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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1326	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus vampyrus		[MSW2] Includes intermedius; see Lekagul and McNeely (1977:77). Corbet and Hill (1980:37) listed intermedius as a distinct species without comment.; [MSW3] vampyrus species group. Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.; [HMW] Vespertilio vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 , “Asia.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “ Java ,” Indonesia . Pteropus vampyrus is in the vampyrus species group. Pleropus intermedius is considered conspecific but requires full taxonomic review. Six subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.; [MDD2022] includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); includes intermedius tentatively, although some populations previously attributed to intermedius may be best included under P. medius (previously giganteus); [batnames2023]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.; [MDD2023] includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. medius, but the species is tentatively recognized as distinct here until further research is done; [MDD2025_2.0] includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. medius, but the species is tentatively recognized as distinct here until further research is done; [batnames2025_1.7] vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.; [MDD2025_2.2] includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. medius, but the species is tentatively recognized as distinct here until further research is done				intermedius		celaeno, edulis, funereus, intermedius, javanicus, kopangi, lanensis, malaccensis, natunae, pluton, pteronotus, sumatrensis.	intermedius, malaccensis, natunae, lanensis, vampyrus, pluton, edulis	vampyrus, edulis, lanensis, natunae, pluton, sumatrensis	celaeno, caninus, javanicus, kalou, kelaarti, nudus, phaiops, pteronotus; edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis	vampyrus, edulis, lanensis, natunae, pluton, sumatrensis		vampyrus, edulis, lanensis, natunae, pluton, sumatrensis	vampyrus - celaeno, caninus, giganteus, javanicus, kalou, kelaarti, nudus, phaiops, pteronotus; edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis	vampyrus, giganteus, celaeno, nudus, malaccensis, edulis, kalou, javanicus, funereus, pluton , sumatrensis, kelaarti , lanensis, intermedius, natunae, kopangi		vampyrus, edulis, lanensis, natunae, pluton, sumatrensis	vampyrus - celaeno, caninus, giganteus, javanicus, kalou, kelaarti, nudus, phaiops, pteronotus; edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis	vampyrus, giganteus, celaeno, nudus, malaccensis, edulis, kalou, javanicus, funereus, pluton, sumatrensis, kelaarti, lanensis, natunae, kopangi 	vampyrus, giganteus, caninus, celaeno, edulis, kalou, javanicus, funereus, pluton, pluto, sumatrensis, pteronotus, lanensis, malaccensis, natunae, kopangi	edulis, lanensis, natunae, pluton, sumatrensis, vampyrus 	edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis; vampyrus - celaeno, caninus, giganteus, javanicus, kalou, kelaarti, nudus, phaiops, pteronotus	vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)|giganteus (Brünnich, 1782) [nomen novum]|vampirus (Kerr, 1792) [incorrect subsequent spelling]|caninus (Blumenbach, 1797) [nomen novum]|celaeno (Hermann, 1804)|edulis É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|kalou (É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810) [not intended as a scientific name]|javanicus A. G. Desmarest, 1821|funereus Temminck, 1837|pluton Temminck, 1853|pluto J. A. Wagner, 1855 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862 [nomen nudum]|pteronotus Dobson, 1878|lanensis Mearns, 1905|malaccensis Andersen, 1908|natunae Andersen, 1908|kopangi Kuroda, 1933		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Large flying fox	S Burma – Java, Philippines, Borneo, Timor	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus vampyrus	Indonesia, Java.	Linnaeus	1758	Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:31.	Distribution: Ranges from Indo China through the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo to the Philippines, Java, and the Les ser Sundas.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Large flying fox	S Burma – Java, Philippines, Borneo, Timor	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Linnaeus	1758	Syst. Nat., 10th ed., 1:31.	Includes intermedius; see Lekagul and McNeely (1977:77). Corbet and Hill (1980:37) listed intermedius as a distinct species without comment.	Indochina, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isis, adjacent small islands.	Indonesia, Java.		LINNAEUS	1758	Ventral hair nearly the same color as dor sal hair. Large to very large (forearm length, 179-220 mm).	Distribution: Ranges from Indo China through the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, and Borneo to the Philippines, Java, and the Les ser Sundas.	Seven subspecies are currently rec ognized:	P. v. intermedius (extreme southern Burma and adjacent Thailand), P. v. malaccensis (Indo China, Thailand, Malaya, Sumatra, and adjacent small islands), P. v. natunae (Borneo and adjacent small islands), P. v. lanensis (Philip pines), P. v. vampyrus (Java), P. v. pluton (Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa), P. c. edulis (Savu, Timor).	26	species	P. vampyrus	LINNAEUS	1758	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus vampyrus				Ventral hair nearly the same color as dor sal hair. Large to very large (forearm length, 179-220 mm).	Seven subspecies are currently rec ognized:		46. P. vampyrus LINNAEUS 1758 [vampyrus group].	46	_P. v. edulis_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 (synonyms: _funereus_ Temminck, 1837); _P. v. lanensis_ Mearns, 1905; _P. v. malaccensis_ Andersen, 1908 (synonyms: _sumatrensis_ Ludeking, 1862); _P. v. natunae_ Andersen, 1908; _P. v. pluton_ Temminck, 1853 (synonyms: _kopangi_ Kuroda, 1933); _P. v. vampyrus_ (Linnaeus, 1758) (synonyms: _caninus_ (Blumenbach, 1797), _celaeno_ (Hermann, 1804), _giganteus_ (Brünnich, 1782), _javanicus_ Desmarest, 1821, _kalou_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810, _phaiops_ Temminck, 1825, _pteronotus_ Dobson, 1878)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus		vampyrus	Linnaeus	y	1758		Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1		31		Large Flying Fox	Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).	Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	celaeno Hermann, 1804; caninus Blumenbach, 1797; javanicus Desmarest, 1820; kalou E. Geoffroy, 1810; kelaarti Gray, 1870 [skull, not skin]; nudus Hermann, 1804; phaiops Gray, 1870 [not Temminck, 1825]; pteronotus Dobson, 1878; edulis E. Geoffroy, 1810; funereus Temminck, 1837; lanensis Mearns, 1905; natunae K. Andersen, 1908; pluton Temminck, 1853; kopangi Kuroda, 1933; sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862; malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908.	vampyrus species group. Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.	03AD87FAFF9FF6768C71319BFAFBFEC4	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	158	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFA0F64F8CB73E59F67DFE30.xml	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	Roussette de Malaisie @fr | Kalong-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de cuello rojizo @es | Andersen's Flying Fox (intermedius) @en	Vespertilio vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 , “Asia.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “ Java ,” Indonesia . Pteropus vampyrus is in the vampyrus species group. Pleropus intermedius is considered conspecific but requires full taxonomic review. Six subspecies recognized.	P. v. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 — Java . P.v. edulis E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — Lesser Sunda Is (Timor). P. v. lanensis Mearns, 1905 — Philippines . P.v. natunae K. Andersen, 1908 — Borneo and Natuna Is. P. v. pluton Temminck, 1853 — W Lesser Sunda Is. P. v. sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862 — S mainland SE Asia and Malay Peninsula, Sumatra , Lingga Archipelago, Bangka, and S Mentawai Is (Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai). Chinese record from Shaanxi Province likely alien.	Head-body 225-290 mm (tailless), ear 35-45 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 175-230 mm ; weight 0.7-1.4 kg. Greatest lengths of skulls are 78- 90 mm and tibias 84-105 mm . Forearm lengths and body mass varies among subspecies and geographical regions: smallest subspecies is natunae (forearm 180-196 mm ) and largest is pluton ( 200-230 mm ). There are minor variations in color of subspecies. The Large Flying Fox generally has dark brown to blackish body, with distinct mantle varying from tawny brown, reddish brown, and orange yellow to blond. Head can be reddish brown to brown to blackish. Dorsal side of body is generally dark brown to blackish, with some flecks of gray. Males are generally larger than females. Ears are long, with pointed tips. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish, with mildly rounded tips and fur only near body. Baculum is similar to that in other pteropodids, saddle-shaped in lateral view but without an apical prominence. Proximal prongs on baculum are separated instead of fused as in other pteropodids. Baculum is large (4-5-8- 2 mm long). Skull is typical pteropine and generally large and robust, with large orbits and wide zygomatic arches. Upper incisors are separated from one another, and I' is slightly larger than I°. C! is long and pointed, with distinct cingulum but no secondary cusp, grooved labially and with smaller groove lingually. C, is smaller and lack grooves. Premolars and molars are broad and short, with no prominent cusps. P' is very small and lost in adults.	Primary and secondary forests, mangrove forests, and swamps in coastal areas and on offshore islands from sea level and generally below elevations of ¢. 500 m (but up to 1370 m ). In the Philippines , Indonesia , and Malaysia , the Large Flying Fox prefers to roost in areas with relatively pristine mangroves. It can be found in some mixed landscapes of natural, modified, and intensely farmed plots. In highly modified landscapes, it can be found in relatively undisturbed areas, such as a temple forests, botanical gardens, atop steep cliffs, or at other culturally significant sites such as burial grounds. In the Philippines , it prefers natural forest to human-modified habitats. It roosts in a variety of trees, often in riparian zones; trees become defoliated, suggesting high roost fidelity.	The Large Flying Fox has a broad diet that includes fruits, flowers, leaves (rarely), pollen, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various species of Ficus ( Moraceae ) are the most significant parts of diets throughoutits distribution. It eats pollen, nectar, and flowers of coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ), petai ( Parkia speciosa and P. javanica, Fabaceae ), and durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ). It defends flower resources from conspecifics and feeds on flowers of Parkia , Erythrina ( Fabaceae ), Octomeles ( Tetramelaceae ), Pterocymbium ( Malvaceae ), and Syzygium ( Myrtaceae ). It has been recorded more frequently in orchards during fruiting in recent decades.	Female Large Flying Foxes typically give birth synchronously to one young/ year. Mating and courtship occur in November in Cambodia and May in Indonesia . Birthing peaks vary geographically: March-April ( Thailand and presumably Malaysia ), April ( Cambodia ), and April-June ( Philippines ). Births usually coincide with fruiting peaks. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), births peak in May-June. Young are carried by their mothers for the first few days after birth and then are left at roosts while mothers forage. Young nurse for 2-3 months.	The Large Flying Fox is nocturnal. It leaves the roost around dusk (typically ¢.18:30-19:30 h) in a scattered stream high above the canopy (above 100 m ) for nightly foraging. At foraging sites, the colony may form smaller feeding groups (fewer than 50 individuals). In Malaysia , two feeding periods have been recorded (19:30-21:30 h and 22:30-23:30 h), with individuals resting in trees between feeding periods. Individuals return to roosts around dawn, exhibiting territorial vocalizations and fighting that promotes some level of spacing among individuals. During the day, individuals rest and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Some individuals take short flights around the roost during the day.	The Large Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall trees. It is tolerant of some habitat disturbance but prefers undisturbed habitat. Currently, the largest known colony is in Subic Bay on Luzon, Philippines (c.20,000 individuals). It might roost with otherflying foxes in large colonies (up to 52,000 individuals). In Malaysia , severe declines in abundance have been recorded, and no roosts are known to have more than 1500 individuals. Foraging range of up to 50 km /night occurs in some parts of its distribution, but in others, they can be as short as 0-4- 12 km . Home range with 90% occupancy of the Large Flying Fox can be as large as 128,000 km * (i.e. almost 13 million ha) on the Malay Peninsula. Inter-island movement likely occurs at higher altitudes. It switches roosts according to food availability. In Sarawak , it has a continuous movement phase (roost sites appear to move daily) and a restricted movement phase (roost sites confined to narrow area).	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Large Flying Fox has experienced significant declines throughout its distribution due to overhunting and ongoing degradation of habitat. Nevertheless, rate of decline is less than 30%, but additional decline will likely qualify it as Vulnerable. Previously, the Large Flying Fox occurred in many large colonies throughout its distribution; colonies are now much rarer due to overhunting and habitat loss. Hunted individuals are normally sold only at a local level, making detection of illegal take difficult. Resident populations occur in urban parks or forests where they receive informal protection. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except for use by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even now.	Andersen (1912b) | Bates, Francis, Gumal, Bumrungsri, Walston et al. (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Corlett (1992) | Epstein et al. (2009) | Gumal (2004) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Kunz & Jones (2000) | Mildenstein et al. (2005) | Mohd-Azlan et al. (2001) | Patagwang et al. (2014) | Ravon et al. (2014) | Simmons (2005) | Stier & Mildenstein (2005) | Tsang et al. (2018) | Yap (2016) | Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010)		182. Large Flying Fox Pteropus vampyrus French: Roussette de Malaisie / German: Kalong-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de cuello rojizo Other common names: Andersen's Flying Fox (intermedius) Taxonomy. Vespertilio vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 , “Asia.” Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to “ Java ,” Indonesia . Pteropus vampyrus is in the vampyrus species group. Pleropus intermedius is considered conspecific but requires full taxonomic review. Six subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P. v. vampyrus Linnaeus, 1758 — Java . P.v. edulis E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810 — Lesser Sunda Is (Timor). P. v. lanensis Mearns, 1905 — Philippines . P.v. natunae K. Andersen, 1908 — Borneo and Natuna Is. P. v. pluton Temminck, 1853 — W Lesser Sunda Is. P. v. sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862 — S mainland SE Asia and Malay Peninsula, Sumatra , Lingga Archipelago, Bangka, and S Mentawai Is (Sipora, North Pagai, and South Pagai). Chinese record from Shaanxi Province likely alien. Descriptive notes. Head-body 225-290 mm (tailless), ear 35-45 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 175-230 mm ; weight 0.7-1.4 kg. Greatest lengths of skulls are 78- 90 mm and tibias 84-105 mm . Forearm lengths and body mass varies among subspecies and geographical regions: smallest subspecies is natunae (forearm 180-196 mm ) and largest is pluton ( 200-230 mm ). There are minor variations in color of subspecies. The Large Flying Fox generally has dark brown to blackish body, with distinct mantle varying from tawny brown, reddish brown, and orange yellow to blond. Head can be reddish brown to brown to blackish. Dorsal side of body is generally dark brown to blackish, with some flecks of gray. Males are generally larger than females. Ears are long, with pointed tips. Wing membranes are dark brown to blackish, with mildly rounded tips and fur only near body. Baculum is similar to that in other pteropodids, saddle-shaped in lateral view but without an apical prominence. Proximal prongs on baculum are separated instead of fused as in other pteropodids. Baculum is large (4-5-8- 2 mm long). Skull is typical pteropine and generally large and robust, with large orbits and wide zygomatic arches. Upper incisors are separated from one another, and I' is slightly larger than I°. C! is long and pointed, with distinct cingulum but no secondary cusp, grooved labially and with smaller groove lingually. C, is smaller and lack grooves. Premolars and molars are broad and short, with no prominent cusps. P' is very small and lost in adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n=38 and EN = 72, Habitat. Primary and secondary forests, mangrove forests, and swamps in coastal areas and on offshore islands from sea level and generally below elevations of ¢. 500 m (but up to 1370 m ). In the Philippines , Indonesia , and Malaysia , the Large Flying Fox prefers to roost in areas with relatively pristine mangroves. It can be found in some mixed landscapes of natural, modified, and intensely farmed plots. In highly modified landscapes, it can be found in relatively undisturbed areas, such as a temple forests, botanical gardens, atop steep cliffs, or at other culturally significant sites such as burial grounds. In the Philippines , it prefers natural forest to human-modified habitats. It roosts in a variety of trees, often in riparian zones; trees become defoliated, suggesting high roost fidelity. Food and Feeding. The Large Flying Fox has a broad diet that includes fruits, flowers, leaves (rarely), pollen, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various species of Ficus ( Moraceae ) are the most significant parts of diets throughoutits distribution. It eats pollen, nectar, and flowers of coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ), petai ( Parkia speciosa and P. javanica, Fabaceae ), and durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ). It defends flower resources from conspecifics and feeds on flowers of Parkia , Erythrina ( Fabaceae ), Octomeles ( Tetramelaceae ), Pterocymbium ( Malvaceae ), and Syzygium ( Myrtaceae ). It has been recorded more frequently in orchards during fruiting in recent decades. Breeding. Female Large Flying Foxes typically give birth synchronously to one young/ year. Mating and courtship occur in November in Cambodia and May in Indonesia . Birthing peaks vary geographically: March-April ( Thailand and presumably Malaysia ), April ( Cambodia ), and April-June ( Philippines ). Births usually coincide with fruiting peaks. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), births peak in May-June. Young are carried by their mothers for the first few days after birth and then are left at roosts while mothers forage. Young nurse for 2-3 months. Activity patterns. The Large Flying Fox is nocturnal. It leaves the roost around dusk (typically ¢.18:30-19:30 h) in a scattered stream high above the canopy (above 100 m ) for nightly foraging. At foraging sites, the colony may form smaller feeding groups (fewer than 50 individuals). In Malaysia , two feeding periods have been recorded (19:30-21:30 h and 22:30-23:30 h), with individuals resting in trees between feeding periods. Individuals return to roosts around dawn, exhibiting territorial vocalizations and fighting that promotes some level of spacing among individuals. During the day, individuals rest and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Some individuals take short flights around the roost during the day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Large Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall trees. It is tolerant of some habitat disturbance but prefers undisturbed habitat. Currently, the largest known colony is in Subic Bay on Luzon, Philippines (c.20,000 individuals). It might roost with otherflying foxes in large colonies (up to 52,000 individuals). In Malaysia , severe declines in abundance have been recorded, and no roosts are known to have more than 1500 individuals. Foraging range of up to 50 km /night occurs in some parts of its distribution, but in others, they can be as short as 0-4- 12 km . Home range with 90% occupancy of the Large Flying Fox can be as large as 128,000 km * (i.e. almost 13 million ha) on the Malay Peninsula. Inter-island movement likely occurs at higher altitudes. It switches roosts according to food availability. In Sarawak , it has a continuous movement phase (roost sites appear to move daily) and a restricted movement phase (roost sites confined to narrow area). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Large Flying Fox has experienced significant declines throughout its distribution due to overhunting and ongoing degradation of habitat. Nevertheless, rate of decline is less than 30%, but additional decline will likely qualify it as Vulnerable. Previously, the Large Flying Fox occurred in many large colonies throughout its distribution; colonies are now much rarer due to overhunting and habitat loss. Hunted individuals are normally sold only at a local level, making detection of illegal take difficult. Resident populations occur in urban parks or forests where they receive informal protection. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except for use by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even now. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Bates, Francis, Gumal, Bumrungsri, Walston et al. (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Corlett (1992), Epstein et al. (2009), Gumal (2004), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Kunz & Jones (2000), Mildenstein et al. (2005), Mohd-Azlan et al. (2001), Patagwang et al. (2014), Ravon et al. (2014), Simmons (2005), Stier & Mildenstein (2005), Tsang et al. (2018), Yap (2016), Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus vampyrus	Pteropus		vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Large Flying Fox	 celaeno Hermann, 1804; caninus Blumenbach, 1797; giganteus Brunnich, 1782;  javanicus Desmarest, 1820; kalou E. Geoffroy, 1810; kelaarti Gray, 1870 [skull, not skin]; nudus Hermann, 1804; phaiops  Gray, 1870 [not Temminck, 1825]; pteronotus Dobson, 1878;  <b>edulis</b> E. Geoffroy, 1810; funereus Temminck, 1837;  <b>lanensis</b> Mearns, 1905; <b>natunae</b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> pluton </b> Temminck, 1853; kopangi Kuroda, 1933;  <b>sumatrensis</b> Ludeking, 1862; malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).	Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus vampyrus	23	Large Flying Fox	Andersen's Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	1						"Asia." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Java," Indonesia.			vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)|giganteus (Brünnich, 1782)|celaeno (Hermann, 1804)|nudus (Hermann, 1804)|malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908|edulis É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|kalou É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|javanicus Desmarest, 1820|funereus Temminck, 1837|pluton Temminck, 1853|sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862|kelaarti J. E. Gray, 1870|lanensis Mearns, 1905|intermedius K. Andersen, 1908|natunae K. Andersen, 1908|kopangi Kuroda, 1933	includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); includes intermedius tentatively, although some populations previously attributed to intermedius may be best included under P. medius (previously giganteus)	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.	China?|Myanmar|Cambodia|Vietnam|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18766	Pteropus vampyrus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	vampyrus	(Linnaeus, 1758)		9000000	Pteropus vampyrus	Near Threatened		2008	2008-06-30 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline (but at a rate of probably less than 30% over ten years or three generations) because it is being over-harvested for food over much of its range, and because of ongoing degradation of its primary forest habitat, making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under criterion A.	This tree roosting species is tolerant to some habitat disturbance; it occurs in primary, and secondary forest and uses adjacent agricultural areas for feeding (Rabor 1955; Rabor 1986; Rickart et al. 1993; Sanborn 1953). A study of the species habitat in the Subic Bay area, Luzon, indicated that the species preferred natural forest to disturbed or agricultural areas (T. Mildenstein pers. comm. 2006).	In the Philippines, while hunting for food has resulted in population declines in some areas, the species appears to be able to change roosting locations in order to avoid heavy hunting pressure (Garcia pers. comm. 2006). In Thailand, hunting is considered to be the major threat to this species (S. Bumgrunsri pers. comm. 2006), and it seems possible that hunting is also a major threat in other parts of the species range. In addition to overhunting, the species is generally threatened by the loss of lowland forest throughout much of its range, however, it somewhat adaptable to secondary or modified habitats, providing suitable roosting sites are available.	In the Philippines, this species formerly occurred in many large colonies, but these are now greatly reduced in size and number (Heideman and Heaney 1989; Mickleburgh et al. 1992; Mudar and Allen 1986; Rickart et al. 1993). The largest colony identified as this species found in Subic Bay (Luzon) contained almost 20,000 individuals (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006). It is a moderately common species on Palawan Island in spite of continuing hunting pressure (Esselstyn et al. 2004). On Mindoro, it has been found in Sablayan municipality (Occidental Mindoro province) in mixed colonies of up to 52,000 individuals (Garcia pers. comm. 2006). In Thailand, the species has not been recorded from some localities for over 100 years. The largest colonies in Thailand now consist of 3,000 individuals (S. Bumgrunsri pers. comm. 2006). In Sabah (Malaysia) populations have probably undergone a serious decline (C. Francis pers. comm. 2006).	Decreasing	This species generally ranges through much of continental and insular Southeast Asia. On the mainland, it has been reported from southern Myanmar, southern Viet Nam (possibly southern Cambodia), through much of Peninsular Malaysia to Singapore. The species is found over much of Indonesia, being recorded from the islands of Sumatra, Bangka, the Mentawi Islands (Sipura, North Pagai and South Pagai), the Krakatau Islands, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Sumba, Savu, the Anamba Islands, the Natuna Islands (Bunguran Besar) and Siantan. It is present on the island of Timor (East Timor and Indonesia), and on Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia and Malaysia). The species is present throughout the Philippines, except for the Batanes/Babuyan region. There are records from the Philippines islands of Bohol, Bongao, Boracay, Cabo, Catanduanes, Culion, Leyte, Guimaras, Luzon (Abra, Cagayan, Ilocos Norte, Isabela, La Union, Quezon [Paguntalan pers. comm. 2006], Tarlac provinces), Marinduque, Mindanao (Agusan del Norte, Bukidnon, Cotabato, Davao del Norte, Davao del Sur, Davao Oriental, Lanao del Norte, Lanao del Sur, Maguindanao, Misamis Occidental, Misamis Oriental, North Cotabato, South Cotabato, Zamboanga del Norte, and Zamboanga del Sur provinces and Bongo Island), Mindoro, Negros, Palawan, Panay, Polillo (Alviola 2000), Tantangan, Dinagat (Gunther 1879) and Romblon (Timm and Birney 1980). In the Philippines it has been recorded from sea level to around 1,250 m asl. Outside of Southeast Asia, there is a report from Shaanxi in China (Smith and Xie 2008), and the species has been reported to be present in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. However, as there are no voucher based records of this species from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, and its presence within India is doubtful and it is not mapped here (C. Srinivasulu and Sanjay Molur pers. comm. 9 September 2007).		Terrestrial	<p>This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. In view of the species wide range, it seems probable that it is present in many protected areas. There is a need to protect important roosting sites for this species, and to regulate any hunting pressure so that populations are sustainably harvested. Regular field surveys and monitoring of known populations should be undertaken. Further studies are needed to clarify the taxonomic status of populations currently allocated to this species, as Pteropus vampyrus might represent a species complex.</p>	Australasian|Indomalayan|Palearctic		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Large Flying Fox	 celaeno Hermann, 1804; caninus Blumenbach, 1797; giganteus Brunnich, 1782;  javanicus Desmarest, 1820; kalou E. Geoffroy, 1810; kelaarti Gray, 1870 [skull, not skin]; nudus Hermann, 1804; phaiops  Gray, 1870 [not Temminck, 1825]; pteronotus Dobson, 1878;  <b>edulis</b> E. Geoffroy, 1810; funereus Temminck, 1837;  <b>lanensis</b> Mearns, 1905; <b>natunae</b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> pluton </b> Temminck, 1853; kopangi Kuroda, 1933;  <b>sumatrensis</b> Ludeking, 1862; malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).	Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.	Pteropus vampyrus	1004507	23	Large Flying Fox	Andersen's Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	1						"Asia." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Java," Indonesia.			vampyrus (Linnaeus, 1758)|giganteus (Brünnich, 1782)|celaeno (Hermann, 1804)|nudus (Hermann, 1804)|malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908|edulis É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|kalou É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|javanicus Desmarest, 1820|funereus Temminck, 1837|pluton Temminck, 1853|sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862|kelaarti J. E. Gray, 1870|lanensis Mearns, 1905|natunae K. Andersen, 1908|kopangi Kuroda, 1933	includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. medius, but the species is tentatively recognized as distinct here until further research is done	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.				China?|Myanmar|Cambodia|Vietnam|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_vampyrus	1004507	23	Large Flying Fox	Andersen's Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	vampyrus	Linnaeus	1	Vespertilio Vampyrus	Linnaeus, C. 1758-01-01. Systema naturæ per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentii Salvii, Stockholm, 823 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25033823	BMNH:Mamm:1867.4.12.325	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/0fc426b8-916f-4642-94ed-210c345f8e39	"Asia." Restricted by K. Andersen in 1912 to "Java," Indonesia.			includes the name giganteus (that species is now known as P. medius); P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. medius, but the species is tentatively recognized as distinct here until further research is done	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.				China?|Myanmar|Cambodia|Vietnam|Thailand|Malaysia|Singapore|Indonesia|Brunei|Philippines|East Timor	Asia	Indomalaya|Australasia	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_vampyrus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		vampyrus	Linnaeus	1758	1	Syst. Nat., 10th ed.	1:31	Large Flying Fox	celaeno Hermann, 1804; caninus Blumenbach, 1797; giganteus Brunnich, 1782;  javanicus Desmarest, 1820; kalou E. Geoffroy, 1810; kelaarti Gray, 1870 [skull, not skin]; nudus Hermann, 1804; phaiops  Gray, 1870 [not Temminck, 1825]; pteronotus Dobson, 1878;  edulis E. Geoffroy, 1810; funereus Temminck, 1837;  lanensis Mearns, 1905; natunae K. Andersen, 1908; pluton Temminck, 1853; kopangi Kuroda, 1933;  sumatrensis Ludeking, 1862; malaccensis K. Andersen, 1908.	Indonesia, Java (designated by K. Andersen, 1912).	Vietnam, Burma, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Philippines, Sumatra, Java, and Lesser Sunda Isls, adjacent small islands including Anak Krakatau. Reports of this species from Cambodia cannot be verified (Kock, 2000).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18766/22088824/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include intermedius; see Corbet and Hill (1992). For discussion of synonymy of giganteus see Mlikovsky (2012). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997). See Kunz and Jones (2000). Subspecies are poorly defined.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; Pteropus vampyrus; vampyrus ; edulis ; lanensis ; natunae ; pluton ; sumatrensis; celaeno; caninus; javanicus; kalou; kelaarti; nudus; phaiops; pteronotus; edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis; vampyrus; edulis; lanensis; natunae; pluton; sumatrensis; edulis; lanensis; natunae; pluton; sumatrensis; celaeno; caninus; giganteus; javanicus; kalou; kelaarti; nudus; phaiops; pteronotus; edulis - funereus; pluton - kopangi; sumatrensis - malaccensis; vampyrus; giganteus; celaeno; nudus; malaccensis; edulis; kalou; javanicus; funereus; pluton; sumatrensis; kelaarti; lanensis; intermedius; natunae; kopangi; Roussette de Malaisie; Kalong-Flughund; Zorro volador de cuello rojizo; Andersen's Flying Fox (intermedius); Large Flying Fox; Andersen's Flying Fox; Large Flying Fox; Large Flying Fox; P. vampyrus; P. vampyrus