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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L134	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus		[MSW2] Subgenus Chalinolobus.; [MSW3] See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994 [2002]).; [HMW] Vespertilio tuberculatus Forster, 1844 , New Zealand . Relationships unclear but perhaps closest to C. migrogriseus or C. morio , based on morphology. Populations of North and South Island were suggested perhaps to be distinct races, based on limited genetic data, size differences, and echolocation distinctions but more detailed genetic data show no consistent genetic differences; they maintain limited gene flow despite their fragmented range and regular population crashes. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).; [IUCN] Earlier speculation that there were significant differences in genetic diversity among populations proved unfounded, and the low levels of genetic differentiation do not warrant separation of Chalinolobus tuberculatus into subspecies (Dool et al. 2016, O’Donnell et al. 2016).; [batnames2023] See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).; [batnames2025_1.7] See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).														tuberculatus	Earlier speculation that there were significant differences in genetic diversity among populations proved unfounded, and the low levels of genetic differentiation do not warrant separation of Chalinolobus tuberculatus into subspecies (Dool et al. 2016, O’Donnell et al. 2016).			tuberculatus 	tuberculatus 			tuberculatus (J. R. Forster, 1844)|vagans (Dobson, 1879)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		New Zealand; ref. 4.99	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	New Zealand.	Forster	1844	Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74:62.	Distribution: Confined to New Zealand.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Long-tailed bat	New Zealand	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Forster	1844	Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74:62.	Subgenus Chalinolobus.	New Zealand and adjacent small islands.	New Zealand.		GRAY	1843	Size medium (forearm length, 41 mm). Supraorbital swellings of skull well developed. Low median crest on braincase. Inner upper incisor unicuspid or weakly bicuspid. Outer upper incisor relatively short. Anterointernal cusp present on last upper premolar. Fur black or brown.	Distribution: Confined to New Zealand.	No subspecies.		124	species	C. tuberculatus	GRAY	1843	Chalinolobus	subgenus	Chalinolobus tuberculatus				Size medium (forearm length, 41 mm). Supraorbital swellings of skull well developed. Low median crest on braincase. Inner upper incisor unicuspid or weakly bicuspid. Outer upper incisor relatively short. Anterointernal cusp present on last upper premolar. Fur black or brown.	No subspecies.		3. C. tuberculatus (GRAY 1843).	3	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus		tuberculatus	Forster	y	1844		Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74			62		Long-tailed Wattled Bat	New Zealand.	New Zealand and adjacent small islands.	IUCN 2003 and IUCN/SSC Action Plan (2001) – Vulnerable.		See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994 [2002]).	4C3D87E8FFDC6A6DFA839A861906B9AE	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Vespertilionidae_716.pdf.imf	hash://md5/b004ff90fffb6a44fffc96591e00bb32	797	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/4C/3D/87/4C3D87E8FFDC6A6DFA839A861906B9AE.xml	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus	tuberculatus		1844	Chalinolobe de Nouvelle-Zélande @fr | Neuseeland-Lappenfledermaus @de | Calinolobode Nueva Zelanda @es | Long-tailed Bat @en | Long-tailed Wattled Bat @en	Vespertilio tuberculatus Forster, 1844 , New Zealand . Relationships unclear but perhaps closest to C. migrogriseus or C. morio , based on morphology. Populations of North and South Island were suggested perhaps to be distinct races, based on limited genetic data, size differences, and echolocation distinctions but more detailed genetic data show no consistent genetic differences; they maintain limited gene flow despite their fragmented range and regular population crashes. Monotypic.	New Zealand , including Great Barrier, Little Barrier, Kapiti, and Stewart Is.	Head-body 42-63 mm, tail 30-46 mm, ear 7-2-14 mm, forearm 367-46 mm; weight 7-1-12-5 g. Head is broad with a high forehead and moderately hairy face. Pelage is variable and changes with age and sex, being relatively long ( 7 mm ) dorsally; adult females are usually rich chestnut-brown dorsally (sometimes with white tips on fur), whereas adult males, and both sexes at 1-3 years old, are darker brown dorsally with blackish fur around the head; ventral pelage is pale brown in all and is paler in pubic regions. Limbs, membranes, ears, and face are blackish brown and nearly naked. Ears are short and broad, with ribbing on inner surface and small fleshy lobes on lower margin close to lips, extending below eyes; tragus is short, rounded, narrow at base, and widened at tip. Corner of mouth has moderately developed lobe that follows under lower lip as in congeners. Uropatagium extends to end of tail, and calcar extends to almost halfway between foot and tail on uropatagium, with rounded postcalcarial lobe near base of foot. Penis is relatively long and pendan-like. Skull is very short and broad; interorbital is broad whereas intertemporal area is constricted. I? lacks a posterior cusp; P? is very small; lower molars are myotodont.	Mainly native temperate forest, such as Metrosideros excelsa ( Myrtaceae ) forest, Agathis australis ( Araucariaceae ) remnant forest, mixed southern beech ( Nothofagus , Nothofagaceae ), podocarp, and podocarp-hardwood forests, and indigenous shrublands dominated by regenerating Leptospermum scoparium or Kunzea ericoides (both Myrtaceae ). The New Zealand Long-tailed Bat has occasionally been found foraging in farmland, non-native plantations, and urban environments far from native forest, but frequencyis inversely correlated to distance from forest. The species was found in cities until 1920s and 1930s, but there are no records since. Recorded from sea level to tree line at ¢. 1000 m , but now rarer in lowland and coastal regions due to local deforestation.	The New Zealand Long-tailed Batis a fairly fast flier that forages by aerial-hawking;flight speed is recorded at 60 km /h. Feeding habits have not been well studied, but diet seems to vary with prey availability. Fecal samples from Grand Canyon Cave included Diptera (29%), Coleoptera (25%), and Lepidoptera (17-5%), with other insects less frequent, e.g. Mycetophilidae , Culicidae , Psychodidae , Calliphoridae , Hemiptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera. Similar variety was found in fecal samples collected in Eglinton Valley, with Tipulidae particularly common and other insects occurring at much smaller frequencies (including Coleoptera , Lepidoptera, Megaloptera , and Plecoptera ).	The short, highly synchronous breeding season lasts less than three months, from late autumn and probably through winter. Spermatogenesis seems to occur in late summer or early autumn and sperm is stored in the epididymis through winter. Males may arouse from hibernation to mate with females while they hibernate, and females probably store sperm in their reproductive tracts through winter. Ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring, although the exact timing of ovulation is uncertain, as is the gestation period. Pregnant females are seen from early to late November, with births from mid-November to mid-December;litter size is one. Births at Hawke's Bay ( 39° S ) had a median timing oflast week of November, with volant young appearing in earlyJanuary. In Eglinton Valley ( 45° S ), 70% ofbirths occurred during a ten-day period in mid-December, with most of the rest through the rest of December. Females carry their non-volant young until they weigh up to 80% of their body weight, after which they are left in the roost while the female forages. Most lactating females will stay out to forage during the first 1-3 hours of the night returning to feed the young. Young develop fast and begin to fly at 5-6 weeks old. Females nipples regress two weeks after the young become volant. Males become sexually mature at 1-2 years old (mean 1-6 years); females produce their first young at 1-3 years old. The ratio of volant juveniles to females in one population was 0-91:1, indicating low mortality for non-volant young. The oldest known banded female was at least 20 years old, but most bats do not survive past nine years. In Eglinton Valley, the survival of 107 reproductive females was followed over a seven-year period: 54% were still alive aftersix years, and 32% after seven years. The survival rate of adult females over a four-year period was also tested at Hanging Rock and Grand Canyon Cave, with annual survival of 0-75 and 0-53, respectively.	New Zealand Long-tailed Bats emerge from the day roost just before or after sunset, the exact timing varying from one roost to another; solitary bats and those aroused while hibernating emerge significantly later. They remain active throughout the night, with some geographic and seasonal variation. In Eglinton Valley, during spring and summer most activity was recorded in the first two hours after sunset, but during winter most activity happened in the last four hours before sunrise. Most other regions have a similar activity spread, although in Puketitiri, they are bimodally active with peaks at dawn and dusk. Throughout the night, they will find night roosts to rest in between bouts of foraging, and in Eglinton Valley radio-tagged bats had an average offour foraging bouts and three roosting periods per night. Activity levels were about the same regardless of sex, reproductive condition, or weather, suggesting that cold temperatures and energy demands limit all individuals equally. New Zealand Long-tailed Bats were active for an average of 71% of the night and remained stationary for 29% of the night. During winter, they hibernate and reduce their activity substantially. They arouse during winter to forage and probably to mate, and have been seen foraging in temperatures as low as —1-5°C. They also enter torpor during the day in summer, to save energy. Adult males and females roosting solitarily were reported entering torpor on 80% of days for the whole day (twelve hours), but when roosting in groups they would only enter a torpid state on 35% of days, and not for the whole day (nine hours). Body temperature of captive torpid individualsfell to nearly the ambient external temperature at 10°C. Day roosts are primarily found in cavities in trunks and large limbs oftrees, and can occasionally be found in caves,in buildings, under bridges, and on cliffs; trees provide a warm environment for roosting throughout winter. Some notable caves have been used for many years, e.g. Grand Canyon Cave, which has been in use for at least 40 years but only in large numbers during spring and early summer, when cave temperature is 10-13°C. Tree day roosts are typically in knot-hole cavities in large, old trees and are relatively high aboveground, with a small to medium-sized opening; they are dry internally with good insulation, making them warmer at night. In South Canterbury where 97% of the forest cover is gone, 23% of breeding roosts are in small cracks in limestone bluffs. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF sweep with up to three harmonics; peak frequencies are 36-40 kHz (varying with population), sweeps generally 65-34 kHz, and duration averages 6-3 milliseconds.	Colonies can number over 132 bats, while some individuals are solitary. Night roosts are usually different from day roosts, and can be high-traffic areas, with up to ¢.360 individuals entering Grand Canyon Cave. All ages and both sexes switch between solitary and colonial day and night roosts regularly and form complex social groups, so the size of a roost may change from day to day. In Eglinton Valley, individuals used colonial roosts 63% of nights and solitary roosts 37% of nights over a span of three years. During breeding, average colonial roost size was 34-7 bats, with a maximum of 123. In the same region, colonial roosts contained 62:8% reproductive females, 22-1% non-reproductive females, and 15-1% males. When moving between roostsites, New Zealand Long-tailed Bats move in small, highly structured social groups. They usually do notstay at a roost for long (1-8 days); they occupy roosts longer during winter, and males, juveniles, and solitary bats seem to stay in roosts longer than breeding females (16 days per roost vs. 1-2 days). Breeding females carrying young shifted roosts nearly every day and moved simultaneously as a group, rarely using the same roost during one season but often returning to the same roost at the same time the next year. The reason they shift roosts so often is uncertain, but predation risk may be a factor. Within the same area, they can form several social groups that roost colonially, together with individuals regularly leaving to roost solitarily but later returning. Individual home ranges are among the largest published for yangochiropteran bats. A group of 50 radio-tagged bats occupied an area over 11,700 ha collectively, with a median home range of 1589 ha in males (maximum 5629 ha), 1361 ha in post-lactating females, and 657 ha for non-breeding females. Juveniles that had been volant for less than two weeks had a much smaller home range (median 237 ha); they began to disperse more readily after the first two weeks, increasing their home ranges with a median of 2006 ha; despite the very large home ranges, most of their activity (85%) occurred in a small core area that represented a mean of 5-7% oftheir range (Eglinton Valley). Roosting sites for each individual were relatively close together, all being within 20-129 ha, and averaged 9-4% of their home range area. They faithfully foraged in the same area of forest each year and followed similar movement patterns each night, always returning to the day roost area in the morning.	Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The New Zealand Long-tailed Bat is one of only three terrestrial mammals native to New Zealand . It was formerly common throughout much of the archipelago, but populations have become largely fragmented. It is now found in suitable habitat only on North Island, South Island, and Steward Island. Major population declines occurred during the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, and it has recently disappeared from Banks Peninsula of South Island, and has become rare or absent at many othersites. As with most of the other native wildlife of New Zealand , introduced predators are one of the greatest threats, and Ermines (Mustela erminea), rats ( Rattus spp. ), Common Brush-tailed Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), and feral cats often prey on New Zealand Longtailed Bats. New Zealand Long-tailed Bats are vulnerable to introduced predators year-round since they congregate during summerin large numbers to breed, and are mostly sedentary in a torpid state during winter. The eruption of rat and mustelid populations has coincided with major declines, and eradication of these introduced predators is a high priority. In two subpopulations, bat survival increased significantly after rats were eradicated from the area. Habitat fragmentation from urban and agricultural expansion is also a major concern, as the species relies on native temperate forests. It seems mildly adaptable and has been seen foraging in plantations and urban environments, but it roosts mainly in remnant native forest patches, and its frequency decreases in areas further away from forests. It has largely disappeared from lowland and coastal regions due to lost forest cover, and in some areas has had to adapt to roosting in limestone crevices rather than tree hollows as most of the area has been deforested (e.g. South Canterbury ); 20™ century logging typically targeted the bats’ preferred roosting trees. The only population that is considered significantly isolated from all others is the Hanging Rock Colony on South Island. Maintaining gene flow between populations by reducing habitat fragmentation and creating corridors for traveling between subpopulations and populations is a primary conservation goal. The species is protected by the New Zealand Wildlife Act of 1953 and the conservation of the species is proceeding using recommendations from the national Bat Recovery Plan, with population assessments coordinated by the national Bat Recovery Group. Conservation priorities are focused on protecting roosting sites, creating suitable habitat, controlling introduced predators, and educating the public about this species. Luckily the species has become well known, as there has been a lot of focused research on this and the two native short-tailed bats ( Mystacina ) over the last 30 years. In 2018 it was listed as critical overall in New Zealand . Estimated numberofviable populations is under 15 on North Island and ten on South Island, with estimated total populations of 20,000 -100,000 on North [sland and under 5000 on South Island. Projected population declines over the next three generations (one generation is conservatively estimated at twelve years) are predicted to be very steep, at 50-70% for North Island and over 90% for South Island. As a result, the species may require reassessment as Critically Endangered.	Alexander (2001) | Borkin & Parsons (2010b) | Borkin et al. (2011) | Daniel & Williams (1981, 1983) | Dekrout, Clarkson & Parsons (2014) | Dekrout, Cursons & Wilkins (2009) | Dool, O'Donnell et al. (2016) | Dwyer (1960, 1962a) | Flannery (1995a) | Gillingham (1996) | Griffiths (1996, 2007) | Guilbert et al. (2007) | McNab & O'Donnell (2018) | Monks & O'Donnell (2017) | O'Donnell (1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2001a, 2001b, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2005, 2008c) | O'Donnell & Sedgeley (1999, 2006) | O'Donnell, Borkin et al. (2018) | O'Donnell, Christie et al. (2010) | O'Donnell, Pryde et al. (2017) | O'Donnell, Richter et al. (2016) | Parsons (1997) | Pryde, Lettink & O'Donnell (2006) | Pryde, O'Donnell & Barker (2005) | Ryan (1966) | Sedgeley (2001b, 2003) | Sedgeley & O'Donnell (1999) | Winnington (1999)	https://zenodo.org/record/6397932/files/figure.png	77. New Zealand Long-tailed Bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus French: Chalinolobe de Nouvelle-Zélande / German: Neuseeland-Lappenfledermaus / Spanish: Calinolobo de Nueva Zelanda Other common names: Long-tailed Bat , Long-tailed Wattled Bat Taxonomy. Vespertilio tuberculatus Forster, 1844 , New Zealand . Relationships unclear but perhaps closest to C. migrogriseus or C. morio , based on morphology. Populations of North and South Island were suggested perhaps to be distinct races, based on limited genetic data, size differences, and echolocation distinctions but more detailed genetic data show no consistent genetic differences; they maintain limited gene flow despite their fragmented range and regular population crashes. Monotypic. Distribution. New Zealand , including Great Barrier, Little Barrier, Kapiti, and Stewart Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 42-63 mm, tail 30-46 mm, ear 7-2-14 mm, forearm 367-46 mm; weight 7-1-12-5 g. Head is broad with a high forehead and moderately hairy face. Pelage is variable and changes with age and sex, being relatively long ( 7 mm ) dorsally; adult females are usually rich chestnut-brown dorsally (sometimes with white tips on fur), whereas adult males, and both sexes at 1-3 years old, are darker brown dorsally with blackish fur around the head; ventral pelage is pale brown in all and is paler in pubic regions. Limbs, membranes, ears, and face are blackish brown and nearly naked. Ears are short and broad, with ribbing on inner surface and small fleshy lobes on lower margin close to lips, extending below eyes; tragus is short, rounded, narrow at base, and widened at tip. Corner of mouth has moderately developed lobe that follows under lower lip as in congeners. Uropatagium extends to end of tail, and calcar extends to almost halfway between foot and tail on uropatagium, with rounded postcalcarial lobe near base of foot. Penis is relatively long and pendan-like. Skull is very short and broad; interorbital is broad whereas intertemporal area is constricted. I? lacks a posterior cusp; P? is very small; lower molars are myotodont. Habitat. Mainly native temperate forest, such as Metrosideros excelsa ( Myrtaceae ) forest, Agathis australis ( Araucariaceae ) remnant forest, mixed southern beech ( Nothofagus , Nothofagaceae ), podocarp, and podocarp-hardwood forests, and indigenous shrublands dominated by regenerating Leptospermum scoparium or Kunzea ericoides (both Myrtaceae ). The New Zealand Long-tailed Bat has occasionally been found foraging in farmland, non-native plantations, and urban environments far from native forest, but frequencyis inversely correlated to distance from forest. The species was found in cities until 1920s and 1930s, but there are no records since. Recorded from sea level to tree line at ¢. 1000 m , but now rarer in lowland and coastal regions due to local deforestation. Food and Feeding. The New Zealand Long-tailed Batis a fairly fast flier that forages by aerial-hawking;flight speed is recorded at 60 km /h. Feeding habits have not been well studied, but diet seems to vary with prey availability. Fecal samples from Grand Canyon Cave included Diptera (29%), Coleoptera (25%), and Lepidoptera (17-5%), with other insects less frequent, e.g. Mycetophilidae , Culicidae , Psychodidae , Calliphoridae , Hemiptera, Trichoptera, and Ephemeroptera. Similar variety was found in fecal samples collected in Eglinton Valley, with Tipulidae particularly common and other insects occurring at much smaller frequencies (including Coleoptera , Lepidoptera, Megaloptera , and Plecoptera ). Breeding. The short, highly synchronous breeding season lasts less than three months, from late autumn and probably through winter. Spermatogenesis seems to occur in late summer or early autumn and sperm is stored in the epididymis through winter. Males may arouse from hibernation to mate with females while they hibernate, and females probably store sperm in their reproductive tracts through winter. Ovulation and fertilization are delayed until spring, although the exact timing of ovulation is uncertain, as is the gestation period. Pregnant females are seen from early to late November, with births from mid-November to mid-December;litter size is one. Births at Hawke's Bay ( 39° S ) had a median timing oflast week of November, with volant young appearing in earlyJanuary. In Eglinton Valley ( 45° S ), 70% ofbirths occurred during a ten-day period in mid-December, with most of the rest through the rest of December. Females carry their non-volant young until they weigh up to 80% of their body weight, after which they are left in the roost while the female forages. Most lactating females will stay out to forage during the first 1-3 hours of the night returning to feed the young. Young develop fast and begin to fly at 5-6 weeks old. Females nipples regress two weeks after the young become volant. Males become sexually mature at 1-2 years old (mean 1-6 years); females produce their first young at 1-3 years old. The ratio of volant juveniles to females in one population was 0-91:1, indicating low mortality for non-volant young. The oldest known banded female was at least 20 years old, but most bats do not survive past nine years. In Eglinton Valley, the survival of 107 reproductive females was followed over a seven-year period: 54% were still alive aftersix years, and 32% after seven years. The survival rate of adult females over a four-year period was also tested at Hanging Rock and Grand Canyon Cave, with annual survival of 0-75 and 0-53, respectively. Activity patterns. New Zealand Long-tailed Bats emerge from the day roost just before or after sunset, the exact timing varying from one roost to another; solitary bats and those aroused while hibernating emerge significantly later. They remain active throughout the night, with some geographic and seasonal variation. In Eglinton Valley, during spring and summer most activity was recorded in the first two hours after sunset, but during winter most activity happened in the last four hours before sunrise. Most other regions have a similar activity spread, although in Puketitiri, they are bimodally active with peaks at dawn and dusk. Throughout the night, they will find night roosts to rest in between bouts of foraging, and in Eglinton Valley radio-tagged bats had an average offour foraging bouts and three roosting periods per night. Activity levels were about the same regardless of sex, reproductive condition, or weather, suggesting that cold temperatures and energy demands limit all individuals equally. New Zealand Long-tailed Bats were active for an average of 71% of the night and remained stationary for 29% of the night. During winter, they hibernate and reduce their activity substantially. They arouse during winter to forage and probably to mate, and have been seen foraging in temperatures as low as —1-5°C. They also enter torpor during the day in summer, to save energy. Adult males and females roosting solitarily were reported entering torpor on 80% of days for the whole day (twelve hours), but when roosting in groups they would only enter a torpid state on 35% of days, and not for the whole day (nine hours). Body temperature of captive torpid individualsfell to nearly the ambient external temperature at 10°C. Day roosts are primarily found in cavities in trunks and large limbs oftrees, and can occasionally be found in caves,in buildings, under bridges, and on cliffs; trees provide a warm environment for roosting throughout winter. Some notable caves have been used for many years, e.g. Grand Canyon Cave, which has been in use for at least 40 years but only in large numbers during spring and early summer, when cave temperature is 10-13°C. Tree day roosts are typically in knot-hole cavities in large, old trees and are relatively high aboveground, with a small to medium-sized opening; they are dry internally with good insulation, making them warmer at night. In South Canterbury where 97% of the forest cover is gone, 23% of breeding roosts are in small cracks in limestone bluffs. Call shape is a steep FM/QCF sweep with up to three harmonics; peak frequencies are 36-40 kHz (varying with population), sweeps generally 65-34 kHz, and duration averages 6-3 milliseconds. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies can number over 132 bats, while some individuals are solitary. Night roosts are usually different from day roosts, and can be high-traffic areas, with up to ¢.360 individuals entering Grand Canyon Cave. All ages and both sexes switch between solitary and colonial day and night roosts regularly and form complex social groups, so the size of a roost may change from day to day. In Eglinton Valley, individuals used colonial roosts 63% of nights and solitary roosts 37% of nights over a span of three years. During breeding, average colonial roost size was 34-7 bats, with a maximum of 123. In the same region, colonial roosts contained 62:8% reproductive females, 22-1% non-reproductive females, and 15-1% males. When moving between roostsites, New Zealand Long-tailed Bats move in small, highly structured social groups. They usually do notstay at a roost for long (1-8 days); they occupy roosts longer during winter, and males, juveniles, and solitary bats seem to stay in roosts longer than breeding females (16 days per roost vs. 1-2 days). Breeding females carrying young shifted roosts nearly every day and moved simultaneously as a group, rarely using the same roost during one season but often returning to the same roost at the same time the next year. The reason they shift roosts so often is uncertain, but predation risk may be a factor. Within the same area, they can form several social groups that roost colonially, together with individuals regularly leaving to roost solitarily but later returning. Individual home ranges are among the largest published for yangochiropteran bats. A group of 50 radio-tagged bats occupied an area over 11,700 ha collectively, with a median home range of 1589 ha in males (maximum 5629 ha), 1361 ha in post-lactating females, and 657 ha for non-breeding females. Juveniles that had been volant for less than two weeks had a much smaller home range (median 237 ha); they began to disperse more readily after the first two weeks, increasing their home ranges with a median of 2006 ha; despite the very large home ranges, most of their activity (85%) occurred in a small core area that represented a mean of 5-7% oftheir range (Eglinton Valley). Roosting sites for each individual were relatively close together, all being within 20-129 ha, and averaged 9-4% of their home range area. They faithfully foraged in the same area of forest each year and followed similar movement patterns each night, always returning to the day roost area in the morning. Status and Conservation. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. The New Zealand Long-tailed Bat is one of only three terrestrial mammals native to New Zealand . It was formerly common throughout much of the archipelago, but populations have become largely fragmented. It is now found in suitable habitat only on North Island, South Island, and Steward Island. Major population declines occurred during the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s, and it has recently disappeared from Banks Peninsula of South Island, and has become rare or absent at many othersites. As with most of the other native wildlife of New Zealand , introduced predators are one of the greatest threats, and Ermines (Mustela erminea), rats ( Rattus spp. ), Common Brush-tailed Possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), and feral cats often prey on New Zealand Longtailed Bats. New Zealand Long-tailed Bats are vulnerable to introduced predators year-round since they congregate during summerin large numbers to breed, and are mostly sedentary in a torpid state during winter. The eruption of rat and mustelid populations has coincided with major declines, and eradication of these introduced predators is a high priority. In two subpopulations, bat survival increased significantly after rats were eradicated from the area. Habitat fragmentation from urban and agricultural expansion is also a major concern, as the species relies on native temperate forests. It seems mildly adaptable and has been seen foraging in plantations and urban environments, but it roosts mainly in remnant native forest patches, and its frequency decreases in areas further away from forests. It has largely disappeared from lowland and coastal regions due to lost forest cover, and in some areas has had to adapt to roosting in limestone crevices rather than tree hollows as most of the area has been deforested (e.g. South Canterbury ); 20™ century logging typically targeted the bats’ preferred roosting trees. The only population that is considered significantly isolated from all others is the Hanging Rock Colony on South Island. Maintaining gene flow between populations by reducing habitat fragmentation and creating corridors for traveling between subpopulations and populations is a primary conservation goal. The species is protected by the New Zealand Wildlife Act of 1953 and the conservation of the species is proceeding using recommendations from the national Bat Recovery Plan, with population assessments coordinated by the national Bat Recovery Group. Conservation priorities are focused on protecting roosting sites, creating suitable habitat, controlling introduced predators, and educating the public about this species. Luckily the species has become well known, as there has been a lot of focused research on this and the two native short-tailed bats ( Mystacina ) over the last 30 years. In 2018 it was listed as critical overall in New Zealand . Estimated numberofviable populations is under 15 on North Island and ten on South Island, with estimated total populations of 20,000 -100,000 on North [sland and under 5000 on South Island. Projected population declines over the next three generations (one generation is conservatively estimated at twelve years) are predicted to be very steep, at 50-70% for North Island and over 90% for South Island. As a result, the species may require reassessment as Critically Endangered. Bibliography. Alexander (2001), Borkin & Parsons (2010b), Borkin et al. (2011), Daniel & Williams (1981, 1983), Dekrout, Clarkson & Parsons (2014), Dekrout, Cursons & Wilkins (2009), Dool, O'Donnell et al. (2016), Dwyer (1960, 1962a), Flannery (1995a), Gillingham (1996), Griffiths (1996, 2007), Guilbert et al. (2007), McNab & O'Donnell (2018), Monks & O'Donnell (2017), O'Donnell (1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2001a, 2001b, 2002a, 2002b, 2002c, 2005, 2008c), O'Donnell & Sedgeley (1999, 2006), O'Donnell, Borkin et al. (2018), O'Donnell, Christie et al. (2010), O'Donnell, Pryde et al. (2017), O'Donnell, Richter et al. (2016), Parsons (1997), Pryde, Lettink & O'Donnell (2006), Pryde, O'Donnell & Barker (2005), Ryan (1966), Sedgeley (2001b, 2003), Sedgeley & O'Donnell (1999), Winnington (1999).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Chalinolobus		tuberculatus	Forster	1844	1	Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74	p. 62	Long-tailed Wattled Bat	None.	New Zealand.	New Zealand and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Critically Endangered	See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	23	New Zealand Long-tailed Bat	Long-tailed Bat|Long-tailed Wattled Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Chalinolobus	NA	tuberculatus	Forster	1844	1						New Zealand.			tuberculatus (Forster, 1844)	NA	NA	New Zealand	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	CR	0	0	0	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	sciname match	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	4425	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIDAE	Chalinolobus	tuberculatus	(Forster, 1844)	Earlier speculation that there were significant differences in genetic diversity among populations proved unfounded, and the low levels of genetic differentiation do not warrant separation of Chalinolobus tuberculatus into subspecies (Dool et al. 2016, O’Donnell et al. 2016).	20000000	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	Critically Endangered	A2ace	2021	2020-10-15 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Critically Endangered under criterion A2ace because populations have declined 84% over the past three generations (GL = 12 years; O’Donnell et al . 2010) and these declines continue where conservation management has not been instigated (based on breeding female generation time). Furthermore, the population reductions have led to the disappearance of the species from parts of its range. Habitat loss and fragmentation, competition with introduced species for nesting sites and predation from introduced species are major threats to the species.	New Zealand Long-tailed Bats are usually associated with areas of native temperate forest. The species has been recorded some distance from forest, regularly in farmland and non-native plantations, but are generally found close to remnant native forest fragments (O'Donnell 2005; Borkin et al . 2011, 2019). They are highly mobile, requiring large ranges spanning &gt;20 km, with colony home ranges of &gt;150 km² recorded O’Donnell (2001). They primarily roost as solitary animals or in small groups within cavities in trees (O'Donnell 2005, O’Donnell and Sedgeley 2006). Females are thought to give birth to a single young annually (O'Donnell 2002, 2005). The species is non-migratory, but highly mobile at local scales, with range widths &gt;20 km and colony ranges ca 150 km² (O’Donnell 2001). Long-tailed bats are aerial insectivores. They undergo periods of torpor, including during lactation, and seasonal hibernation (O’Donnell 2005).	Declines in long-tailed bats result from a combination of threats, namely predation and competition by introduced predators and browsers, habitat loss through land clearance, habitat degradation through logging and fragmentation of forests, and disturbance at roost sites. Introduced mustelids (Mustela spp.), rats (Rattus spp.), possums, and feral and domestic cats all prey on, or attempt to prey on, New Zealand bats (O'Donnell 2000b, Pryde et al. 2005, O’Donnell et al . 2010). In a recent management trial survival was increased significantly in two subpopulations where intensive control of ship rats occurred (O’Donnell et al. 2017). Introduced vespulid wasps appear to be a serious problem for bats in beech forests in the north of the South Island and wasp densities have been increasing in the North Island. Emerging plant diseases (kauri dieback and myrtle rust) threaten bat roost trees in parts of their range. The impacts of climate change are also poorly understood: increasing storm damage to occupied roost trees, suboptimal hibernation conditions and increasing frequency of predator irruptions are three possible effects. Deforestation and fragmentation continue in bat habitats, especially in the North Island (O’Donnell et al . 2018). Habitat fragmentation is a continuing threat, especially around infrastructure projects (Borkin et al . 2019, Jones et al . 2019). Retaining linkages among forest areas supporting bats, as well as ensuring spatial connectivity of pest control operations, are both important for retaining genetic diversity and ensuring species survival (O’Donnell et al . 2018).	The population of Chalinolobus tuberculatus has declined by more than 80% over the past three generations (36 years; generation length = 12 years, based on breeding female generation time) and these declines continue where conservation management has not been instigated. There were initial substantial population declines in this species during the 1990s (O'Donnell 2000a). The species is now rare or absent from many sites at which it was once common, and these declines are continuing (O'Donnell 2005). Rates of population decline have been measured at 5-9% per annum, largely due to predation by invasive mammals (Pryde et al . 2005, 2006; O’Donnell et al . 2017). The largest extant concentration of the species is from the Eglinton Valley, Fiordland, which is an intensively managed population recovering from invasive predator induced declines. Eight colonies now number &gt;100 individuals each; one colony has recovered from 24 breeding females to &gt;100 breeding females over ca 15 years of predator control (O’Donnell et al . 2016, 2017).	Decreasing	This species is endemic to New Zealand where it has been recorded from areas of suitable habitat on North Island, South Island, and Stewart Island. It has recently become absent from the Banks Peninsula of South Island, and now also appears to be rare or absent from many sites where they were formerly common (O'Donnell 2005).		Terrestrial	This species is protected by the New Zealand Wildlife Act of 1953. Conservation is occurring using guidance from a national Bat Recovery Plan (Molloy 1995), with ongoing assessments and annual work plans being co-ordinated by the national Bat Recovery Group (O’Donnell 2009). Conservation programmes are in place aimed at protecting roosting sites, enhancing habitat, controlling predators, and educating the public about New Zealand Long-tailed Bat (O’Donnell 2009). More information is needed regarding the population numbers and current status of the species. Predator control trials at local scales have been successful in cool rainforest in southern New Zealand (O’Donnell et al . 2017). However, predator control operations in North Island forests have yet to be successful (M. Pryde pers. comm.), likely because of higher densities of invasive ship rats in warmer forests. The New Zealand national (non-IUCN) listing for Long-tailed Bat (Chalinolobus tuberculatus ) is nationally critical (O’Donnell et al . 2018).	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus		tuberculatus	Forster	1844	1	Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74	p. 62	Long-tailed Wattled Bat	None.	New Zealand.	New Zealand and adjacent small islands.	Not listed.	Critically Endangered	See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).	Chalinolobus tuberculatus	1005709	23	New Zealand Long-tailed Bat	Long-tailed Bat|Long-tailed Wattled Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	VESPERTILIONIFORMES	NA	NA	VESPERTILIONOIDEA	Vespertilionidae	VESPERTILIONINAE	VESPERTILIONINI	Chalinolobus	NA	tuberculatus	Forster	1844	1						New Zealand.			tuberculatus (Forster, 1844)	NA	NA				New Zealand	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	CR	0	0	0	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	sciname match	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	1005709	23	New Zealand Long-tailed Bat	Long-tailed Bat|Long-tailed Wattled Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yangochiroptera	NA	NA	Vespertilionoidea	Vespertilionidae	Vespertilioninae	Vespertilionini	Chalinolobus	NA	tuberculatus	J. R. Forster	1	Vespertilio tuberculatus	Forster, J.R. 1844. Descriptiones animalium in itinere ad maris australis terras per annos 1772–74 suscepto observatorum. Ex officina academica, Berlin, 424 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41559221	lost (number not known)	holotype		New Zealand.			NA	NA				New Zealand	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	CR	0	0	0	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	sciname match	Chalinolobus_tuberculatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Vespertilionidae	Chalinolobus		tuberculatus	Forster	1844	1	Descrip. Animal. Itinere Maris Aust. Terras, 1772-74	p. 62	Long-tailed Wattled Bat	None.	New Zealand.	New Zealand and adjacent small islands.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Not Listed</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/4425/21985132/' target='_blank'>Critically Endangered</a>	See O'Donnell (2001). Placed on the Offical List Specific Names in Zoology; International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (Opinion 1994[2002]).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Chalinolobus tuberculatus; Chalinolobus tuberculatus; Chalinolobus tuberculatus; Chalinolobus tuberculatus; Chalinolobus tuberculatus; Chalinolobus tuberculatus; tuberculatus; Chalinolobe de Nouvelle-Zélande; Neuseeland-Lappenfledermaus; Calinolobode Nueva Zelanda; Long-tailed Bat; Long-tailed Wattled Bat; New Zealand Long-tailed Bat; Long-tailed Bat; Long-tailed Wattled Bat; Long-tailed Wattled Bat; Long-tailed Wattled Bat; C. tuberculatus