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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1328	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetula	Pteropus vetula	Pteropus vetula	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetula	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus vetulus		[MSW2] Includes macmillani; see Felten (196417:671).; [MSW3] pselaphon species group. Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus vetula Jouan, 1863 , New Caledonia , France . Widely used species name vetulus changed as the original specific epithet vetula is a noun in apposition and should remain unchanged. Because vetula deviates strongly from the usual appearance of species of Pteropus and is rather similar to small species of Pteralopex , with which there is no proven relationship, its classification in Pteropus 1s difficult. While R. M. Nowak in 1999 and N. B. Simmons in 2005 placed vetula in the pselaphon group, as did K. Andersen in 1912, genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014 assigned vetula to its own group ( vetula species group) but related to the samoensis group, as in the results of S. M. Tsang in 2015. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  vetula species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b). The correct species epitheit is "vetula" not vetulus as the epithet is a noun in apposition and therefore remains unchanged when transferred.; [batnames2023]  vetula species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b). The correct original spelling of the species epithet is vetula , a noun in apposition, and not vetulus , which is an unjustified emendation of the name.; [MDD2023] the specific epithet was originally spelt 'vetula' and is a noun in apposition, thus, the name shouldn't change to match the generic gender; however, the spelling 'vetulus' has been used for most of the taxonomic history of this species (with almost no publications using 'vetula') and is considered in prevailing use as a justified emendation here; [MDD2025_2.0] the specific epithet was originally spelt 'vetula' and is a noun in apposition, thus, the name shouldn't change to match the generic gender; however, the spelling 'vetulus' has been used for most of the taxonomic history of this species (with almost no publications using 'vetula') and is considered in prevailing use as a justified emendation here; [batnames2025_1.7] vetulus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). And see also Tsang (2015). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964). Also see Flannery (1995) and Ingleby and Colgan (2003). The original spelling of the species epithet is vetula, meaning "old woman," and the epithet was capitalized in the text. Jouan (1863) capitalized nouns in apposition, and therefore "vetula" should be considered a noun in apposition, which would retain its original spelling with the gender ending unchanged when transferred to another genus (ICZN article 31.2.1,1999; Hintsche, 2019; Zijlstra, pers.comm, 2023). However, as early as 1867, Peters (1867) used the spelling vetulus, "old man," and attributed it to the original describer, Jouan (1863), even though the species remained in Pteropus. Since that time, "vetulus" has been the only spelling used until 2019, when Hintsche (2019) pointed out that "vetula" was the original spelling. Given that "vetulus" has been in prevailing use for more than a century, we conserve "vetulus" following sections 33.2.3.1 and 33.3.1 of the ICZN, which state that spellings in prevailing use and attributed to the original describer should be considered "justified emendations" and preserved as the "correct original spelling."; [MDD2025_2.2] the specific epithet was originally spelt 'vetula' and is a noun in apposition, thus, the name shouldn't change to match the generic gender; however, the spelling 'vetulus' has been used for most of the taxonomic history of this species (with almost no publications using 'vetula') and is considered in prevailing use as a justified emendation here				macniillani		germaini, macmillani.			germaini, macmillani			vetulus	vetulus - germaini, macmillani	vetula, germaini, macmillani		vetulus	vetulus - germaini, macmillani	vetulus, germaini, macmillani 	vetulus, germaini, macmillani 	vetulus 	vetulus - germaini, macmillani	vetulus Jouan, 1863|germaini Dobson, 1879|macmillani Tate, 1942		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		New Caledonia; ref. 4.24	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus vetulus	New Caledonia (France).	Jouan	1863	Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 9:90.	Distribution: Confined to New Caledonia.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		New Caledonia	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Jouan	1863	Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg, 9:90.	Includes macmillani; see Felten (196417:671).	New Caledonia.	New Caledonia (France).		JOUAN	1863	Tibia hairy dorsally. Upper molariform teeth not shortened, but in stead narrowed, and the anterior upper molar is notched. Upper canine apparently without a sec ondary cusp. Size rather small (forearm length, 100-114 mm).	Distribution: Confined to New Caledonia.	No subspecies.		25	species	P. vetulus	JOUAN	1863	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus vetulus				Tibia hairy dorsally. Upper molariform teeth not shortened, but in stead narrowed, and the anterior upper molar is notched. Upper canine apparently without a sec ondary cusp. Size rather small (forearm length, 100-114 mm).	No subspecies.		40. P. vetulus JOUAN 1863 ( = macmillani TATE 1942) [pselaphon group].	40	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus vetulus	Pteropus		vetulus	Jouan		1863		Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg	9		90		New Caledonian Flying Fox	New Caledonia (France).	New Caledonia (France).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).	germaini Dobson, 1878; macmillani Tate, 1942.	pselaphon species group. Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFFA5F64B8C69351EF999F68A	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	149	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9FF6768C71319BFAFBFEC4.xml	Pteropus vetula	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	vetula	Jouan	1863	Roussette de Nouvelle-Calédonie @fr | Neukaledonien-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Nueva Caledonia @es | New Caledonian Flying Fox @en	Pteropus vetula Jouan, 1863 , New Caledonia , France . Widely used species name vetulus changed as the original specific epithet vetula is a noun in apposition and should remain unchanged. Because vetula deviates strongly from the usual appearance of species of Pteropus and is rather similar to small species of Pteralopex , with which there is no proven relationship, its classification in Pteropus 1s difficult. While R. M. Nowak in 1999 and N. B. Simmons in 2005 placed vetula in the pselaphon group, as did K. Andersen in 1912, genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014 assigned vetula to its own group ( vetula species group) but related to the samoensis group, as in the results of S. M. Tsang in 2015. Monotypic.	New Caledonia (Grande Terre and Ile des Pins).	Head-body 122-5-142- 5 mm (tailless), ear 13-15- 7 mm , hindfoot ¢. 43 mm , forearm 92- 3-114 mm ; weight 120-220 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 48— 50- 5 mm . On average, femalesare slightly larger than males. The New Caledonia Flying Fox has short rounded ears, usually hidden in fur, and thickened rims. Dense and silky fur is dark gray to black, occasionally with hint of brown. Tibial upper side is densely covered with long hairs. Mantle is only weakly demarcated by longer hair. Claw on index finger is well developed. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along insides of lower limbs. Skull has short snout. I is less than one-half the size of I. P! is very small. Premolars and molars have distinct step at posterior crown margin and additional anterointernal cusps. In general, external appearance and molars with sharp tips are reminiscent of species of Pleralopex. Because biochemicaltests showed no relationship to Pteralopex , similarities might be caused by convergent development due to a similar diet.	Primary and secondary tropical humid forests.	Condition of teeth indicates that the New Caledonia Flying Fox feeds on harderfruits than other flying fox species.	No information.	The New Caledonia Flying Fox seems to be strictly nocturnal and roosts at entrances of caves and in hollow trees.	The New Caledonia Flying Fox probably moves mainly below forest canopies.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. Threats to the New Caledonia Flying Fox have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Itis probably occasionally hunted for food, but hunting is regulated under local wildlife laws. Its habitat is reduced to a small extent by deforestation. Its distribution is very limited, habitat is highly fragmented, and it is not known if it exists in protected areas. Extensive studies on ecology, population size, and potential threats are necessary to develop appropriate conservation measures. On following pages: 164. Common Samoan Flying Fox ( Pteropus samoensis ); 165. Banks Flying Fox ( Pteropus fundatus ); 166. Vanuatu Flying Fox ( Pteropus anetianus ); 167. Vanikoro Flying Fox ( Pteropus tuberculatus ); 168. Temotu Flying Fox ( Pteropus nitendiensis ); 169. Solomons Flying Fox ( Pteropus rayneri ); 170. Makira Flying Fox ( Pteropus cognatus ); 171. Rennell Flying Fox ( Pteropus rennell)); 172. Temminck's Flying Fox ( Pteropus temminckii ); 173. Gray-headed Flying Fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ).	Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans (2001) | Brescia (2008c) | Dobson (1878) | Felten (1964c) | Flannery (1995a) | Jouan (1863) | Mickleburgh et al. (1992) | Nowak (1999) | Simmons (2005) | Tsang (2015)		163. New Caledonia Flying Fox Pteropus vetula French: Roussette de Nouvelle-Calédonie / German: Neukaledonien-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Nueva Caledonia Other common names: New Caledonian Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus vetula Jouan, 1863 , New Caledonia , France . Widely used species name vetulus changed as the original specific epithet vetula is a noun in apposition and should remain unchanged. Because vetula deviates strongly from the usual appearance of species of Pteropus and is rather similar to small species of Pteralopex , with which there is no proven relationship, its classification in Pteropus 1s difficult. While R. M. Nowak in 1999 and N. B. Simmons in 2005 placed vetula in the pselaphon group, as did K. Andersen in 1912, genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014 assigned vetula to its own group ( vetula species group) but related to the samoensis group, as in the results of S. M. Tsang in 2015. Monotypic. Distribution. New Caledonia (Grande Terre and Ile des Pins). Descriptive notes. Head-body 122-5-142- 5 mm (tailless), ear 13-15- 7 mm , hindfoot ¢. 43 mm , forearm 92- 3-114 mm ; weight 120-220 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 48— 50- 5 mm . On average, femalesare slightly larger than males. The New Caledonia Flying Fox has short rounded ears, usually hidden in fur, and thickened rims. Dense and silky fur is dark gray to black, occasionally with hint of brown. Tibial upper side is densely covered with long hairs. Mantle is only weakly demarcated by longer hair. Claw on index finger is well developed. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along insides of lower limbs. Skull has short snout. I is less than one-half the size of I. P! is very small. Premolars and molars have distinct step at posterior crown margin and additional anterointernal cusps. In general, external appearance and molars with sharp tips are reminiscent of species of Pleralopex. Because biochemicaltests showed no relationship to Pteralopex , similarities might be caused by convergent development due to a similar diet. Habitat. Primary and secondary tropical humid forests. Food and Feeding. Condition of teeth indicates that the New Caledonia Flying Fox feeds on harderfruits than other flying fox species. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The New Caledonia Flying Fox seems to be strictly nocturnal and roosts at entrances of caves and in hollow trees. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The New Caledonia Flying Fox probably moves mainly below forest canopies. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red Lust. Threats to the New Caledonia Flying Fox have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Itis probably occasionally hunted for food, but hunting is regulated under local wildlife laws. Its habitat is reduced to a small extent by deforestation. Its distribution is very limited, habitat is highly fragmented, and it is not known if it exists in protected areas. Extensive studies on ecology, population size, and potential threats are necessary to develop appropriate conservation measures. On following pages: 164. Common Samoan Flying Fox ( Pteropus samoensis ); 165. Banks Flying Fox ( Pteropus fundatus ); 166. Vanuatu Flying Fox ( Pteropus anetianus ); 167. Vanikoro Flying Fox ( Pteropus tuberculatus ); 168. Temotu Flying Fox ( Pteropus nitendiensis ); 169. Solomons Flying Fox ( Pteropus rayneri ); 170. Makira Flying Fox ( Pteropus cognatus ); 171. Rennell Flying Fox ( Pteropus rennell)); 172. Temminck's Flying Fox ( Pteropus temminckii ); 173. Gray-headed Flying Fox ( Pteropus poliocephalus ). Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (2001), Brescia (2008c), Dobson (1878), Felten (1964c), Flannery (1995a), Jouan (1863), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Nowak (1999), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2015).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus vetula	Pteropus		vetula	Jouan	1863	0	Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg	0.4375	New Caledonian Flying Fox	 germaini Dobson, 1878; macmillani  Tate, 1942.	New Caledonia (France).	New Caledonia (France).	Appendix II	Near Threatened as Pteropus vetulus 	 vetula species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b). The correct species epitheit is "vetula" not vetulus as the epithet is a noun in apposition and therefore remains unchanged when transferred.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus vetula	23	New Caledonia Flying Fox	New Caledonian Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	vetula	Jouan	1863	0						New Caledonia, France.			vetula Jouan, 1863|germaini Dobson, 1878|macmillani Tate, 1942	NA	NA	New Caledonia	Oceania	Indomalaya	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_vetula	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vetulus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18767	Pteropus vetulus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	vetulus	Jouan, 1863		20000000	Pteropus vetulus	Near Threatened	B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)	2020	2019-08-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened (almost meets criterion B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)) as it is known from very few roost sites on the island of New Caledonia (fewer than 10 locations) where its habitat is severely fragmented and there is a continuing decline in the extent of occurrence, area of occupancy, and extent and quality of its habitat from deforestation.	It is a nocturnal species that has been recorded from both primary and secondary tropical moist forest (Flannery 1995). It roosts at the entry of caves (Brescia and Borel 2004), or in hollow trees (Boissenin and Brescia 2007).	Currently, there is some local hunting for food (it important for local use) and loss of suitable habitat through deforestation. Direct predation by feral cats (Palmas 2017) is possible on this species. Additional research is needed to confirm threats to New Caledonia flying fox.	Data on the global population size is limited, but the species is suspected to be declining due to habitat loss. It is a rarely observed species and there are very few known roost sites (F. Brescia pers. comm).	Decreasing	This species is endemic to the island of New Caledonia (Flannery 1995, Simmons 2005).	This species is important for traditional use.	Terrestrial	The New Caledonia flying fox is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Domestic hunting is regulated under local wildlife laws. It is not known if the species is present in any protected areas. More information is needed regarding the current population numbers, ecology, status of and threats to the species.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		vetula	Jouan	1863	0	Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg	0.4375	New Caledonian Flying Fox	 germaini Dobson, 1878; macmillani  Tate, 1942.	New Caledonia (France).	New Caledonia (France).	Appendix II	Near Threatened as Pteropus vetulus 	 vetula species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964b). Also see Flannery (1995b). The correct original spelling of the species epithet is vetula , a noun in apposition, and not vetulus , which is an unjustified emendation of the name.	Pteropus vetulus	1004508	23	New Caledonia Flying Fox	New Caledonian Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	vetulus	Jouan	1863	0						New Caledonia, France.			vetulus Jouan, 1863|germaini Dobson, 1878|macmillani Tate, 1942	the specific epithet was originally spelt 'vetula' and is a noun in apposition, thus, the name shouldn't change to match the generic gender; however, the spelling 'vetulus' has been used for most of the taxonomic history of this species (with almost no publications using 'vetula') and is considered in prevailing use as a justified emendation here	NA				New Caledonia	Oceania	Indomalaya	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_vetula	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vetulus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_vetulus	1004508	23	New Caledonia Flying Fox	New Caledonian Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	vetulus	Jouan	0	Pteropus Vetula	Jouan, H. 1863. Notes sur quelques animaux observés à la Nouvelle-Calédonie, pendant les années 1861 et 1862. Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 9:89-127.		untraced (number not known)	holotype		New Caledonia, France.			the specific epithet was originally spelt 'vetula' and is a noun in apposition, thus, the name shouldn't change to match the generic gender; however, the spelling 'vetulus' has been used for most of the taxonomic history of this species (with almost no publications using 'vetula') and is considered in prevailing use as a justified emendation here	NA				New Caledonia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	NT (as Pteropus vetula)	0	0	0	Pteropus_vetula	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vetulus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		vetulus	Jouan	1863	0	Mem. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg	0.4375	New Caledonian Flying Fox	germaini Dobson, 1878; macmillani  Tate, 1942.	New Caledonia (France)	New Caledonia (France)	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18767/22089080/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened as Pteropus vetula</a>	vetulus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). And see also Tsang (2015). Includes macmillani; see Felten (1964). Also see Flannery (1995) and Ingleby and Colgan (2003). The original spelling of the species epithet is vetula, meaning "old woman," and the epithet was capitalized in the text. Jouan (1863) capitalized nouns in apposition, and therefore "vetula" should be considered a noun in apposition, which would retain its original spelling with the gender ending unchanged when transferred to another genus (ICZN article 31.2.1,1999; Hintsche, 2019; Zijlstra, pers.comm, 2023). However, as early as 1867, Peters (1867) used the spelling vetulus, "old man," and attributed it to the original describer, Jouan (1863), even though the species remained in Pteropus. Since that time, "vetulus" has been the only spelling used until 2019, when Hintsche (2019) pointed out that "vetula" was the original spelling. Given that "vetulus" has been in prevailing use for more than a century, we conserve "vetulus" following sections 33.2.3.1 and 33.3.1 of the ICZN, which state that spellings in prevailing use and attributed to the original describer should be considered "justified emendations" and preserved as the "correct original spelling."		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus vetulus; Pteropus vetula; Pteropus vetula; Pteropus vetula; Pteropus vetulus; Pteropus vetula; germaini; macmillani; germaini; macmillani; vetula; germaini; macmillani; Roussette de Nouvelle-Calédonie; Neukaledonien-Flughund; Zorro volador de Nueva Caledonia; New Caledonian Flying Fox; New Caledonia Flying Fox; New Caledonian Flying Fox; New Caledonian Flying Fox; New Caledonian Flying Fox; P. vetulus