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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1327	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus medius [synonym of]	Pteropus vampyrus vampyrus [synonym of]	Pteropus vampyrus [synonym of]	Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus vampyrus vampyrus [synonym of]	Pteropus vampyrus [synonym of]	Pteropus vampyrus [synonym of]	 	Pteropus vampyrus vampyrus [synonym of]		[MSW3] vampyrus species group. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Possibly conspecific with vampyrus; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).; [IUCN] This taxon belongs to the vampyrus species group. Earlier included as Pteropus intermedius Andersen, 1908 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992) and listed under Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kloss 1916, 1919; Hill 1975; Lekagul and McNeely 1977; Honacki et al. 1982; Racey 1992; Koopman 1993; Nowak 1999).							ariel, giganteus, leucocephalus	giganteus, ariel, chinghaiensis, leucocephalus	edwardsi, kelaarti, medius, ruvicollis; leucocephalus - assamensis		giganteus (under medius - epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective synonym of P. vampyrus )				This taxon belongs to the vampyrus species group. Earlier included as Pteropus intermedius Andersen, 1908 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992) and listed under Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kloss 1916, 1919; Hill 1975; Lekagul and McNeely 1977; Honacki et al. 1982; Racey 1992; Koopman 1993; Nowak 1999).									Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Indian flying fox	India – Burma, W China, Sri Lanka, Maidive Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus giganteus	India, Bengal.	Brunnich	1782	Dyrenes Historié, 1:45.	Distribution: Confined to the In dian subcontinent, Burma, Andaman and Mal dive islands.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Indian flying fox	India – Burma, SW China, Sri Lanka, Maidive Is, Andaman Is									BRUNNICH	1782	Ventral hair clearly paler than dorsal hair. Size medium for group (forearm length, 160-177 mm).	Distribution: Confined to the In dian subcontinent, Burma, Andaman and Mal dive islands.	Three subspecies:	P. g. ariel (Maldives), P. g. giganteus and P. g. leucocephalus (remainder of range).	26	species	P. giganteus	BRUNNICH	1782	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus giganteus				Ventral hair clearly paler than dorsal hair. Size medium for group (forearm length, 160-177 mm).	Three subspecies:		45. P. giganteus BRUNNICH 1782 [vampyrus group].	45				Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus giganteus	Pteropus		giganteus	Brünnich	y	1782		Dyrenes Historie	1		43		Indian Flying Fox	India, Bengal.	Maldive Isls, India (incl. Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma, Tsinghai (China). The Tsinghai record requires confirmation. Cambodian records are apparently erroneous; see Kock (2000).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	edwardsi Geoffroy, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; kelaarti Gray, 1871 [skin, not skull]; medius Temminck, 1825; ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; ariel G. M. Allen, 1908; chinghaiensis Wang and Wang, 1962; leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835; assamensis McClelland, 1839.	vampyrus species group. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Possibly conspecific with vampyrus; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).								synonym of Pteropus medius																					synonym of Pteropus vampyrus																	synonym of Pteropus vampyrus																																													IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18725	Pteropus giganteus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	giganteus	(Brünnich, 1782)	This taxon belongs to the vampyrus species group. Earlier included as Pteropus intermedius Andersen, 1908 (Ellerman and Morrison-Scott 1951, Corbet and Hill 1992) and listed under Pteropus vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Kloss 1916, 1919; Hill 1975; Lekagul and McNeely 1977; Honacki et al. 1982; Racey 1992; Koopman 1993; Nowak 1999).	200000000	Pteropus giganteus	Least Concern		2020	2019-08-14 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The Indian Flying Fox is listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, it occurs in a number of protected areas, has a tolerance of a degree of habitat modification, and it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.	This species roosts in large colonies of hundreds to thousands of individuals on large trees in rural and urban areas, close to agricultural fields, ponds and by the side of roads (S. Molur, Project PteroCount). It feeds on a wide variety of fruits and flowers, both wild and cultivated. Flowers taken were from Anacardiaceae, Bignonaceae, Bombacaceae, Malvaceae, Mimosaceae, Lauraceae, Asteraceae, and Sapotaceae (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al. 2015, Win and Mya 2015). Fruits taken are primarily from the Moraceae family, and can include a range of species such as Ficus retusa , F. carica , F. glomerata , F. religiosa , F. bengalensis , Psidium guajava , Diospyros peregrina (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al. 2010), Calophyllum inophyllum , Tamarindus indica , F. rumphii , F. racemosa , Morinda angustifolia , (Win and Mya 2015), Erythrina indica , Syzigium cumini , Bassia latifolia , Albizzia lebbek , F. virens , and F. glomeratus (Prasad et al. 2014, Aung and Htay 2019). Leaves of Albizzia lebbek and Ficus virens have also been recorded as part of its diet (Aung and Htay 2019). Food species taken can vary between seasons depending on food availability. This species has been observed utilizing flowers of introduced plants such as Mangifer indica , Pistacia chinenesis , Kigelia pinnata , Ceiba pentandra , Madhuca longifolia , Manikara zapota , Syzgium jambolanum (Mahmood-ul-Hassan et al. 2010), Carica papaya , Cajanus cajan , Punica granatum , Artocarpus heterophylla , and Ziziphus jujuba (Win and Mya, 2015). In Pakistan, it was found that there are 5 species that that serve as both food sources and roosting trees: D. peregrine , F. glomerata , K. pinnata , M. indica , and S. jambolanum . Other commonly used roosting tree species included Aegle marmelos , Dendrocalamus hamiltonii , and various Ficus species (Gulraiz et al. 2015). In India, this species has been found roosting in eucalyptus, Dalbergia latifolia , and Tamarindus indica , (Dey et al. 2013). In Bangladesh, this species has been recorded from eucalyptus, bamboo, acacia (Albizia spp.), or Shorea robusta (Hahn et al. 2014). Many of the roosts in Bengal, India are known to be permanent roosts (Dey et al. 2013). Similarly, in Bangladesh, a majority of roosts were described as permanent year round, and roosts are often near large ponds (Hanh et al. 2014). Colonies usually have a permanent roost with one or two temporary roosts that individuals shift to depending on season and other unknown factors (S. Molur, Project PteroCount). A single young is born between April to early June (Bates and Harrison 1997). It travels long distances, up to 150 km to and from its roost, a night in search of fleshy berries.	This species is assumed to be locally threatened by habitat destruction and electrocution. The species is also hunted in parts of its range for meat and for medicine (Molur et al. 2007 pers. comm., C. Srinivasulu pers. comm., Neupane et al. 2016). New roosts have been observed, but the impact of roost disturbance and felling is not known, and the impact of hunting is also not understood. Surveys of local people at more than 30 roost sites indicate a steady decline in roosting populations (Venkatesan 2007, S. Molur pers. comm.). In parts of its range, some deforestation seems to help this species as it has occupied areas of the Western Ghats once the vegetation was disturbed (S. Molur and P. Molur pers. comm., Ryley 1916). Some mass mortality events related to heat waves have been recorded in parts of its range in India, with unusually high rates of death due to dehydration or hypothermia (Dey et al. 2015).	Common and widespread throughout its range (Molur et al. 2002). However, it has been noted to be in decline in various parts of its range, such as Nepal (Neupane et al. 2016), Myanmar (Oo 2018, pers. comm.), and some parts of India (Ali 2010).	Decreasing	This species is largely found in South Asia, but also occurs in adjacent Southeast Asia, there is an unconfirmed report of it from China. In South Asia it is widely distributed from Bangladesh (all divisions, but highest concentrations in Barisal, Dhaka, Mymensingh, Rajshahi, Rangpur, and Sylhet divisions) (Hahn et al. 2014), Bhutan (Chhukha and Samtse areas), India (Andhra Pradesh, Andaman Islands, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Goa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Nagaland, Orissa, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Uttaranchal, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal), Maldives (Addu Atoll, Ari, Haddunmatti, Mulaku and Nilandu South), Nepal (Central and Eastern Nepal), Pakistan (Sialkot, Lahore, Marla, Renala Khurd, Jacoababad, Shahpur, Islamabad, Said Pur (Punjab), and Karachi (Sindh)) to Sri Lanka (Central, Eastern, North Central, Sabaragamuwa, Southern, Uva and Western provinces) (Molur et al. 2002, Gulraiz et al. 2015). It has been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 2,000 m asl. In China, it has been recorded from Qinghai (Smith and Xie 2008). In Southeast Asia, it is present in western Myanmar with Cambodian records being apparently erroneous (Kock 2000).	The species is also hunted in parts of its range for meat and for medicine (Molur et al. 2007 pers. comm., C. Srinivasulu pers. comm.; Neupane et al . 2016).	Terrestrial	This is one of the most persecuted fruit bats in South Asia, and is listed as vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act. It has been recorded from a few protected areas in India like Point Calimere Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu, Palamau Tiger Reserve and Hazaribagh Wildlife Sanctuary in Jharkhand, Kawal Wildlife Sanctuary in Andhra Pradesh, Molem National Park in Goa, Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Chilka (Nalaban) Wildlife Sanctuary in Orissa and Indravati National Park in Chattisgarh. In Pakistan, this species is listed in the fourth schedule of the Punjab Wildlife (Protection, Preservation, Conservation, and Management) Act 1974, Section 2 (v), which means the species is given no legal protection and can be hunted (Mahmood-Ul-Hassan et al. 2010). In Sri Lanka, there is a large colony in Peradeniya Gardens that is largely undisturbed, and Srilankans are tolerant of this species (KryÅ¡tufek 2009). This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Population monitoring is needed to establish major threats and overall declines, if any (Molur et al. 2002).	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 																																																																		Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393																																																	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586																		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505		Pteropus giganteus; Pteropus medius; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus giganteus; giganteus; ariel; chinghaiensis; leucocephalus; edwardsi; kelaarti; medius; ruvicollis; leucocephalus - assamensis; giganteus (under medius - epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective P. vampyrus ); Indian Flying Fox;; P. vampyrus