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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1345	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus belligerator		[HMW] Rhinolophus belligerator Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas, 2013 , “ Permana Cave, near Poso , Sulawesi Tengah Province , Sulawesi , Indonesia .” Rhinolophus belligerator is included in the euryotis species group, although its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain; it was only recently described as separate from R. arcuatus , based on morphometric data from the single known specimen. This locality was traditionally considered to represent a disjunct record of R. arcuatus proconsulis , but that form too is now recognized as a distinct species. There appears to be another new species typically assigned to arcuatus from the central highlands of Sulawesi that still requires an adequate description. Specimens initially attributed to. arcuatus were recendy collected from south-western Sulawesi and are tentatively considered R. belligerator because of their lowland occurrence, but extensive analysis is needed as they could represent the abovementioned undescribed central highlands species. Specimens attributed to R arcuatus from Melanesia probably represent either this species or R. mcintyrei , further study is needed. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).; [MDD2022] recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus; [IUCN] <span lang="EN-US">Rhinolophus belligerator <span lang="EN-US"> (Patrick, McCulloch, and Ruedas 2013) previously </span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">was </span>included with R. arcuatus proconsulis by Hill <span lang="EN-US">(1<span lang="EN-US">988<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> based on a single specimen from the Tengah Province of Sulawesi. Subsequent analyses by Patrick and co-workers <span lang="EN-US">(2<span lang="EN-US">013</span><span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> elevated this taxon to species status.</span></span></span></span>; [batnames2023] Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).; [MDD2023] recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus; [MDD2025_2.0] recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus; [batnames2025_1.7] Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).; [MDD2025_2.2] recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus														belligerator	<span lang="EN-US">Rhinolophus belligerator <span lang="EN-US"> (Patrick, McCulloch, and Ruedas 2013) previously </span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">was </span>included with R. arcuatus proconsulis by Hill <span lang="EN-US">(1<span lang="EN-US">988<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> based on a single specimen from the Tengah Province of Sulawesi. Subsequent analyses by Patrick and co-workers <span lang="EN-US">(2<span lang="EN-US">013</span><span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> elevated this taxon to species status.</span></span></span></span>			belligerator 	belligerator 			belligerator Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas, 2013						N/A																																								NA																											885887A2FFCB8A2DFF7EFDDDF3FBD545	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	318	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFE88A01F8B0F2B9F98EDFED.xml	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas	2013	Poso Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe de Poso @fr | Zentralsulawesi-Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Poso @es | Belligerent Horseshoe Bat @en	Rhinolophus belligerator Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas, 2013 , “ Permana Cave, near Poso , Sulawesi Tengah Province , Sulawesi , Indonesia .” Rhinolophus belligerator is included in the euryotis species group, although its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain; it was only recently described as separate from R. arcuatus , based on morphometric data from the single known specimen. This locality was traditionally considered to represent a disjunct record of R. arcuatus proconsulis , but that form too is now recognized as a distinct species. There appears to be another new species typically assigned to arcuatus from the central highlands of Sulawesi that still requires an adequate description. Specimens initially attributed to. arcuatus were recendy collected from south-western Sulawesi and are tentatively considered R. belligerator because of their lowland occurrence, but extensive analysis is needed as they could represent the abovementioned undescribed central highlands species. Specimens attributed to R arcuatus from Melanesia probably represent either this species or R. mcintyrei , further study is needed. Monotypic.	C & SE Sulawesi .	Head-body 52-1-60- 9 mm , tail 15-4-21- 1 mm , ear 18-5-22- 1 mm , hindfoot 6-4—12- 1 mm , forearm 47-4—51- 8 mm ; weight 10-12- 5 g . The Poso Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat ( arcuatus ) and the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. proconsulis ). It has only recently been defined on craniodental morphometries and a full description is not yet possible, although based on notes on the type specimen, it differs from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat by its slightly wider and more ovate sella, slightly longer rostrum, and somewhat higher median anterior rostral swellings. A more thorough investigation is needed to differentiate this species clearly from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat, the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat, and McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat ( R. mcintyrei ).	Recorded in secondary lowland forests in SW Sulawesi . The holotype is known from an area close to sea level.	No information.	No information.	No information.	No information.	Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Poso Horseshoe Bat was only known from a single specimen until 2011 when a number of specimens were reported from south-western Sulawesi (Mangolo Nature Recreation Park), although the identification of these specimens still needs to be confirmed, as they may represent the undescribed highland form currently attributed to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat. The Poso Horseshoe Bat may be threatened by habitat destruction. Further sampling is needed to determine this species’ validity and full distribution.	Hill (1988) | Patrick & Ruedas (2017a) | Patrick et al. (2013) | Wiantoro et al. (2017)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750070/files/figure.png	80 . Poso Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus belligerator French: Rhinolophe de Poso I German: Zentralsulawesi-Hufeisennase I Spanish: Herradura de Poso Other common names: Belligerent Horseshoe Bat Taxonomy. Rhinolophus belligerator Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas, 2013 , “ Permana Cave, near Poso , Sulawesi Tengah Province , Sulawesi , Indonesia .” Rhinolophus belligerator is included in the euryotis species group, although its phylogenetic relationships are uncertain; it was only recently described as separate from R. arcuatus , based on morphometric data from the single known specimen. This locality was traditionally considered to represent a disjunct record of R. arcuatus proconsulis , but that form too is now recognized as a distinct species. There appears to be another new species typically assigned to arcuatus from the central highlands of Sulawesi that still requires an adequate description. Specimens initially attributed to. arcuatus were recendy collected from south-western Sulawesi and are tentatively considered R. belligerator because of their lowland occurrence, but extensive analysis is needed as they could represent the abovementioned undescribed central highlands species. Specimens attributed to R arcuatus from Melanesia probably represent either this species or R. mcintyrei , further study is needed. Monotypic. Distribution. C & SE Sulawesi . Descriptive notes . Head-body 52-1-60- 9 mm , tail 15-4-21- 1 mm , ear 18-5-22- 1 mm , hindfoot 6-4—12- 1 mm , forearm 47-4—51- 8 mm ; weight 10-12- 5 g . The Poso Horseshoe Bat is similar to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat ( arcuatus ) and the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat (. proconsulis ). It has only recently been defined on craniodental morphometries and a full description is not yet possible, although based on notes on the type specimen, it differs from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat by its slightly wider and more ovate sella, slightly longer rostrum, and somewhat higher median anterior rostral swellings. A more thorough investigation is needed to differentiate this species clearly from the Bornean Woolly Horseshoe Bat, the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat, and McIntyre’s Horseshoe Bat ( R. mcintyrei ). Habitat. Recorded in secondary lowland forests in SW Sulawesi . The holotype is known from an area close to sea level. Food and Feeding. No information. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. No information. Movements, Home range and Social organization. No information. Status and Conservation. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN ed List. The Poso Horseshoe Bat was only known from a single specimen until 2011 when a number of specimens were reported from south-western Sulawesi (Mangolo Nature Recreation Park), although the identification of these specimens still needs to be confirmed, as they may represent the undescribed highland form currently attributed to the Arcuate Horseshoe Bat. The Poso Horseshoe Bat may be threatened by habitat destruction. Further sampling is needed to determine this species’ validity and full distribution. Bibliography. Hill (1988), Patrick & Ruedas (2017a), Patrick et al. (2013), Wiantoro et al. (2017).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus belligerator	Rhinolophus		belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas	2013	0	Zool. Scr.	42(6): 568	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	None.	Sulawesi, Tengah Province, Permana Cave near Poso.	Known only from the type locality.	Not listed.	Endangered	Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus belligerator	23	Poso Horseshoe Bat	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas	2013	0	Rhinolophus_belligerator	Patrick, L. E., McCulloch, E. S., & Ruedas, L. A. (2013). Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta, 42(6), 568.	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/zsc.12026	BM 1987.45		"Permana Cave, near Poso, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia."			belligerator Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas, 2013	recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus	Patrick, L. E., McCulloch, E. S., & Ruedas, L. A. (2013). Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta, 42(6), 553-590.	Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_belligerator	0	unmatched	NA	1	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	80000000	Rhinolophus belligerator	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch &; Ruedas, 2013	<span lang="EN-US">Rhinolophus belligerator <span lang="EN-US"> (Patrick, McCulloch, and Ruedas 2013) previously </span><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US"><span lang="EN-US">was </span>included with R. arcuatus proconsulis by Hill <span lang="EN-US">(1<span lang="EN-US">988<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> based on a single specimen from the Tengah Province of Sulawesi. Subsequent analyses by Patrick and co-workers <span lang="EN-US">(2<span lang="EN-US">013</span><span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US"> elevated this taxon to species status.</span></span></span></span>	100000000	Rhinolophus belligerator	Endangered	B1ab(iii)	2017	2016-06-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p><span lang="EN-US">This new species is known only from a single specimen. ;Rhinolophus ;species from Sulawesi, almost invariably endemic, have been shown to have either ;widespread or restricted distributions, with widespread species documented based on survey work. ;Extensive scientific collecting and survey work in the nearby area have resulted in no novel records for R. belligerator , underscoring the likely rarity of this species. The current distribution in Sulawesi refers to the local distribution of R. arcuatus , from which this species has been split.</p><p>Since ;R. belligerator ;has an extent of occurrence (EOO) of 1,742 km² and it is experiencing an ongoing decline in its habitat within a single location, it is listed as Endangered (EN) under criterion B1ab(iii).</p>	<p><span lang="EN-US">Based on the limited information accompanying the specimen, specific information regarding habitat and ecology of this species is unknown at this time. However, other members of the genus are gleaning insectivores capable of highly manoeuvrable flight <span lang="EN-US">(Hill 1992<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></p>	<span lang="EN-US">Deforestation and disturbance of roosts in caves affect closely related members of the genus <span lang="EN-US">(<span lang="EN-US">Wiles and Brooke 2009<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US">. ;Ongoing civil strife in the area is thought to have contributed to strong declines in undisturbed habitat and wild animal populations.</span></span>	<p><span lang="EN-US">It is not possible to assess population trends at this time as this species is only known from a single specimen, collected in 1987 <span lang="EN-US">(Hill 1988<span lang="EN-US">, Patrick et al . 2013<span lang="EN-US">)<span lang="EN-US">.</span></span></p>	Unknown	<span lang="EN-US">This species currently is only known from Permana Cave near Poso, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia (Hill 1988<span lang="EN-US">), although it is conceivable that it could be found in the Kasiguncu lowlands area as well.</span>		Terrestrial	More research on habitats, ecology, and population size and trends is needed for this species.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas	2013	0	Zool. Scr.	42(6): 568	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	None.	Sulawesi, Tengah Province, Permana Cave near Poso.	Known only from the type locality.	Not listed.	Endangered	Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).	Rhinolophus belligerator	1004660	23	Poso Horseshoe Bat	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas	2013	0	Rhinolophus_belligerator	Patrick, L. E., McCulloch, E. S., & Ruedas, L. A. (2013). Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta, 42(6), 568.	https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/zsc.12026	BM 1987.45		"Permana Cave, near Poso, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia."			belligerator Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas, 2013	recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus	Patrick, L. E., McCulloch, E. S., & Ruedas, L. A. (2013). Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta, 42(6), 553-590.				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_belligerator	0	unmatched	NA	1	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_belligerator	1004660	23	Poso Horseshoe Bat	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch, & Ruedas	0	Rhinolophus belligerator	Patrick, L.E., McCulloch, E.S. and Ruedas, L.A. 2013-06. Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta 42:553-590.	https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12026	BMNH:Mamm:1987.45	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/73eb1b61-4582-477b-b209-26255f350c83 | https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/db94298c-e5b7-41eb-9efc-010308aa7ff3	"Permana Cave, near Poso, Sulawesi Tengah Province, Sulawesi, Indonesia."	-1.3959	120.7524	recently described based on populations previously attributed to R. arcuatus	Patrick, L. E., McCulloch, E. S., & Ruedas, L. A. (2013). Systematics and biogeography of the arcuate horseshoe bat species complex (Chiroptera, Rhinolophidae). Zoologica Scripta, 42(6), 553-590.				Indonesia	Asia	Australasia	EN	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_belligerator	0	unmatched	NA	1	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		belligerator	Patrick, McCulloch & Ruedas	2013	0	Zool. Scr.	42(6): 568	Belligerent Horseshoe Bat	None.	Sulawesi, Tengah Province, Permana Cave near Poso.	Known only from the type locality.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/84372084/95642275/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	Hill (1988) described a single specimen of arcuatus proconulis from Sulawesi, which now appears to be a distinct species based on an analysis by Patrick et al. (2013).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus belligerator; Rhinolophus belligerator; Rhinolophus belligerator; Rhinolophus belligerator; Rhinolophus belligerator; belligerator; Poso Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe de Poso; Zentralsulawesi-Hufeisennase; Herradura de Poso; Belligerent Horseshoe Bat; Poso Horseshoe Bat; Belligerent Horseshoe Bat; Belligerent Horseshoe Bat; R. belligerator