species group and is closely related to R ferrumequinum. Rhinolophus clivosus currently represents a paraphyletic species complex with respect to 7t and is probably composed of at least three species from Arabia and Socotra { clivosus ), East Africa {acrotis), and southern Africa { augurar geoffmyii if the latter is determined to be a valid name). Egyptian populations of R clivosus clustered with R ferrumequinum in phylogenetic studies, but there has been no genetic sampling from the rest of North Africa, east-central Africa, and the Levant so the phylogenetic position of all populations has not yet been determined. There are five genetically distinct populations from southern Africa that could represent subspecies of the southern African species . The name geoffmyii is here recognized as a subspecies because no other name is available for a genetically distinct population in south-western South Africa , but the name is not considered valid by most authors because it lacks a type specimen. Populations originally attributed to R clivosus from Cyrenaica, Libya , recently have been classified as a distinct species, R haraceki . R clivosus traditionally has contained ten subspecies with considerable morphological, ecological, echolocation, and genetic diversity ; additional research might result in taxonomic changes. Ten subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R. c.c clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828 - SWJordan, W & C Saudi Arabia , Yemen , and SW Oman . R c. acrotis Heuglin, 1862 — Eritrea , Ethiopia , Djibouti , and N Somalia . R c. augur ÌL . Andersen, 1904 — N & C South Africa . R c. brachygnathus K . Andersen, 1905 - Israel , Egypt , and N Sudan . R c. geoffmyii A. Smith, 1829 — SW South Africa . R c. keniensis Hollister, 1916 - SE Sudan , South Sudan , Uganda , NE DR Congo , Rwanda , Burundi , Kenya , and N Tanzania ; other records throughout C Africa need further investigation. R c. schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934 - SE Algeria and W Libya . 7t c., socotranus Benda, Reiter & Vallo, 2017 - Socotra I, Yemen . AE c. zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904 - S Tanzania, Malawi , Zambia, and SE DR Congo S to NE South Africa. R c. zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904 - E & S South Africa , Swaziland , and Lesotho . There is also a record from W DR Congo with no subspecific affinity and populations from Namibia and SW Angola are not currently assigned to any subspecies but might be associated with subspecies augur or geoffroyii following further morphological and genetic tests. Descriptive notes. Head—body 46-50 mm , tail 22-40 mm , ear 16-24 mm , hindfoot 11—13 mm , forearm 42-59 mm ; weight 10-25 g . Dorsal pelage is highly variable and can be cream, gray, brownish gray, grayish fawn, or reddish brown (hairs usually have dark tips); venter varies from beige and pale brown to gray . Orange-morph (more reddish brown) individuals have been recorded. Adult males lack axillary tufts. Ears are short (30-47% of forearm length). Noseleaf has hastate lancet, with rounded tip; connecting process is rounded and elevated, can be smoothly curved or slighdy angular, and is slighdy to clearly higher than sella tip; sella is naked and narrow and has concave sides and broad and rounded tip; and horseshoe is narrow to moderately wide at 6-6-9- 6 mm , varies widely among subspecies, and has lateral leaflets (rudimentary in some individuals) and variably median emargination, varying between shallow to moderately deep. Lower lip has well-defined medial groove. Wings and uropatagium are light to dark gray. Baculum has shallow dorsal invagination, deep ventral invagination on basal cone, and dorso-ventrally flattened shaft; subspecies augur has slightly expanded tip. Skull is robust; zygomatic width is greater than mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is very shallow, and supraorbital ridges are weak; sagittal crest is low anteriorly and completely absent posteriorly; and interpterygoid groove is absent or very undeveloped. P2 is minute and completely displaced labially or absent all together, allowing C1 and P4 to touch, and P3 is tiny and completely displaced labially or absent when P2 and P4 are in contact. Dental formula is variable: I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/2, M 3/3 (x2) = 30; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 1/2, M 3/3 ( x 2) = 28; I 1/2, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 32; or 11/2, C 1/1, P 1/3, M 3/3 (x2) = 30. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FNa = 60 ( South Africa ) or 62 (South and East Africa). Habitat. Wide variety of habitats but generally drier and open environments such as woodland savannas, Mediterranean shrubland, dry savanna, open grasslands, and some semi-desert and desert habitats from sea level to elevations of c . 2300 m . Although Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats prefer dry habitats, they are often found associated with water sources, dense vegetation where they can forage, and caves for roosting. In southern Africa, they are found largely in woodland savannas, some desert habitats, and montane grasslands (e.g. Drakensberg). Populations in West Africa are found largely in mountainous and hilly regions. In Malawi , they have been recorded in miombo forest and woodlands and thicket savannas. In Northern Africa, Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are primarily restricted to mountain “islands” throughout the Sahara Desert and sub-desert and savanna habitats in north-eastern Africa. They occur primarily in arid Mediterranean shrubland in the Levant and arid shrubland, steppe, and savanna throughout Arabia and Socotra . Food and Feeding. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous. They forage by slow hawking, fly-catching, and probably gleaning prey offvegetation and the ground. Foraging occurs around vegetation under tree canopies. After prey is captured, they eat it while perching on branches or other vegetation. They feed primarily on moths and beetles throughout their distribution. Fecal samples from two bats in Zimbabwe included only beetles. Populations in South Africa fed primarily on Lepidoptera and Coleoptera and smaller amounts of Neuroptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera . In Algeria , 46 fecal pellets from five bats included Lepidoptera (mean 62-6% by volume), Coleoptera (29-4%), Hemiptera (2%), Hymenoptera (1-4%), and unknown arthropods (4-6%). Twenty-three fecal samples from two bats in Jordan mainly contained Lepidoptera, Coleoptera , and Diptera (especially Nematocera) and smaller amounts of Hymenoptera, Neuroptera, Trichoptera, and Hemiptera. Captive individuals have eaten mantises. In South Africa , Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat seemed to eat larger prey than the Cape Horseshoe Bat ( A capensis ) on average, but prey size of the two species did overlap. Wild Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats seem to depend on water sources for drinking; captive individuals drink regularly. Breeding. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, at least in southern Africa ( Zimbabwe and South Africa ). Copulation seems to occur in dry season in Zimbabwe (June-July) and autumn in South Africa ( April ). Females store sperm. Parturition begins in wet season (mid-November) in Zimbabwe and late winter (August) in South Africa . In South Africa , however, not all populations exhibit delayed implantation where females store sperm, and they will copulate in late winter. Gestation lasts 3-5 months, and lactation lasts c.2 months. Most females appear to reach reproductive maturity at c.18 months of age, but it can take as long as 42 months or more. Activity patterns. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bats are nocturnal and forage throughout the night. During the day, they can enter torpor, and in Malawi , they became torpid at ambient temperatures of 21-24°C. Day roosts are usually in caves, rock crevices , and artificial underground structures such as abandoned mine shafts, catacombs, stone huts, and other rocky areas. They will roost in abandoned buildings and hollow baobabs { Adansonia , Malvaceae ). On Socotra , primary day roosts are located in limestone karst caves. Call shape is FM/ CF /FM; they are able to distinguish sex based on call (probably using FM components) and even individual identity ( probably using resting frequency). Peak (CF) component has been recorded at 90-100 kHz or 80-85 kHz in various parts of South Africa , 91 -9 kHz in Swaziland , 79-84 kHz (usually 82-84 kHz) in Malawi , 79-8-81 kHz in Mozambique , 92-7 kHz in Algeria , 85-2 kHz in Israel , and 83-5-85 kHz in Jordan . Mean call duration is 32-9 milliseconds in Swaziland , 14-3 milliseconds in South Africa , 54-5 milliseconds in Israel , and 48 milliseconds in Jordan . Movements, Home range and Social organization. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat roosts singly or in groups of up to 50 individuals in most cases, although colonies of up to 10,000 individuals have been recorded in Malawi and southern Africa. Roosting bats generally hang in small clusters not touching each another; many small clusters are formed in large colonies. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCNRed List. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat is relatively common throughout much of its distribution, although it might be declining in Palearctic parts of its distribution. There are no overarching threats, but some populations might be locally threatened by habitat destruction and roost disturbance. Geoffroy’s Horseshoe Bat might be locally threatened by indirect poisoning from insecticides, pesticides, and similar chemicals. It is protected inJordan by national legislation. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Benda & Vallo (2012), Benda, Dietz eta /. (2008), Benda, Lucan eta/. (2010), Benda, Nasher eta/. (2017), Benda, Spitzenberger eta/. (2014), Bernard (1983), Bernard & Happold (2013a), Csorba et al. (2003), Dulie & Mutere (1974), enton et al. (1977), Finger et al. (2017), Hackett et al. (2017), Jacobs, Barclay et al. (2007), Jacobs, Catto et al. (2017), Linden et al. (2014), Monadjem, Reside & Lumsden (2007), Monadjem, Schoeman et al. (2010), Monadjem, Shapiro et al. (2017), Monadjem, Taylor, Jacobs, Kock et al. (2017), Nader (1982), Rautenbach eta/. (1993), Richards eta/. (2016), Schoeman & Jacobs (2003), Stoffberg et al. (2012), Taylor (1999, 2000), Taylor , Sowler et al. (2013), Wessels & van der Merwe (1997), Whitaker et al. (1994), Wingate (1986).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus clivosus	Rhinolophus		clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	0	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	p. 47	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	 brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905; schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934; <b>acrotis </b> Heuglin, 1861; andersoni  Thomas, 1904; <b>augur</b> K. Andersen, 1904;  <b>keniensis</b> Hollister, 1916; <b> zuluensis </b> K. Andersen, 1904; zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904.	Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).	Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus ; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus clivosus	23	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	Arabian Horseshoe Bat|Cretzschmar's Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	0	Rhinolophus_clivosus	Cretzschmar, P. J. (1828). Säugethiere. In Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika, 1, 47.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114235#page/103/mode/1up	SMF 4371 [lectotype]		Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia.			clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828|geoffroyii A. Smith, 1829|acrotis Heuglin, 1861|andersoni O. Thomas, 1904|augur K. Andersen, 1904|zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904|zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904|brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905|keniensis Hollister, 1916|schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934|socotranus Benda, Reiter & Vallo in Benda, Nasher, Van Damme, Vallo, & Reiter, 2017	NA	NA	Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Jordan|Palestine|Israel|Egypt|Libya|Algeria|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Somalia|Uganda|Cameroon?|Chad|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Rwanda|Burundi|Kenya|Tanzania|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Zambia|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Angola|Namibia	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19531	Rhinolophus clivosus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	clivosus	Cretzschmar, 1828	Further taxonomic research is needed into Rhinolophus clivosus . Variability in mitochondrial DNA, bacular morphology, pelage colour, habitat preference, echolocation calls and reproduction strongly suggests that R . clivosus comprises multiple species (Benda &; Vallo 2012; Stoffberg et al. 2012). Specifically, Stoffberg et al. (2012) provided genetic evidence that demonstrated southern African R . clivosus sensu lato are as genetically distinct from samples further north in Africa as from the sister species R . ferrumequinum ; they described five distinct groups within South Africa corresponding to a Western Cape clade, Knysna region clade, Northern Cape clade, a predominantly KwaZulu-Natal/Mpumalanga mixed group and a Mpumalanga/Limpopo clade (ACR 2015). A useful character for separating R . clivosus and R . darlingi from all other southern African Rhinolophus species is the absence of the minute first upper premolar in the toothrow; and R . clivosus is larger than R . darlingi (Monadjem et al. 2010).	20000000	Rhinolophus clivosus	Least Concern		2017	2016-08-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough globally to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species has been recorded from a wide variety of habitats, ranging from savanna woodland, Mediterranean-type shrubland, dry (and possibly moist) savanna, open grasslands and semi-desert to even more arid environments. Roosting has been recorded in caves, rock cervices, disused mines, and various rural and urban buildings.	Although there are generally considered to be no major threats to the species as a whole, some populations are locally threatened by disturbance of their roosting sites, and indirect poisoning resulting from the use of insecticides, pesticides and similar chemicals.	It is common in some parts of its range, including South Africa. But is uncommon to rare in other areas, such as in Zimbabwe. In Swaziland, three separate populations contained over a thousand individuals, while in Jordan forty individuals were observed at a single location in Jordan (Amr, 2000). Although the population appears to be stable in many regions, in Jordan the population is in decline and this bat maybe declining throughout its range in the Arabian Peninsula (Amr pers. comm.).	Unknown	This species is widespread in North, East and southern Africa, and also in parts of southwest Asia, including western and southeastern areas of the Arabian Peninsula. In North Africa it has been recorded from Algeria, Libya and Egypt; in East Africa, it ranges from Sudan in the north, through all East African countries to Malawi in the south; in southern Africa, it is present in Mozambique and Zambia in the north, ranging southwards into South Africa, Namibia and southern Angola. In addition there are a number of records from southern and eastern parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In southwest Asia, it ranges from Israel, Jordan and the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt in the north, through the western and southeastern part of the Arabian Peninsula of Saudi Arabia, Yemen and Oman, with a few additional records of the species from central regions of the Arabian Peninsula.		Terrestrial	In view of the species wide range it seems likely that it is present in a number of protected areas. All bats, including Rhinolophus clivosus , are protected by national legislation in Jordan (Amr pers. comm. 2004). Bats of the genus Rhinolophus are generally susceptible to indirect poisoning through the local use of insecticides; there is a need to evaluate the impact of this threat on populations (especially in southwest Asia), and to investigate alternative methods of insect control (Kock pers. comm. 2004).	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	0	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	p. 47	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	 brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905; schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934; <b>acrotis </b> Heuglin, 1861; andersoni  Thomas, 1904; <b>augur</b> K. Andersen, 1904;  <b>keniensis</b> Hollister, 1916; <b> zuluensis </b> K. Andersen, 1904; zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904.	Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).	Israel, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Yemen, Egypt, Libya, Algeria, Sudan, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Djibouti, Somalia, Kenya, Uganda, Dem. Rep. Congo, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Malawi, Angola, Zambia, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, Swaziland, Namibia.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 ferrumequinum species group. Does not include bocharicus ; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.	Rhinolophus clivosus	1004669	23	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	Arabian Horseshoe Bat|Cretzschmar's Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	0	Rhinolophus_clivosus	Cretzschmar, P. J. (1828). Säugethiere. In Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika, 1, 47.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/114235#page/103/mode/1up	SMF 4371 [lectotype]		Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia.			clivosus Cretzschmar, 1828|geoffroyii A. Smith, 1829|acrotis Heuglin, 1861|andersoni O. Thomas, 1904|augur K. Andersen, 1904|zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904|zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904|brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905|keniensis Hollister, 1916|schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934|socotranus Benda, Reiter & Vallo in Benda, Nasher, Van Damme, Vallo, & Reiter, 2017	NA	NA				Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Jordan|Palestine|Israel|Egypt|Libya|Algeria|Sudan|South Sudan|Eritrea|Djibouti|Ethiopia|Somalia|Uganda|Cameroon?|Chad|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Rwanda|Burundi|Kenya|Tanzania|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Zambia|South Africa|Eswatini|Lesotho|Angola|Namibia	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_clivosus	1004669	23	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	Arabian Horseshoe Bat|Cretzschmar's Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	clivosus	Cretzschmar	0	Rhinolophus clivosus	Cretzschmar, P.J. 1828. [Heft 7, pl. 16-18]. Pp. 43–48 in Cretzschmar, P.J. 1826-1831. Säugethiere. Pp. 1–78 in Rüppell, E. Atlas zu der Reise im nördlichen Afrika. Senckenbergische naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 78+55+24+47+141 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37140644 | https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/37140645	SMF:MAMM:4371	lectotype		Red Sea Coast, Saudi Arabia.	27.81667	35.5	previously included R. acrotis	Uvizl, M, Varadinova, Z. K, and Benda, P. 2024 Phylogenetic relationships among horseshoe bats within the Rhinolophus ferrumequinum group (Mammalia, Chiroptera). Zoologica Scripta. 2024, 00:1–18.				Oman|Yemen|Saudi Arabia|Jordan|Palestine|Israel|Egypt|Libya|Algeria	Africa|Asia	Afrotropic|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_clivosus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		clivosus	Cretzschmar	1828	0	In R&uuml;ppell, Atlas Reise Nordl. Afr., Zool. S&auml;ugeth.	p. 47	Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat	brachygnathus K. Andersen, 1905; schwarzi Heim de Balsac, 1934; acrotis Heuglin, 1861; andersoni  Thomas, 1904; augur K. Andersen, 1904;  keniensis Hollister, 1916; zuluensis K. Andersen, 1904; zambesiensis K. Andersen, 1904.	Saudi Arabia, Red Sea Coast, Muwaylih (= Mohila), (approx. 27°49'N, 35°30'E).	Algeria east to Jordan and south to Yemen and Oman	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19531/21980500/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	ferrumequinum species group. Does not include acrotis and other sub-Saharan forms (e.g., augur, keniensis, zuluensis); see Uvizl et al. (2024). Does not include bocharicus; see Hanák (1969), DeBlase (1980), Gromov and Baranova (1981), and Pavlinov and Rossolimo(1987). Does not include deckenii or silvestris; see Koopman (1975), Cotterill (2002), and Csorba et al. (2003). Does not include hillorum, see Cotterill (2002). Also see Harrison and Bates (1991). Reviewed in part by Horácek et al. (2000). See Benda and Vallo for a review of the subspecies.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus clivosus; Rhinolophus clivosus; clivosus; acrotis; augur; brachygnathus; keniensis; schwarzi; zuluensis; andersoni; zuluensis - zambesiensis; clivosus; acrotis; augur; brachygnathus; geoffmyii; keniensis; schwarzi; socotranus; zambesiensis; zuluensis; acrotis; augur; keniensis; zuluensis; brachygnathus; schwarzi; acrotis - andersoni; zuluensis - zambesiensis; clivosus; geoffroyii; acrotis; andersoni; augur; zambesiensis; zuluensis; brachygnathus; keniensis; schwarzi; socotranus; Rhinolophede Cretzschmar; Geoffroy-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Geoffroy; German; Arabian Horseshoe Bat; Cretzschmar’s Horseshoe Bat; Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat; Arabian Horseshoe Bat; Cretzschmar's Horseshoe Bat; Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat; Geoffroy's Horseshoe Bat; R. clivosus