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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1336	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus affinis		[MSW2] Includes andamanensis; see Sinha (1973:612-613).; [MSW3] megaphyllus species group. Includes andamanensis; see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003).; [HMW] Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823 , Java , Indonesia . Rhinolophus affinis is here included in the euryotis species group, based on genetic data, although this species and R andamanensis are typically included in the megaphyllus species group. Genetic data seems to indicate that R. affinis is related to at least R. creaghi , R.arcuatus , R.subrufus , R.sitameli , and R stheno , although studies including more species and multiple genes are needed to determine this species’ phylogenetic relationship. R andamanensis wa& recendy recognized by. Srinivasulu and colleagues in 2019 as a distinct species from R affnis based on genetic and morphological data. The proposed subspecies tener is here synonymized with macrurus, and superans is synonymized with the nominate, based on morphological and genetic data. Distributional borders in the three Chinese subspecies hainanus, macrurus, and himalayanus are uncertain, and macrums seems to have originated from a hybrid himalayanus x hainanus, which evolved on Hainan but later recolonized mainland China . Subspecies princeps is currendy the only recognized subspecies that has not been validated using genetic and morphological studies. Six subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis ; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).; [MDD2022] previously included R. andamanensis; [IUCN] <p>This species belongs to the megaphyllus species group.</p>; [batnames2023]  megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis ; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).; [MDD2023] previously included R. andamanensis; [MDD2025_2.0] previously included R. andamanensis; [batnames2025_1.7] megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).; [MDD2025_2.2] previously included R. andamanensis				andamanensis		andamanensis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener.	himalayanus, macrurus, hainanus, tener, andamanensis, superans, nesites, affinis, princeps	affinis, andamanensis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princes, superans, tener		afinis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, unnamed from E Myanmar and N Vietnam	superans; macrurus - tener	affinis, andamanensis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener		affinis, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener, hainanus	<p>This species belongs to the megaphyllus species group.</p>	affinis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener		affinis, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener, hainanus 	affinis, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener, hainanus 	affinis, hainanus, himalayanus, macrurus, nesites, princeps, superans, tener		affinis Horsfield, 1823|himalayanus Andersen, 1905|macrurus Andersen, 1905|nesites Andersen, 1905|princeps Andersen, 1905|superans Andersen, 1905|tener Andersen, 1905|hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Intermediate horseshoe bat	N India – S China – Java, Lesser Sundas	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Rhinolophus affinis	Indonesia, Java.	Horsfield	1823	Zool. Res. Java, 6, pl. figs, a, b.	Distribution: Ranging from north ern India to southern China south through south eastern Asia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, to the Lesser Sundas, including the Andamans and poss ibly Ceylon.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Intermediate horseshoe bat N India – S China – Java, Lesser Sundas	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Horsfield	1823	Zool. Res. Java, 6, pi. figs, a, b.	Includes andamanensis; see Sinha (1973:612-613).	India to S China through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isis; Andaman Isis (India); perhaps Sri Lanka.	Indonesia, Java.		HORSFIELD	1823	Metacarpal of third digit relatively short, metacarpals of fourth and fifth relatively long and subequal to one another; second phalanx of third shortened, less than two thirds length of first phalanx. Sella pandurate. Lancet definitetly cuneate. Anterior upper premolar in toothrow. Size medium to fairly large (forearm length, 46-56 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from north ern India to southern China south through south eastern Asia, Sumatra, Borneo, and Java, to the Lesser Sundas, including the Andamans and poss ibly Ceylon.	Nine subspecies are currently rec ognized:	R. a. himalayanus (northern India across northern Burma to southwestern China). R. a. macrurus (southeastern China through Vietnam and Thailand to southeastern Burma), R. a. hainanus (Hainan island), R. a. tener (south western Burma), R. a. andamanensis (Andaman islands), R. a. superans (Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Mentawai is lands), R. a. nesites (Anamba and North Natuna islands, Borneo), R. a. affinis (Java), R. a. princeps (Lombok, Sum bawa, and Sumba in the Lesser Sundas).	54	species	R. affinis	HORSFIELD	1823	Rhinolophus	genus	Rhinolophus affinis				Metacarpal of third digit relatively short, metacarpals of fourth and fifth relatively long and subequal to one another; second phalanx of third shortened, less than two thirds length of first phalanx. Sella pandurate. Lancet definitetly cuneate. Anterior upper premolar in toothrow. Size medium to fairly large (forearm length, 46-56 mm).	Nine subspecies are currently rec ognized:		18. R. affinis HORSFIELD 1823 [ferrumequinum group].	18	_R. a. affinis_ Horsfield, 1823; _R. a. hainanus_ Allen, 1906; _R. a. himalayanus_ Andersen, 1905; _R. a. macrurus_ Andersen, 1905; _R. a. nesites_ Andersen, 1905; _R. a. princeps_ Andersen, 1905; _R. a. superans_ Andersen, 1905; _R. a. tener_ Andersen, 1905			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Rhinolophidae			Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus		affinis	Horsfield		1823		Zool. Res. Java	6		pl. figs. a, b		Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	Indonesia, Java.	India and Nepal to S China and Vietnam, through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Andaman Isls (India); perhaps Sri Lanka. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be confirmed (Kock, 2000a).	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Lower Risk (lc).	andamanensis Dobson, 1872; hainanus Allen, 1906; himalayanus K. Andersen, 1905; macrurus K. Andersen, 1905; nesites K. Andersen, 1905; princeps K. Andersen, 1905; superans K. Andersen, 1905; tener K. Andersen, 1905.	megaphyllus species group. Includes andamanensis; see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison (1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003).	885887A2FFCD8A2AF896F90CFCD5DADB	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Rhinolophidae.pdf.imf	hash://md5/7461ffdaffcf8a29ffccffa1ff85d963	320	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/88/58/87/885887A2FFE68A03F84FEFCAF52ADA38.xml	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus	affinis	Horsfield	1823	@en | ntermediate Horseshoe Bat @en | Rhinolophe de Horsfield @fr | Mittelgrosse Asiatische Hufeisennase @de | Herradura de Horsfield @es	Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823 , Java , Indonesia . Rhinolophus affinis is here included in the euryotis species group, based on genetic data, although this species and R andamanensis are typically included in the megaphyllus species group. Genetic data seems to indicate that R. affinis is related to at least R. creaghi , R.arcuatus , R.subrufus , R.sitameli , and R stheno , although studies including more species and multiple genes are needed to determine this species’ phylogenetic relationship. R andamanensis wa& recendy recognized by. Srinivasulu and colleagues in 2019 as a distinct species from R affnis based on genetic and morphological data. The proposed subspecies tener is here synonymized with macrurus, and superans is synonymized with the nominate, based on morphological and genetic data. Distributional borders in the three Chinese subspecies hainanus, macrurus, and himalayanus are uncertain, and macrums seems to have originated from a hybrid himalayanus x hainanus, which evolved on Hainan but later recolonized mainland China . Subspecies princeps is currendy the only recognized subspecies that has not been validated using genetic and morphological studies. Six subspecies recognized.	R. a. afinis Horsfield , 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra , North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java . R. a. hainanus J. A . Allen , 1906 - Hainan I, China . R. a. himalayanus K Andersen , 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal , Bhutan , NE Bangladesh , N Myanmar , and C & S China ( Sichuan , Yunnan , Shaanxi , Hubei , Hunan , and Guizhou ). R.a. macrurus K. Andersen , 1905 - SE China ( Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang,Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong , Hong Kong , and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand , Laos , and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia . R. a. nesites K.Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut , Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores , and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam .	Head-body 46-68 mm , tail 174- 35 mm , ear 14—25 mm , hindfoot 9- 8-13 mm , forearm 46-57 mm ; weight 9- 9-19 g . Dorsal pelage varies from dark to lighter brown, occasionally with an ocherous buff tinge; ventral pelage ranges from brown to creamy buff . Ears are comparatively small. Noseleaf has parallel-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and sparsely haired; sella is slighdy concave and pandurate in shape; horseshoe is relatively broad (8-11- 4 mm ) but does not cover whole muzzle and has well-defined median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum has deeply notched ventral margin of the basal cone but is less notched on dorsal margin; it has smaller notches on lateral sides; shaft is roughly circular in cross section, slightly bending toward ventral side (in himalayanus), or is considerably shorter and more bent (in macrurus). Skull is robust (but zygomatic width is smaller than mastoid width) with a moderately long rostrum; anterior median swellings are comparatively less inflated; posterior swellings are well defined; sagittal crest is moderately to strongly developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital crests are conspicuous. P2 is large and only slightly displaced, separating C1 from P 4; Ps is small to very small and generally fully (rarely partially) displaced from tooth row; P 2 and P4 are either touching or almost in contact . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 ( China and Vietnam ).	The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is found in a wide variety ofhabitats and is very adaptable; it occurs in both primary and secondary forests as well as disturbed habitats, orchards, and other agricultural areas. In China , it can be found both in the wet and more temperate western highlands and in the more tropical eastern lowlands. In Vietnam , the species has been reported from both primary and secondary tropical forests but appears to avoid heavily disturbed landscapes, although it has been observed flying into houses and under tents in campsites. Recorded at elevations of 200-2000 m .	Intermediate Horseshoe Bats forage by aerial-hawking and perchhunting. They are frequently observed flying along streams and roads (c. 1-5- 2 m aboveground). They feed on a variety of insects but seem to prefer Coleoptera and Lepidoptera . In Jiangxi , China , this species fed mainly on Coleoptera (61-4% by volume) and Lepidoptera (28-9%), and less on Hymenoptera , Orthoptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera , Diptera, Hemiptera, and Trichoptera ; this was a much wider variety than in the sympatric Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (.pearsoni), with which has an extensive trophic niche overlap.	Females give birth to a single young. In Peninsular Malaysia , there appear to be two breeding seasons per year, with pregnant females being collected in April-May and in October. Lactating females have also been captured in June.	Intermediate Horseshoe Bats emerge from their roosts at dusk to forage; by day they roost mainly in caves, although they may also use rock crevices or hollow trees. Calls are FM/CF/FM shaped with a peak F recorded at c.90 kHz in Vu Quang and c .78 kHz on the Langbian Plateau, Vietnam ; and 71-3 kHz in Thailand (duration of 29-2 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 59-4 milliseconds). InJiangxi, China , the peak F of the first harmonic averaged 42-9 kHz and the second harmonic averaged 85-9 kHz, with a duration of 46-5 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 45-2 milliseconds.	Intermediate Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies with up to thousands of individuals.	Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. Although there do not seem to be any major threats currently affecting this species, limestone extraction in some regions of South Asia may threaten roosting sites.	Bates & Harrison (1997) | Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004) | rancis (2008a) | Harada, Yenbutra, Yosida &Takada (1985) | Ith, Bumrungsri , Furey et al. (2015) | Ith, Bumrungsri, Thomas et al. (2016) | Jiang Tinglei, Feng Jiang et al. (2008) | Jiang Tinglei , Lu Guanjun et al. (2013) | Kingsada et al. (2011) | Kruskop (2013a) | Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2000) | Mao Xiuguang, NieWenhui et al. (2007) | Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjian, Zhang Libiao et al. (2014) | Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjin, Zhang Shuyi & Rossiter (2010) | Niu Huiling etal. (2007) | Phommexay (2009) | Sia et al. (2015) | Sinha (1973) | Smith & XieYan (2008) | Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012) | Srinivasulu et al. (2019) | Stoffberg et al. (2010) | Tingga et al. (2012) | Walston et al. (2008a) | Wu Yi & Harada (2005) | YuYan et al. (2006) | Zhang Weidao (1985) | Zhou Zhaomin et al. (2005)	https://zenodo.org/record/3750082/files/figure.png	86 . Intermediate Horseshoe Bat Rhinolophus affinis French: Rhinolophe de Horsfield I German: Mittelgrosse Asiatische Hufeisennase / Spanish: Herradura de Horsfield Taxonomy. Rhinolophus affinis Horsfield, 1823 , Java , Indonesia . Rhinolophus affinis is here included in the euryotis species group, based on genetic data, although this species and R andamanensis are typically included in the megaphyllus species group. Genetic data seems to indicate that R. affinis is related to at least R. creaghi , R.arcuatus , R.subrufus , R.sitameli , and R stheno , although studies including more species and multiple genes are needed to determine this species’ phylogenetic relationship. R andamanensis wa& recendy recognized by. Srinivasulu and colleagues in 2019 as a distinct species from R affnis based on genetic and morphological data. The proposed subspecies tener is here synonymized with macrurus, and superans is synonymized with the nominate, based on morphological and genetic data. Distributional borders in the three Chinese subspecies hainanus, macrurus, and himalayanus are uncertain, and macrums seems to have originated from a hybrid himalayanus x hainanus, which evolved on Hainan but later recolonized mainland China . Subspecies princeps is currendy the only recognized subspecies that has not been validated using genetic and morphological studies. Six subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. R. a. afinis Horsfield , 1823 - Malay Peninsula (including Langkawi and Tioman Is), Sumatra , North Pagai I in Mentawai Is, and Java . R. a. hainanus J. A . Allen , 1906 - Hainan I, China . R. a. himalayanus K Andersen , 1905 — N India (Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, Sikkim, West Bengal, Assam, Meghalaya, Arunachal Pradesh, and Nagaland), Nepal , Bhutan , NE Bangladesh , N Myanmar , and C & S China ( Sichuan , Yunnan , Shaanxi , Hubei , Hunan , and Guizhou ). R.a. macrurus K. Andersen , 1905 - SE China ( Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang,Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong , Hong Kong , and Guangxi), S Myanmar, Thailand , Laos , and Vietnam (including Dao Tra Ban and Phu Quoc Is); possibly also Cambodia . R. a. nesites K.Andersen, 1905 - Borneo (including Laut , Sebuku, and Laut Kecil Is) and Anamba and Natuna Is. R. a. princeps K. Andersen, 1905 — Kangean (Kangean and Sepanjang Is), Lombok, Sumbawa, Flores , and Sumba Is. A morphologically distinct subspecies (still unnamed) is known from E Myanmar and N Vietnam . Descriptive notes. Head-body 46-68 mm , tail 174- 35 mm , ear 14—25 mm , hindfoot 9- 8-13 mm , forearm 46-57 mm ; weight 9- 9-19 g . Dorsal pelage varies from dark to lighter brown, occasionally with an ocherous buff tinge; ventral pelage ranges from brown to creamy buff . Ears are comparatively small. Noseleaf has parallel-sided lancet with pointed tip; connecting process is rounded and sparsely haired; sella is slighdy concave and pandurate in shape; horseshoe is relatively broad (8-11- 4 mm ) but does not cover whole muzzle and has well-defined median emargination. Lower lip has three mental grooves. Baculum has deeply notched ventral margin of the basal cone but is less notched on dorsal margin; it has smaller notches on lateral sides; shaft is roughly circular in cross section, slightly bending toward ventral side (in himalayanus), or is considerably shorter and more bent (in macrurus). Skull is robust (but zygomatic width is smaller than mastoid width) with a moderately long rostrum; anterior median swellings are comparatively less inflated; posterior swellings are well defined; sagittal crest is moderately to strongly developed; frontal depression is moderately developed; supraorbital crests are conspicuous. P2 is large and only slightly displaced, separating C1 from P 4; Ps is small to very small and generally fully (rarely partially) displaced from tooth row; P 2 and P4 are either touching or almost in contact . Chromosomal complement has 2n = 62 and FNa = 60 ( China and Vietnam ). Habitat. The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is found in a wide variety ofhabitats and is very adaptable; it occurs in both primary and secondary forests as well as disturbed habitats, orchards, and other agricultural areas. In China , it can be found both in the wet and more temperate western highlands and in the more tropical eastern lowlands. In Vietnam , the species has been reported from both primary and secondary tropical forests but appears to avoid heavily disturbed landscapes, although it has been observed flying into houses and under tents in campsites. Recorded at elevations of 200-2000 m . Food and Feeding. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats forage by aerial-hawking and perchhunting. They are frequently observed flying along streams and roads (c. 1-5- 2 m aboveground). They feed on a variety of insects but seem to prefer Coleoptera and Lepidoptera . In Jiangxi , China , this species fed mainly on Coleoptera (61-4% by volume) and Lepidoptera (28-9%), and less on Hymenoptera , Orthoptera, Homoptera, Megaloptera, Neuroptera , Diptera, Hemiptera, and Trichoptera ; this was a much wider variety than in the sympatric Pearson’s Horseshoe Bat (.pearsoni), with which has an extensive trophic niche overlap. Breeding. Females give birth to a single young. In Peninsular Malaysia , there appear to be two breeding seasons per year, with pregnant females being collected in April-May and in October. Lactating females have also been captured in June. Activity patterns. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats emerge from their roosts at dusk to forage; by day they roost mainly in caves, although they may also use rock crevices or hollow trees. Calls are FM/CF/FM shaped with a peak F recorded at c.90 kHz in Vu Quang and c .78 kHz on the Langbian Plateau, Vietnam ; and 71-3 kHz in Thailand (duration of 29-2 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 59-4 milliseconds). InJiangxi, China , the peak F of the first harmonic averaged 42-9 kHz and the second harmonic averaged 85-9 kHz, with a duration of 46-5 milliseconds and interpulse interval of 45-2 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Intermediate Horseshoe Bats roost in large colonies with up to thousands of individuals. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Intermediate Horseshoe Bat is widespread and common throughout much of its distribution. Although there do not seem to be any major threats currently affecting this species, limestone extraction in some regions of South Asia may threaten roosting sites. Bibliography . Bates & Harrison (1997), Bates, Thi Mar-Mar et al. (2004), rancis (2008a), Harada, Yenbutra, Yosida &Takada (1985), Ith, Bumrungsri , Furey et al. (2015), Ith, Bumrungsri, Thomas et al. (2016), Jiang Tinglei, Feng Jiang et al. (2008), Jiang Tinglei , Lu Guanjun et al. (2013), Kingsada et al. (2011), Kruskop (2013a), Maharadatunkamsi et al. (2000), Mao Xiuguang, NieWenhui et al. (2007), Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjian, Zhang Libiao et al. (2014), Mao Xiuguang, Zhu Guangjin, Zhang Shuyi & Rossiter (2010), Niu Huiling etal. (2007), Phommexay (2009), Sia et al. (2015), Sinha (1973), Smith & XieYan (2008), Srinivasulu & Srinivasulu (2012), Srinivasulu et al. (2019), Stoffberg et al. (2010), Tingga et al. (2012), Walston et al. (2008a), Wu Yi & Harada (2005),YuYan et al. (2006), Zhang Weidao (1985), Zhou Zhaomin et al. (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus affinis	Rhinolophus		affinis	Horsfield	1823	0	Zool. Res. Java	6: pl. figs. a, b	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	<b> andamanensis </b>Dobson, 1872; <b> hainanus </b>Allen, 1906;<b> himalayanus </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> macrurus </b> K. Andersen, 1905;<b> nesites </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> princeps </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> superans </b>K. Andersen, 1905;<b> tener </b>K. Andersen, 1905	Indonesia, Java.	India and Nepal to S China, Cambodia and Vietnam, through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Andaman Isls (India); perhaps Sri Lanka.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis ; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Rhinolophus affinis	23	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	affinis	Horsfield	1823	0	Rhinolophus_affinis	Horsfield, T. (1823). Zoological researches in Java, and the neighboring islands. Printed for Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen, 1824, London, unpaginated.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31111887#page/76/mode/1up	BM 1879.11.21.70 [lectotype]		Java, Indonesia.			affinis Horsfield, 1823|himalayanus K. Andersen, 1905|macrurus K. Andersen, 1905|nesites K. Andersen, 1905|princeps K. Andersen, 1905|superans K. Andersen, 1905|tener K. Andersen, 1905|hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906	previously included R. andamanensis	Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, A., Srinivasulu, B., & Jones, G. (2019). Integrated approaches to identifying cryptic bat species in areas of high endemism: The case of Rhinolophus andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. PloS one, 14(10), e0213562.	India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia?|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	19522	Rhinolophus affinis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	RHINOLOPHIDAE	Rhinolophus	affinis	Horsfield, 1823	<p>This species belongs to the megaphyllus species group.</p>	20000000	Rhinolophus affinis	Least Concern		2020	2019-08-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>Listed as Least Concern as the species has a wide distribution range, and is considered common where it occurs, being found in both primary and secondary habitats. There are no known major threats, although cave disturbance could pose a local threat to populations in limestone karst areas.</p>	<p>Colonies of this species have been found in caves in many countries (Csorba et al. 2003; Smith and Xie 2008; Ith et al. 2015, 2016). Occurs from sea level up to at least 2,000 m and forages in the understory of forest, including mature lowland forest rainforest, dry forests and highly disturbed areas (Smith and Xie 2008, Francis 2019).</p>	<p>There appear to be no major threats to this widespread and somewhat tolerant species, although cave disturbance could pose a local threat to populations in limestone karst areas. </p>	<p>This is a widespread and common species.</p>	Stable	<p>This species is distributed widely in South and Southeast Asia, including India (and Andaman Islands), Nepal to southern China, through mainland Southeast Asia to Indonesia (Csorba et al. 2003, Simmons 2005). </p>		Terrestrial	<p>This species has been recorded from a number of protected areas. Other than general research activities, no direct conservation measures are needed for this species as a whole.</p>	Indomalayan|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		affinis	Horsfield	1823	0	Zool. Res. Java	6: pl. figs. a, b	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	<b> andamanensis </b>Dobson, 1872; <b> hainanus </b>Allen, 1906;<b> himalayanus </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> macrurus </b> K. Andersen, 1905;<b> nesites </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> princeps </b>K. Andersen, 1905; <b> superans </b>K. Andersen, 1905;<b> tener </b>K. Andersen, 1905	Indonesia, Java.	India and Nepal to S China, Cambodia and Vietnam, through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Andaman Isls (India); perhaps Sri Lanka.	Not listed.	Least Concern	 megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis ; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).	Rhinolophus affinis	1004654	23	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	RHINOLOPHOIDEA	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	affinis	Horsfield	1823	0	Rhinolophus_affinis	Horsfield, T. (1823). Zoological researches in Java, and the neighboring islands. Printed for Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen, 1824, London, unpaginated.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31111887#page/76/mode/1up	BM 1879.11.21.70 [lectotype]		Java, Indonesia.			affinis Horsfield, 1823|himalayanus K. Andersen, 1905|macrurus K. Andersen, 1905|nesites K. Andersen, 1905|princeps K. Andersen, 1905|superans K. Andersen, 1905|tener K. Andersen, 1905|hainanus J. A. Allen, 1906	previously included R. andamanensis	Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, A., Srinivasulu, B., & Jones, G. (2019). Integrated approaches to identifying cryptic bat species in areas of high endemism: The case of Rhinolophus andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. PloS one, 14(10), e0213562.				India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia?|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Rhinolophus_affinis	1004654	23	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Rhinolophoidea	Rhinolophidae	NA	NA	Rhinolophus	NA	affinis	Horsfield	0	Rhinolophus affinis	Horsfield, T. 1823-06. No. VI. _Cervus Muntjak_. _Viverra Rasse_. _Rhinolophus larvatus_. _Rhinoceros sondaicus_. _Iora scapularis_. _Falco Limnæetus_. _Oriolus xanthonotus_. _Centropus Philippensis_. in Horsfield, T. 1824. Zoological Researches in Java, and the Neighbouring Islands. Kingsbury, Parbury, & Allen, London, not continuously paginated pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31111900	BMNH:Mamm:1879.11.21.70	lectotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/a5dbbc7e-bcf7-4dac-9ce7-64971d041072	Java, Indonesia.			previously included R. andamanensis	Srinivasulu, C., Srinivasulu, A., Srinivasulu, B., & Jones, G. (2019). Integrated approaches to identifying cryptic bat species in areas of high endemism: The case of Rhinolophus andamanensis in the Andaman Islands. PloS one, 14(10), e0213562.				India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|China|Thailand|Laos|Vietnam|Cambodia?|Malaysia|Indonesia|Brunei	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia|Palearctic	LC	0	0	0	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	sciname match	Rhinolophus_affinis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Rhinolophidae	Rhinolophus		affinis	Horsfield	1823	0	Zool. Res. Java	6: pl. figs. a, b	Intermediate Horseshoe Bat	andamanensis Dobson, 1872; hainanus Allen, 1906; himalayanus K. Andersen, 1905; macrurus K. Andersen, 1905; nesites K. Andersen, 1905; princeps K. Andersen, 1905; superans K. Andersen, 1905; tener K. Andersen, 1905	Indonesia, Java.	India and Nepal to S China, Cambodia and Vietnam, through Malaysia to Borneo and Lesser Sunda Isls; Andaman Isls (India); perhaps Sri Lanka.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/19522/21982358/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	megaphyllus species group. Does not include andamanensis; see Srinvasulu et al. (2019), but see Sinha (1973). Reviewed in part by Bergmans and van Bree (1986) and Bates and Harrison(1997). Csorba (2002) designated a lectotype for this species; also see Csorba et al. (2003). See Ith et al. (2016) for a discussion of subspecific forms in parts of SE Asia. May contain cryptic diversity; see Chornelia et al. (2022).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus affinis; Rhinolophus affinis; affinis; andamanensis; hainanus; himalayanus; macrurus; nesites; princes; superans; tener; afinis; hainanus; himalayanus; macrurus; nesites; princeps; unnamed from E Myanmar and N Vietnam; superans; macrurus - tener; andamanensis; hainanus; himalayanus; macrurus; nesites; princeps; superans; tener; affinis; himalayanus; macrurus; nesites; princeps; superans; tener; hainanus; ntermediate Horseshoe Bat; Rhinolophe de Horsfield; Mittelgrosse Asiatische Hufeisennase; Herradura de Horsfield; Intermediate Horseshoe Bat; Intermediate Horseshoe Bat; Intermediate Horseshoe Bat; R. affinis