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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1346	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus blasii		[MSW2] Includes brockmani; see Koopman (1975:383).; [MSW3] landeri species group. Includes brockmani; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000).; [HMW] Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 , south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy . Rhinolophus blasii is currently in the landeri species group based on morphology; however, it is probably best included as a basal member of the capensis species group based on genetic data. Four subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  landeri species group. Includes  brockmani ; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).; [IUCN] The taxonomic status of the putative subspecies, Rhinolophus blasii empusa (K. Anderson 1904) needs revision. The type specimen for the species is from Italy (ZMB 557, Syntype), while the type locality of the southern African R . b . empusa is Zomba, Malawi (BM 93.7.9.33, Holotype) (Monadjem et al. 2010).; [batnames2023]  landeri species group. Includes  brockmani ; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).; [batnames2025_1.7] landeri species group. Includes  brockmani; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).				brockmani, clivosus		andreinii, brockmani, empusa, meyeroehmi.	blasii, meyeroehmi, andreinii, empusa	blasii, andreinii, empusa, meyeroehmi	blasiusi, clivosus; andreinii - brockmani	blasii, andreinii, empusa, meyeroehmif		blasii, andreinii, empusa, meyeroehmi	blasii - blasiusi, clivosus; andreinii - brockmani	clivosus, blasii, empusa, andreinii, blasiusi, brackmani, meyeroehmi	The taxonomic status of the putative subspecies, Rhinolophus blasii empusa (K. Anderson 1904) needs revision. The type specimen for the species is from Italy (ZMB 557, Syntype), while the type locality of the southern African R . b . empusa is Zomba, Malawi (BM 93.7.9.33, Holotype) (Monadjem et al. 2010).	blasii, andreinii, empusa, meyeroehmi	blasii - blasiusi, clivosus; andreinii - brockmani	clivosus, blasii, empusa, andreinii, blasiusi, brackmani, meyeroehmi	blasii, empusa, andreinii, blasiusi, brockmani, meyeroehmi	andreinii, blasii, empusa, meyeroehmi	andreinii - brockmani; blasii - blasiusi, clivosus	blasii W. C. H. Peters, 1866|empusa Andersen, 1904|andreinii Senna, 1905|blasiusi Trouessart, 1910 [unjustified emendation]|brockmani O. Thomas, 1910|meyeroehmi Felten in Felten, Spitzenberger, & Storch, 1977		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Blasius' horseshoe bat	N Africa, Italy – Afghanistan, Ethiopia – Transvaal, Mozambique	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus blasii	Italy and Yugoslavia.	Peters	1867	Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin for 1866, p. 17.	Distribution: Occurring in northwestern Africa and from southern Europe (including several Mediterranean islands) east to Afghanistan; south through western Arabia and in eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Transvaal.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Blasius' horseshoe bat	N Africa, Italy – Afghanistan, Ethiopia – Transvaal, Natal, Mozambique	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1866	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866:17.	Includes brockmani; see Koopman (1975:383).	Transvaal (South Africa) to S Zaire; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Yugoslavia; Albania; Bulgaria; Rumania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.	SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).		PETERS	1866	Con necting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shortened. Sella cuneate (wedge-shaped). Anterior lower premolar not reduced. Size relatively large (forearm length, 40-49 mm).	Distribution: Occurring in northwestern Africa and from southern Europe (including several Mediterranean islands) east to Afghanistan; south through western Arabia and in eastern Africa from Ethiopia to Transvaal.	Four subspecies are currently recognized:	R. b. blasii (northwestern Africa, southern Europe, and southwestern Asia), R. b. meyeroehmi (Iran, Turkmenia, Afghanistan), R.b. andreinii (= brockmani) (Ethiopia, Somalia), R. b. empusa (southeastern Africa from southern Zaire to Transvaal).	56	species	R. blasii	PETERS	1866	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus blasii				Con necting process rises to a high narrow horn. First phalanx of fourth finger not notably shortened. Sella cuneate (wedge-shaped). Anterior lower premolar not reduced. Size relatively large (forearm length, 40-49 mm).	Four subspecies are currently recognized:		39. R. blasii PETERS 1866 [pusillus group].	39	_R. b. andreinii_ Senna, 1905 (synonyms: _brockmani_ Thomas, 1910); _R. b. blasii_ Peters, 1866 (synonyms: _clivosus_ Cretzschmar, 1828); _R. b. empusa_ Andersen, 1904; _R. b. meyeroehmi_ Felten, 1977			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus		blasii	Peters		1866	1867	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1866		17		Blasius's Horseshoe Bat	SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).	NE South Africa to S Dem. Rep. Congo; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Serbia and Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (nt).	blasiusi Trouessart, 1910; clivosus Blasius, 1857 [not Cretzschmar, 1828]; andreinii Senna, 1905; brockmani Thomas, 1910; empusa K. Andersen, 1904; meyeroehmi Felten, 1977 [in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977].	landeri species group. Includes brockmani; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison (1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000).	885887A2FFDF8A39FF6AF7FEF4D7DD69	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	283	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545.xml	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	blasii	Peters	1866	Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophede Blasius @fr | Blasius-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Blasius @es | Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat @en	Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 , south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy . Rhinolophus blasii is currently in the landeri species group based on morphology; however, it is probably best included as a basal member of the capensis species group based on genetic data. Four subspecies recognized.	R b. blasii Peters, 1866 — SE Europe (from Croatia E to W Romania and Bulgaria and S to Greece and Crete I), SW Asia (W Anatolian Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , WJordan, S Armenia , S Azerbaijan , W Iran , and S Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Oman ), and NW Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia ); possibly also found in Egypt and Georgia , but his needs confirmation. R b. andreinii Senna, 1905 - W Eritrea , C & E Ethiopia , and NW Somalia . R b. empusa K. Andersen, 1904 - SE Africa in SE DR Congo , SE Tanzania , Zambia , Malawi , W Mozambique , Zimbabwe , E Botswana , E South Africa , and Swaziland . R b. meyeroehmif elten, 1977 - E Iran , S Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , and N Pakistan .	Head-body 46- 5-54 mm (Europe), tail 20-31 mm , ear 16-21 mm , hindfoot 8-11 mm , forearm 41-51 mm ; weight 7-15 g . Dorsal pelage is light brown to yellowish brown (hairs have cream bases with dark tips); venter is grayish, white, or creamy. Back of neck is a little lighter, appearing as a lighter band (hairs with less dark brown tipping), and sides of face are yellowish white, with dark brown patch under each eye . There are grayish and orange morphs in subspecies empusa. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are translucent light to dark brown or brownish gray and medium in size (33-44% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides, occasionally hastate, and rounded tip; connecting process is well developed rising to high, narrow, and pointed hom; sella is naked and wedge-shaped, and sides converge toward top; top of sella is narrow and tilted forward; horseshoe is narrow (7- 2-9 mm ) and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are either absent, rudimentary, or well developed, possibly depending on subspecies; and median emargination is present but inconspicuous. Lower lip has three grooves, and two lateral grooves are poorly defined in subspecies empusa. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Shaft of baculum is nearly cylindrical in cross section and is bent clearly upward; tip of shaft lacks terminal knob; ventral incision of basal cone is moderately deep; and there is no dorsal emargination. Skull is rather delicate, with narrow zygomatic arches; zygomatic width is equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow to very shallow; supraorbital ridges are poorly developed; and sagittal crest is generally low. Dental formula has 30-32 teeth because P is sometimes absent; F is weakly bilobed; C1 has weak anterior and posterior cingular cusps; P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is tiny and either displaced labially or in tooth row ( occasionally absent); and P2 and P4 are usually conspicuously separated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (throughout much of distribution); FNa = 60 was recorded in South Africa .	Various shrubland, grassland , woodland, and some desert habitats. Around the Mediterranean, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in sclerophyllous forests, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grasslands and shrublands, and stone/gravel desert habitats, presumably where water is available, at elevations of 500-2300 m (mean 1404 m ), with records up to 2300 m in Malawi and Zambia and 2150 m in Yemen . They are often associated with limestone in Europe, often near streams in shrubby and wooded areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, they have been recorded in evergreen and semievergreen brushlands and thickets and Acacia ( Fabaceae )- Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushlands ( Ethiopia and Somalia ) and in miombo woodlands and montane forests ( Malawi and Zambia ). They are very dependent on water and are generally associated with streams and other water bodies.	Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage by slow hawking , fly-catching, and gleaning on foliage and the ground. They are very agile fliers, able to turn suddenly by banking and stalling and then twisting. They also have ability to fly relatively slowly and can hover briefly. To get water, they skim the surface or land and lap up water; they can take off from the ground. Diets consist almost exclusively of moths in most parts of the distribution. They can detect fluttering of a moth’s wings when it lands and will land and grab a moth before taking off again. They often prey on species of Noctuidae , Lasiocampidae , and Geometridae . In Algeria , however, one study recorded a large variety of prey in the diet, with mostly insects (96-9%) but also some centipedes (4-3%). Of the insects, dipterans made up the largest proportion of diets (37-5%), with Chironomidae / Ceratopogonidae (9-4%) and Culicidae , Anisopodidae , and Sphaeroceridae (6-2%) making up majority of flies in diets. Trichoptera (16-6%), Hemiptera ( 12 - 5 %), and Lepidoptera (12-5%) were also detected in relatively high quantities, and Neuroptera, Hymenoptera , and Coleoptera were detected in 1—2 samples. In Zambia , moths made up 100% of diets in dry seasons and 96-5% in wet seasons when isopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and other insects made up the other 3-5%.	Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, although timing of breeding varies throughout its distribution. During breeding season, females and their offspring occur in maternity colonies. Males seem to display to females before copulation by hanging and fluttering their wings. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, followed by delayed implantation until hibernation ends. Litter size is one.	Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, spends the day free-hanging in roosts, and will often enter torpor during this time. It leaves the roost at night to forage and returns before dusk. Although it hibernates throughout winter, it has been recorded active in winter in various parts of its distribution, including Algeria . Hibernation begins in November in Iran and later in Afghanistan due to differences in climate. It generally enters hibernation after temperatures decrease to below 14°C, which often occurs in November in the European part of the distribution. Roosts are underground in caves and crevices between boulders and also hollow trees. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats rarely roost in buildings, but they can be found in mine shafts, underground irrigation ditches, and other underground structures. In southern Africa ( except South Africa ), they seem to rarely use caves as roosts, possibly relying on them more heavily in winter in temperate regions. Call shape is FM /CF/FM. GF component is 85—98 kHz throughout their distribution, being 91—95 kHz in Malawi (usually 92—93 kHz), 85-9 kHz in Swaziland , 96-7 kHz in Morocco , 93-2-95-4 kHz in Mozambique , and 93-1 kHz in Iran and average 94 kHz in Europe and the Middle East. Average call durations have been recorded at 20-7 milliseconds in Morocco , 44-9 milliseconds in Algeria and Greece , 44-1 milliseconds in Greece , 48-6 milliseconds (range 40-1—68-3) in Iran , and 20-8 milliseconds (range 19-9-21-3) in Swaziland . Interpulse intervals have been recorded at 71-8 milliseconds in Greece and 109-3 milliseconds (range 103-1— 117 -1) in Iran . According to G. Jones and B. M. Siemers in 2011, females emit higher frequency pulses than males, andjuveniles emit lower frequencies than adults.	Like most horseshoe bats, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats do not migrate. They hibernate primarily in caves in winter throughout their distribution. They generally roost in small colonies of 20 - 40 individuals but are also commonly found in groups of 3-4 individuals or even alone. In Europe, very large colonies of mixed species of hinolophus, including Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat, have been reported with up to 2000 individuals, particularly in Bulgaria and Greece . Maternal colonies of 30-400 individuals have been recorded in summer. Winter hibernating colonies of 100-500 individuals have been reported in Iran . They are known to share roosts with other species of Rhinolophus , Plecotus , Myotis , and Miniopterus in Europe and Asia.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is considered relatively common throughout its wide distribution, but populations seem to be decreasing in Europe where it is considered one of the rarest horseshoe bats on the continent. It was found in north-eastern Italy but is now extinct there, and no records have been made in Slovenia in the past 50 years. Populations in the eastern Balkans seem to be stable unlike the Mediterranean populations that are declining. Major threats seem to be colony disturbances and general habitat and roost destruction.	ACR (2018) | Ahmim & Moali (2013) | Benda & Gaisler (2015) | Benda, Abi-Said et al. (2016) | Benda, Andreas et al. (2006) | Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012) | Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007) | Benda, Lucan et al. (2010) | Cotterill (1996a) | Csorba et al. (2003) | Dietz, von Helversen & Nili (2009) | Disca et al. (2014) | Dulie (1967) | Ellerman et al. (1953) | indley & Black (1983) | Happold, M. (2013q) | Heller & von Helversen (1989) | Jacobs et al. (2007) | Jére et al. (2017) | Jones & Siemers (2011) | KryStufek (2008) | Maree & Grant (1996) | Monadjem (2005a) | Monadjem, Reside & Lumsden (2007) | Papadatou et al. (2008a) | Paunovic & Stamenkovió (1998) | Presetnik et al. (2014) | Puechmaille, Hizem et al. (2012) | Roberts (1977) | Siemers & Ivanova (2004) | Siemers et al. (2005) | Stoffberg et al. (2010) | Taylor (2000, 2016f) | Walters et al. (2012) | Whitaker & Black (1976)	https://zenodo.org/record/3749922/files/figure.png	6 . Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus blasii French: Rhinolophe de Blasius I German: Blasius-Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Blasius Other common names: Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 , south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy . Rhinolophus blasii is currently in the landeri species group based on morphology; however, it is probably best included as a basal member of the capensis species group based on genetic data. Four subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R b. blasii Peters, 1866 — SE Europe (from Croatia E to W Romania and Bulgaria and S to Greece and Crete I), SW Asia (W Anatolian Turkey , Cyprus , Syria , Lebanon , Israel , WJordan, S Armenia , S Azerbaijan , W Iran , and S Arabian Peninsula in Yemen and Oman ), and NW Africa (N Morocco , N Algeria , and N Tunisia ); possibly also found in Egypt and Georgia , but his needs confirmation. R b. andreinii Senna, 1905 - W Eritrea , C & E Ethiopia , and NW Somalia . R b. empusa K. Andersen, 1904 - SE Africa in SE DR Congo , SE Tanzania , Zambia , Malawi , W Mozambique , Zimbabwe , E Botswana , E South Africa , and Swaziland . R b. meyeroehmif elten, 1977 - E Iran , S Turkmenistan , Afghanistan , and N Pakistan . Descriptive notes. Head-body 46- 5-54 mm (Europe), tail 20-31 mm , ear 16-21 mm , hindfoot 8-11 mm , forearm 41-51 mm ; weight 7-15 g . Dorsal pelage is light brown to yellowish brown (hairs have cream bases with dark tips); venter is grayish, white, or creamy. Back of neck is a little lighter, appearing as a lighter band (hairs with less dark brown tipping), and sides of face are yellowish white, with dark brown patch under each eye . There are grayish and orange morphs in subspecies empusa. Males lack axillary tufts. Ears are translucent light to dark brown or brownish gray and medium in size (33-44% of forearm length). Noseleaf has subtriangular lancet, with slightly concave sides, occasionally hastate, and rounded tip; connecting process is well developed rising to high, narrow, and pointed hom; sella is naked and wedge-shaped, and sides converge toward top; top of sella is narrow and tilted forward; horseshoe is narrow (7- 2-9 mm ) and does not cover entire muzzle; lateral leaflets are either absent, rudimentary, or well developed, possibly depending on subspecies; and median emargination is present but inconspicuous. Lower lip has three grooves, and two lateral grooves are poorly defined in subspecies empusa. Wings and uropatagium are dark grayish brown. Shaft of baculum is nearly cylindrical in cross section and is bent clearly upward; tip of shaft lacks terminal knob; ventral incision of basal cone is moderately deep; and there is no dorsal emargination. Skull is rather delicate, with narrow zygomatic arches; zygomatic width is equal to mastoid width; nasal swellings are relatively low; frontal depression is shallow to very shallow; supraorbital ridges are poorly developed; and sagittal crest is generally low. Dental formula has 30-32 teeth because P is sometimes absent; F is weakly bilobed; C1 has weak anterior and posterior cingular cusps; P2 is small and in tooth row, separating C1 and P4; P3 is tiny and either displaced labially or in tooth row ( occasionally absent); and P2 and P4 are usually conspicuously separated. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 58 and FN = 60 (throughout much of distribution); FNa = 60 was recorded in South Africa . Habitat. Various shrubland, grassland , woodland, and some desert habitats. Around the Mediterranean, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats have been recorded in sclerophyllous forests, sub-Mediterranean semi-desert grasslands and shrublands, and stone/gravel desert habitats, presumably where water is available, at elevations of 500-2300 m (mean 1404 m ), with records up to 2300 m in Malawi and Zambia and 2150 m in Yemen . They are often associated with limestone in Europe, often near streams in shrubby and wooded areas. In sub-Saharan Africa, they have been recorded in evergreen and semievergreen brushlands and thickets and Acacia ( Fabaceae )- Commiphora (Burseraceae) brushlands ( Ethiopia and Somalia ) and in miombo woodlands and montane forests ( Malawi and Zambia ). They are very dependent on water and are generally associated with streams and other water bodies. Food and Feeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats are insectivorous and forage by slow hawking , fly-catching, and gleaning on foliage and the ground. They are very agile fliers, able to turn suddenly by banking and stalling and then twisting. They also have ability to fly relatively slowly and can hover briefly. To get water, they skim the surface or land and lap up water; they can take off from the ground. Diets consist almost exclusively of moths in most parts of the distribution. They can detect fluttering of a moth’s wings when it lands and will land and grab a moth before taking off again. They often prey on species of Noctuidae , Lasiocampidae , and Geometridae . In Algeria , however, one study recorded a large variety of prey in the diet, with mostly insects (96-9%) but also some centipedes (4-3%). Of the insects, dipterans made up the largest proportion of diets (37-5%), with Chironomidae / Ceratopogonidae (9-4%) and Culicidae , Anisopodidae , and Sphaeroceridae (6-2%) making up majority of flies in diets. Trichoptera (16-6%), Hemiptera ( 12 - 5 %), and Lepidoptera (12-5%) were also detected in relatively high quantities, and Neuroptera, Hymenoptera , and Coleoptera were detected in 1—2 samples. In Zambia , moths made up 100% of diets in dry seasons and 96-5% in wet seasons when isopterans, dipterans, coleopterans, and other insects made up the other 3-5%. Breeding. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is seasonally monoestrous, although timing of breeding varies throughout its distribution. During breeding season, females and their offspring occur in maternity colonies. Males seem to display to females before copulation by hanging and fluttering their wings. Breeding probably occurs before hibernation, followed by delayed implantation until hibernation ends. Litter size is one. Activity patterns. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is nocturnal, spends the day free-hanging in roosts, and will often enter torpor during this time. It leaves the roost at night to forage and returns before dusk. Although it hibernates throughout winter, it has been recorded active in winter in various parts of its distribution, including Algeria . Hibernation begins in November in Iran and later in Afghanistan due to differences in climate. It generally enters hibernation after temperatures decrease to below 14°C, which often occurs in November in the European part of the distribution. Roosts are underground in caves and crevices between boulders and also hollow trees. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats rarely roost in buildings, but they can be found in mine shafts, underground irrigation ditches, and other underground structures. In southern Africa ( except South Africa ), they seem to rarely use caves as roosts, possibly relying on them more heavily in winter in temperate regions. Call shape is FM /CF/FM. GF component is 85—98 kHz throughout their distribution, being 91—95 kHz in Malawi (usually 92—93 kHz), 85-9 kHz in Swaziland , 96-7 kHz in Morocco , 93-2-95-4 kHz in Mozambique , and 93-1 kHz in Iran and average 94 kHz in Europe and the Middle East. Average call durations have been recorded at 20-7 milliseconds in Morocco , 44-9 milliseconds in Algeria and Greece , 44-1 milliseconds in Greece , 48-6 milliseconds (range 40-1—68-3) in Iran , and 20-8 milliseconds (range 19-9-21-3) in Swaziland . Interpulse intervals have been recorded at 71-8 milliseconds in Greece and 109-3 milliseconds (range 103-1— 117 -1) in Iran . According to G. Jones and B. M. Siemers in 2011, females emit higher frequency pulses than males, andjuveniles emit lower frequencies than adults. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Like most horseshoe bats, Blasius’s Horseshoe Bats do not migrate. They hibernate primarily in caves in winter throughout their distribution. They generally roost in small colonies of 20 - 40 individuals but are also commonly found in groups of 3-4 individuals or even alone. In Europe, very large colonies of mixed species of hinolophus, including Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat, have been reported with up to 2000 individuals, particularly in Bulgaria and Greece . Maternal colonies of 30-400 individuals have been recorded in summer. Winter hibernating colonies of 100-500 individuals have been reported in Iran . They are known to share roosts with other species of Rhinolophus , Plecotus , Myotis , and Miniopterus in Europe and Asia. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat is considered relatively common throughout its wide distribution, but populations seem to be decreasing in Europe where it is considered one of the rarest horseshoe bats on the continent. It was found in north-eastern Italy but is now extinct there, and no records have been made in Slovenia in the past 50 years. Populations in the eastern Balkans seem to be stable unlike the Mediterranean populations that are declining. Major threats seem to be colony disturbances and general habitat and roost destruction. Bibliography. ACR (2018), Ahmim & Moali (2013), Benda & Gaisler (2015), Benda, Abi-Said eta/. (2016), Benda, Andreas et al. (2006), Benda, Faizolâhi et al. (2012), Benda, Hanâk et al. (2007), Benda, Lucan et al. (2010), Cotterill (1996a), Csorba et al. (2003), Dietz, von Helversen & Nili (2009), Disca et al. (2014), Dulie (1967), Ellerman et al. (1953), indley & Black (1983), Happold, M. (2013q), Heller & von Helversen (1989), Jacobs et al. (2007), Jére et al. (2017), Jones & Siemers (2011), KryStufek (2008), Maree & Grant (1996), Monadjem (2005a), Monadjem, Reside & Lumsden (2007), Papadatou et al. (2008a), Paunovic & Stamenkovió (1998), Presetnik et al. (2014), Puechmaille, Hizem eta/. (2012), Roberts (1977), Siemers & Ivanova (2004), Siemers et al. (2005), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Taylor (2000, 2016f), Walters eta /. (2012), Whitaker & Black (1976).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus blasii	Rhinolophus		blasii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	######	Blasius' Horseshoe Bat	 blasiusi Trouessart, 1910; clivosus Blasius, 1857 [not Cretzschmar, 1828]; <b>andreinii</b> Senna, 1905; brockmani Thomas, 1910; <b>empusa</b> K. Andersen, 1904; <b>meyeroehmi</b> Felten, 1977 [in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977].	SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).	NE South Africa to S Dem. Rep. Congo; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Serbia and Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 landeri species group. Includes  brockmani ; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus blasii	23	Blasius's Horseshoe Bat	Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	blasii	W. Peters	1866	0	Rhinolophus_blasii	Peters, W. C .H. (1866). Ãœber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1866, 17.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120607#page/23/mode/1up	SNMB N 39345, ZMB 557 [syntypes]		south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy.			clivosus Blasius, 1857 [preoccupied]|blasii W. Peters, 1867|empusa K. Andersen, 1904|andreinii Senna, 1905|blasiusi Trouessart, 1910|brackmani O. Thomas, 1910|meyeroehmi Felten in Felten, Spitzenberger, & Storch, 1977	NA	NA	Austria?|Italy?|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Egypt?|Georgia?|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Afghanistan|Pakistan|Turkmenistan|Oman|Yemen|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya?|Ethiopia|Somalia|Eritrea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19515	Rhinolophus blasii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	blasii	Peters, 1867	The taxonomic status of the putative subspecies, Rhinolophus blasii empusa (K. Anderson 1904) needs revision. The type specimen for the species is from Italy (ZMB 557, Syntype), while the type locality of the southern African R . b . empusa is Zomba, Malawi (BM 93.7.9.33, Holotype) (Monadjem et al. 2010).	20000000	Rhinolophus blasii	Least Concern		2016	2016-04-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Widespread, although patchily distributed. There are some large colonies and the global population is likely to considerably exceed 10,000. Although the population is declining in some areas (e.g. western Balkans), it is stable in others. Assessed as Least Concern.	In the Mediterranean region it typically forages in shrubland and woodland, although it may penetrate to desert habitat (Amr 2000). Summer roosts are situated in natural and artificial underground sites, with attics also being used in the northern part of the range. In winter, it hibernates in underground sites. This species is considered to be sedentary (Hutterer et al. 2005).	Threats to the species include loss of Mediterranean woodlands, disturbance and loss of underground habitats, and destruction of roost sites (KryÅ¡tufek 1999). In a number of range states the species is disturbed by tourist visits to caves and by use of the caves as shelters for livestock.	Africa: Not very common. Asia: This species has a widespread distribution and the populations in Pakistan and Afghanistan seem to be stable and doing well (Molur et al. 2002). Europe: A rare or infrequent species, probably the rarest horseshoe bat in Europe (KryÅ¡tufek 1999). Summer colonies of ca . 20-30 are typical, although up to 400 females may be found in a single colony. In winter, it congregates in mixed-species clusters with other Rhinolophus species (up to 2,000 animals in Serbia). There are large colonies in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. It is suspected to be declining because of loss of Mediterranean woodlands and cave disturbance, and is considered vulnerable in many range states (e.g., the western Balkans); however, the populations in the eastern Balkans are stable (Mediterranean Workshop 2007).	Decreasing	Rhinolophus blasii has a large range in the Palearctic and the Afrotropics, throughout which it is widely but patchily distributed. Its range extends marginally into the Indomalayan region. In Africa, it occurs from northeastern South Africa and the Democratic Republic of Congo, through south Malawi, to east Africa, Ethiopia and Somalia, and in north Africa. Follow Taylor (2000) for southern African distribution. In north Africa it is only present in Morocco and Algeria (it may occur in ;Egypt ;but there are no confirmed records as yet). It seems to occur also in northern Tunisia, although records are scarce (Peuchmaille et al. ;2012). Altitude range is from sea level to 1,200 m. In Asia, it has a patchy distribution extending from Turkey in the west to Pakistan in the east, and from the Caucasus in the north to Yemen in the south (Wilson and Reeder 2005). It was confirmed in Georgia in 2006 (Z. Nagy pers. obs.).  In Europe, it is extinct in northeastern Italy and has not been recorded in Slovenia during the last 50 years (Krystufek and Dulic 2001). Also recorded from western Anatolia and from the Levant (Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestine and Israel). It is now restricted to the Balkan peninsula and to some Mediterranean islands including Crete and Cyprus. There are no recent records in Romania and northern Bulgaria despite intensive work by Christian Dietz (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006). Past records from this area are disputed: no specimen has been found in museums in Romania, and the presence of R. euryale in the same area might have caused confusion (Z. Nagy pers. comm. 2006).  It occurs from sea level to 2,215 m in Yemen.		Terrestrial	It is protected by national legislation in some range states. There are international legal obligations for the protection of this species through the Bonn Convention (Eurobats) and Bern Convention in areas to which these apply. It is included in Annex II (and Annex IV) of the EU Habitats and Species Directive, and hence requires specific conservation measures in some range states, including the designation of Special Areas for Conservation. It occurs in some protected areas. Taxonomic research is needed to clarify the status of the African populations. Monitoring and protection of caves is also required.	Afrotropical|Indomalayan|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		blasii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	########	Blasius' Horseshoe Bat	 blasiusi Trouessart, 1910; clivosus Blasius, 1857 [not Cretzschmar, 1828]; <b>andreinii</b> Senna, 1905; brockmani Thomas, 1910; <b>empusa</b> K. Andersen, 1904; <b>meyeroehmi</b> Felten, 1977 [in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977].	SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).	NE South Africa to S Dem. Rep. Congo; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Serbia and Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 landeri species group. Includes  brockmani ; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).	Rhinolophus blasii	1004661	23	Blasius's Horseshoe Bat	Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	blasii	W. Peters	1866	0	Rhinolophus_blasii	Peters, W. C .H. (1866). Ãœber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1866, 17.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/120607#page/23/mode/1up	SNMB N 39345, ZMB 557 [syntypes]		south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy.			clivosus Blasius, 1857 [preoccupied]|blasii W. Peters, 1867|empusa K. Andersen, 1904|andreinii Senna, 1905|blasiusi Trouessart, 1910|brackmani O. Thomas, 1910|meyeroehmi Felten in Felten, Spitzenberger, & Storch, 1977	NA	NA				Austria?|Italy?|Croatia|Bosnia & Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Egypt?|Georgia?|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Afghanistan|Pakistan|Turkmenistan|Oman|Yemen|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya?|Ethiopia|Somalia|Eritrea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_blasii	1004661	23	Blasius's Horseshoe Bat	Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	blasii	W. C. H. Peters	0	Rhinolophus Blasii	Peters, W.C.H. 1866. Ãœber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Flederthiere. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1866:16-25.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39052571	MF 4742, SNMBR N 39345, ZMB 557	syntypes		south-eastern Europe. Restricted by J. R. Ellerman and colleagues in 1953 to Italy.			NA	NA				Austria?|Italy?|Croatia|Bosnia and Herzegovina|Serbia|Kosovo|Montenegro|Albania|North Macedonia|Greece|Bulgaria|Romania|Turkey|Cyprus|Syria|Lebanon|Israel|Palestine|Jordan|Egypt?|Georgia?|Armenia|Azerbaijan|Iran|Afghanistan|Pakistan|Turkmenistan|Oman|Yemen|Morocco|Algeria|Tunisia|Libya?|Ethiopia|Somalia|Eritrea|Democratic Republic of the Congo|Tanzania|Zambia|Malawi|Mozambique|Zimbabwe|Botswana|South Africa|Eswatini	Africa|Asia|Europe	Palearctic|Afrotropic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_blasii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		blasii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	########	Blasius' Horseshoe Bat	blasiusi Trouessart, 1910; clivosus Blasius, 1857 [not Cretzschmar, 1828]; andreinii Senna, 1905; brockmani Thomas, 1910; empusa K. Andersen, 1904; meyeroehmi Felten, 1977 [in Felten, Spitzenberger, and Storch, 1977].	SE Europe; restricted to Italy by Ellerman et al. (1953:59).	NE South Africa to S Dem. Rep. Congo; Ethiopia; Somalia; Morocco; Algeria; Tunisia; Turkey; Yemen; Israel; Jordan; Syria; Iran; Serbia and Montenegro; Albania; Bulgaria; Romania; Transcaucasia and Turkmenistan; Afghanistan; Pakistan; Italy; Greece; Cyprus.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19515/21972073/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	landeri species group. Includes  brockmani; see Koopman (1975). Reviewed in part by Paz (1995), Harrison and Bates (1991), Bates and Harrison(1997), Zagorodnyuk (1999), and Horácek et al. (2000). For a review of the species, including subspecies, in Iran see Shahabi et al. (2019).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus blasii; Rhinolophus blasii; blasii; andreinii; empusa; meyeroehmi; blasiusi; clivosus; andreinii - brockmani; blasii; andreinii; empusa; meyeroehmif; andreinii; empusa; meyeroehmi; blasiusi; clivosus; andreinii - brockmani; clivosus; blasii; empusa; andreinii; blasiusi; brackmani; meyeroehmi; Blasius’s Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophede Blasius; Blasius-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Blasius; Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat; Blasius's Horseshoe Bat; Peak-saddle Horseshoe Bat; Blasius's Horseshoe Bat; Blasius' Horseshoe Bat; R. blasii