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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1323	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus tonganus		[MSW2] Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931:14) and Felten and Kock (1972:180-181).; [MSW3] mariannus species group. Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Isl population (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that this species has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).; [HMW] Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville, 1830 , Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga . Pteropus tonganus is in the griseus species group. Formerly, geddiei and basiliscus were considered valid species or related to P. conspicillatus . Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).; [IUCN] Flannery (1995) suggests that the taxonomic status of Pteropus tonganus basilicus from Karkar Island should be reviewed.; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).; [batnames2025_1.7] griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).				vanikorensis, geddiei		basiliscus, flavicollis, geddiei, heffernani.	basiliscus, geddiei, tonganus	tonganus , basiliscus , geddiei ,	flavicollis; geddiei - heffernani	tonganus, basiliscus, geddiei		tonganus, basiliscus, geddiei	tonganus - flavicollis; geddiei - heffernani 	tonganus, geddiei, flavicollis, basiliscus, heffernani	Flannery (1995) suggests that the taxonomic status of Pteropus tonganus basilicus from Karkar Island should be reviewed.	tonganus, basiliscus, geddiei	tonganus - flavicollis; geddiei - heffernani 	tonganus, geddiei, flavicollis, basiliscus, heffernani 	tonganus, geddiei, flavicollis, basiliscus, heffernani, basilicus	basiliscus, geddiei, tonganus 	geddiei - heffernani; tonganus - flavicollis	tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830|geddiei MacGillivray, 1860|flavicollis J. E. Gray, 1871|basiliscus O. Thomas, 1915|heffernani Troughton, 1930|basilicus Laurie & J. Edwards Hill, 1954 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Insular flying fox	Karkar I (NE New Guinea) – Samoa, ? Cook Is; ref. 4.19, 20, 24, 28	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus tonganus	Tonga Isis., Tongatapu Isl.	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	In d'Urville, Voy. "Astrolabe", Zool., 1:74.	Distribution: Ranging from Karkar island (off the northeast coast of New Guinea) and the eastern Solomons through the Santa Cruz islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia and the Loyalties, Fijis, Tongas, and Samoa to the Cooks.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Insular flying fox Guinea) – Samoa,	Karkar I (NE New Cook Is; I	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool., l(L'Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux):74.	Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931:14) and Felten and Kock (1972:180-181).	Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isis), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isis.	Tonga Isis, Tongatapu Isl.		QUOY & GAIMARD	1830	Tending to be larger than P. mariannus (forearm length, 133-176 mm; total length of skull, 63-75 mm) with a greater orbital diameter (12.5-13. 8 vs. 11.0-11. 8 mm).	Distribution: Ranging from Karkar island (off the northeast coast of New Guinea) and the eastern Solomons through the Santa Cruz islands, New Hebrides, New Caledonia and the Loyalties, Fijis, Tongas, and Samoa to the Cooks.	There are three cur rently recognized subspecies:	P. t. basiliscus (Karkar), P. t. geddiei (= hejfernani) (Rennell in the Solomons, Santa Cruz, New Hebrides, Loyalties, New Caledonia), P. t. tonganus (Fijis, Tongas, Samoa, Niue, Cooks).	22	species	P. tonganus	QUOY & GAIMARD	1830	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus tonganus				Tending to be larger than P. mariannus (forearm length, 133-176 mm; total length of skull, 63-75 mm) with a greater orbital diameter (12.5-13. 8 vs. 11.0-11. 8 mm).	There are three cur rently recognized subspecies:		15. P. tonganus QUOY & GAIMARD 1830 [mariannus group].	15	_P. t. basiliscus_ Thomas, 1915; _P. t. geddiei_ MacGillivray, 1860 (synonyms: _heffernani_ Troughton, 1930); _P. t. tonganus_ Quoy & Gaimard, 1830 (synonyms: _flavicollis_ Gray, 1871)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus		tonganus	Quoy and Gaimard		1830		In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L'Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux)		74		Pacific Flying Fox	Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.	Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isls.	CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	flavicollis Gray, 1870; basiliscus Thomas, 1915; geddiei MacGillivray, 1860; heffernani Troughton, 1930.	mariannus species group. Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Isl population (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that this species has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), and Bergmans (2001).	03AD87FAFF99F67789653C8CFA18FC33	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	146	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9CF6738CAE319CFEBEFDBA.xml	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	tonganus	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	Roussette du Pacifique @fr | Tonga-Flughund @de | Zorro volador del Pacifico @es | Other common names @en | nsular Flying Fox @en | Tongan Flying Fox @en	Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville, 1830 , Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga . Pteropus tonganus is in the griseus species group. Formerly, geddiei and basiliscus were considered valid species or related to P. conspicillatus . Three subspecies recognized.	P.t.tonganusQuoy&Gaimard,1830—Fiji,WallisandFutunaIs,Samoa,AmericanSa-moa,Tonga,NiueI,andCookIs(MangaiaandRarotonga). P.t.basiliscusThomas,1915—KoilandKarkarIs,offNEcoastofNewGuinea. P. t. geddiei MacGillivray, 1860 -- Solomon Is (Malaita, Rennell, and Makira), Santa Cruz Is, Vanuatu , New Caledonia , and Loyalty Is.	Head-body 145-270 mm (tailless), ear 20-31 mm , hindfoot 39- 61 mm , forearm 114-175- 4 mm ; weight 420-550 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 56-4-74- 6 mm . Subspecies geddiei is the largest and basiliscus the smallest. Neck and shoulders have brown-yellow mantle. Throat has 1-2 ocher to reddish brown spots. Short fur on rest of body is blackish to seal-brown. Wing attachments are separated on back by narrow, dense, hairy strip ( 25-30 mm ). Claws are dark brown, with light tips. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Skull has long and conical, tapering muzzle, with marked postorbital constriction and long postorbital processes. Braincase is oval, and occiput is elongated backward. Canines are broad, and P' is very small. Molars have cusps with high crests.	Tropical moist forests in montane and lowland regions and mangroves at sea level.	Diets of Pacific Flying Foxes contain nectar, pollen, flowers, and fruit from at least 18 plant genera. Introduced fruits in plantations are often eaten.	Pacific Flying Foxes usually gives birth to one young after gestation of ¢.6 months; twins occasionally occur. Breeding season varies depending on region and subspecies. On Vanuatu and Cook islands , young are born in August until beginning of September. Breeding seasonis at least March—June on Niue . In Samoa , births probably take place year-round. Offspring start to fly at c.3 months old and become sexually mature after two years. Postpartum estrus is assumed, given mating of nursing females.	The Pacific Flying Fox is nocturnal. It becomes active c.1 hour before sunset, moving repeatedly between trees with shortflights. After disturbance (e.g. storms and especially cyclones), it will search for food during the day. Coconut palms and deciduoustrees are preferred roosting sites during day and night.	The Pacific Flying Fox roosts alone, in pairs, or in groups of up to ¢.100 individuals at heights of 10-35 m . During periods of low fruit availability, nominate tonganus defends spaces of 1-5- 2 m against conspecifics by pursuing, fighting, and vocalizing. Fruit is often transported to feeding roosts.	CITES Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Pacific Flying Fox has a large distribution and relatively large overall population. Nevertheless, nominate tonganusis threatened by hunting and habitat destruction in many areas. Tropical storms, often followed by an increase in hunting, are also threats to small populations. International trade has been banned since 1989, leading to decreased hunting pressure in Polynesia and Micronesia , but it is still offered in restaurants on Vanuatu . Laws protect the Pacific Flying Fox in Fiji and American Samoa .	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans (2001) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Brooke & Tschapka (2002) | Felten (1964b, 1964c) | Felten & Kock (1972) | Flannery (1995a) | Hamilton & Helgen (2008) | Koopman (1979) | MacGillivray (1860) | Mickleburgh et al. (1992) | Miller & Wilson (1997) | Revilliod (1914) | Sanborn (1931) | Sanborn & Nicholson (1950) | Scanlon et al. (2014) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b) | Tsang (2015) | Wodzicki & Felten (1981)		157. Pacific Flying Fox Pteropus tonganus French: Roussette du Pacifique / German: Tonga-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador del Pacifico Other common names: Insular Flying Fox , Tongan Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus tonganus Quoy & Gaimard in Dumont d’Urville, 1830 , Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga . Pteropus tonganus is in the griseus species group. Formerly, geddiei and basiliscus were considered valid species or related to P. conspicillatus . Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.t.tonganusQuoy&Gaimard,1830—Fiji,WallisandFutunaIs,Samoa,AmericanSa-moa,Tonga,NiueI,andCookIs(MangaiaandRarotonga). P.t.basiliscusThomas,1915—KoilandKarkarIs,offNEcoastofNewGuinea. P. t. geddiei MacGillivray, 1860 -- Solomon Is (Malaita, Rennell, and Makira), Santa Cruz Is, Vanuatu , New Caledonia , and Loyalty Is. Descriptive notes. Head-body 145-270 mm (tailless), ear 20-31 mm , hindfoot 39- 61 mm , forearm 114-175- 4 mm ; weight 420-550 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 56-4-74- 6 mm . Subspecies geddiei is the largest and basiliscus the smallest. Neck and shoulders have brown-yellow mantle. Throat has 1-2 ocher to reddish brown spots. Short fur on rest of body is blackish to seal-brown. Wing attachments are separated on back by narrow, dense, hairy strip ( 25-30 mm ). Claws are dark brown, with light tips. Uropatagium is reduced to narrow membrane along inside of lower limbs. Skull has long and conical, tapering muzzle, with marked postorbital constriction and long postorbital processes. Braincase is oval, and occiput is elongated backward. Canines are broad, and P' is very small. Molars have cusps with high crests. Habitat. Tropical moist forests in montane and lowland regions and mangroves at sea level. Food and Feeding. Diets of Pacific Flying Foxes contain nectar, pollen, flowers, and fruit from at least 18 plant genera. Introduced fruits in plantations are often eaten. Breeding. Pacific Flying Foxes usually gives birth to one young after gestation of ¢.6 months; twins occasionally occur. Breeding season varies depending on region and subspecies. On Vanuatu and Cook islands , young are born in August until beginning of September. Breeding seasonis at least March—June on Niue . In Samoa , births probably take place year-round. Offspring start to fly at c.3 months old and become sexually mature after two years. Postpartum estrus is assumed, given mating of nursing females. Activity patterns. The Pacific Flying Fox is nocturnal. It becomes active c.1 hour before sunset, moving repeatedly between trees with shortflights. After disturbance (e.g. storms and especially cyclones), it will search for food during the day. Coconut palms and deciduoustrees are preferred roosting sites during day and night. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Pacific Flying Fox roosts alone, in pairs, or in groups of up to ¢.100 individuals at heights of 10-35 m . During periods of low fruit availability, nominate tonganus defends spaces of 1-5- 2 m against conspecifics by pursuing, fighting, and vocalizing. Fruit is often transported to feeding roosts. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Pacific Flying Fox has a large distribution and relatively large overall population. Nevertheless, nominate tonganusis threatened by hunting and habitat destruction in many areas. Tropical storms, often followed by an increase in hunting, are also threats to small populations. International trade has been banned since 1989, leading to decreased hunting pressure in Polynesia and Micronesia , but it is still offered in restaurants on Vanuatu . Laws protect the Pacific Flying Fox in Fiji and American Samoa . Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (2001), Bonaccorso (1998), Brooke & Tschapka (2002), Felten (1964b, 1964c), Felten & Kock (1972), Flannery (1995a), Hamilton & Helgen (2008), Koopman (1979), MacGillivray (1860), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Miller & Wilson (1997), Revilliod (1914), Sanborn (1931), Sanborn & Nicholson (1950), Scanlon et al. (2014), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b), Tsang (2015), Wodzicki & Felten (1981).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus tonganus	Pteropus		tonganus	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	0	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux): 74	Pacific Flying Fox	 flavicollis Gray, 1870; <b> basiliscus </b> Thomas, 1915; <b> geddiei </b> MacGillivray, 1860; heffernani Troughton, 1930.	Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.	Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isls. Bones from an archaeological site on Rurutu on the Austral Islands represent a possible human introduction (Weisler et al, 2006).	Appendix I	Least Concern	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus tonganus	23	Pacific Flying Fox	Insular Flying Fox|Tongan Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	tonganus	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	0	Pteropus_tonganus	Quoy, J. R., & Gaimard, J. P. (1830). Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829.,.Zoologie, Tome Premier. J. Tastu, Paris, 74.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18512#page/132/mode/1up	MNHN 1996-2121		Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga.			tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830|geddiei MacGillivray, 1860|flavicollis J. E. Gray, 1870|basiliscus O. Thomas, 1915|heffernani Troughton, 1930	NA	NA	Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia|Fiji|Wallis & Futuna|Samoa|American Samoa|Tonga|Niue|Cook Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_tonganus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_tonganus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18764	Pteropus tonganus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	tonganus	Quoy &; Gaimard, 1830	Flannery (1995) suggests that the taxonomic status of Pteropus tonganus basilicus from Karkar Island should be reviewed.	20000000	Pteropus tonganus	Least Concern		2020	2019-05-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, presumed large population, and because it is unlikely to be declining at nearly the rate required to qualify for listing in a threatened category.	This species is usually found in large roosting colonies in large, canopy trees. It has been recorded in tropical moist forest, ;cloud forest, ;mangrove forest, ;small islets and large islands ;(Mickleburgh ;et al. ;1992, Flannery 1995, Scanlon ;et al. 2013). P. tonganus ;has a broad dietin Fiji, feeding ;on a wide ;range of forest genera ;including ;the flowers of Alpinia, Barringtonia, Decaisnina, Dillenia, Erythrina, Fagraea, Faradaya, Freycinatia, Geissois, Pandanus, and of Syzygium and the fruits of Aglaia, Amaroria, Faradaya, Ficus, Freycinetia, Garcinia,Myristica, Pandanus, Palaquium, Planchonella, Parinari and Syzygium, (Scanlon et al. 2014). It also feeds on plantation crops such as banana and papaw (Mickleburgh et al. 1992, Flannery 1995) and is often considered a pest in affected agricultural areas (Scanlon et al. 2013). Females most commonly give birth to a single young, twins are found occasionally (A. Brooke pers. comm.). In Fiji, maternity camps were observed in July-September, pregnant females were also captured in August and females with pups in September. Subadults were captured on Rennell Island in October.	Throughout much of its range this bat species is threatened by overexploitation for food, both for commercial or subsistence purposes. It is also consumed for medicinal purposes (Scanlon et al.  2014). The loss of native forest, including important food trees for the species, to timber and conversion to plantations and cultivated land is a significant threat to the species in many parts of its range. Tropical storms and typhoons, including general increased hunting pressure following a storm, are considerable threats to many populations, most especially small remnant populations. Due to listing on Appendix I of CITES in 1989, there is little commercial hunting of P. tonganus in Polynesia and Micronesia (A. Brooke pers. comm.). However, in Vanuatu this species is sold in restaurants and one hotel advertises bat hunting on its web site (A. Brooke pers. comm.). On the island of Niue, nine months after Cyclone Heta struck in January of 2004, a decrease of 95% was found in relation to surveys conducted in 1998. A legal hunting season continued for the two to four month season following this cyclone, with ammunition being sold by the police department. Later a five year ban on hunting was enacted (Brooke 2004). On the island of Mangia, lack of habitat appears to be the biggest threat. Still, hunting is not restricted and poses a threat on both Rarotonga or Mangia (Cousins and Compton 2005). Although bats are hunted for personal consumption in Fiji, the lack of development and firearms have protected P. tonganus from the wide-scale hunting of other islands (Palmeirim et al.  2005, Scanlon et al.  2014). In Tonga, after cyclone Waka hit the area in 2001, McConkey et al.  (2004) recorded a decline of more than 80% of bats they had recorded moving between 6 islands. Hunting was considered negligible because most of the islands were uninhabited (A. Brooke pers. comm.). In Solomon Islands and Vanuatu, P. tonganus is typically sympatric with only one or two species of smaller Pteropus. On Rennell Is., Makira Is., Nendö Is., Vanikoro Is., Vanua Lava Is, Mota Is ,its larger body size and habit for roosting in colonies often makes it the preferred target for hunters. In these localities, large proportions of the hunting population also indicated they sold P. tonganus to visitors or people working in logging camps. The price paid for an individual flying-fox was very low in each occasion but none the less this is likely to greatly increase hunting pressure from normal subsistence levels. On Makira, people indicated it was the preferred species for hunting and use as traditional currency and this was perceived to have caused a decline in the population on parts of the island where hunting pressure is high (Lavery and Fasi 2017). On Rennell Island, hunting pressure is now being greatly exacerbated by logging and mining. Topsoil is rapidly being removed from the island for Bauxite, this is likely to greatly reduce the capacity of the island to support forests and gardens, and therefore also greatly reduce carrying capacity for flying-foxes.	It was previously reported to be relatively common in some island groups (e.g., Vanuatu), however, current abundance is unclear for many populations and it is known to have declined in some areas. Colonies can be large, and the species migrates between islands. The population is thought to be declining on the islands of Rarotonga and Mangia. In 2002, surveys estimated 1,730 on Rarotonga and only 78 on Mangia (Cousins and Compton 2005). This species is plentiful and widespread on both large and small Fijian islands, with more than half of the global population attributed to the islands of Fiji (Palmeirim et al. 2005). In Tonga during 1995, surveys found a robust population of about 6,000 individuals on 14 islands in the Vava’u group (Grant 1998). After cyclone Waka hit the area in 2001, McConkey et al. (2004) recorded a decline of more than 80% of bats they had recorded moving between six islands (A. Brooke pers. comm.).	Decreasing	It was previously reported to be relatively common in some island groups (e.g., Vanuatu), however, current abundance is unclear for many populations and it is known to have declined in some areas. Colonies can be large, and the species migrates between islands. The population is thought to be declining on the islands of Rarotonga and Mangia. In 2002, surveys estimated 1,730 on Rarotonga and only 78 on Mangia (Cousins and Compton 2005). This species is plentiful and widespread on both large and small Fijian islands, with more than half of the global population attributed to the islands of Fiji (Palmeirim et al. 2005). In Fiji, ;the species readily ;flies ;over water and among islands (A. Scanlon pers. obs.). In Tonga during 1995, surveys found a robust population of about 6,000 individuals on 14 islands in the Vava’u group (Grant 1998). After cyclone Waka hit the area in 2001, McConkey et al. (2004) recorded a decline of more than 80% of bats they had recorded moving between six islands (A. Brooke pers. comm.). Another study ;found ;no overall decline in ;biomass of ;resources ;available ;for bats ;following ;cyclone Tomas, ;but ;this availability depended on large tracks of intact rainforest ;(Scanlon ;et al. ;2018). ;In April 2018, ;a camp close to the airport on ;Nendö ;contained 260 ± 45 individuals, and three camps on ;Mota ;contained 105 ± 10.6, 76 ± 7.2 and 602 ;± 135.6 individuals.		Terrestrial	It is listed on Appendix I of CITES, effectively prohibiting international trade in this species since 1989. It is protected by domestic legislation or wildlife laws in a few range states (e.g., Fiji), and like all bats, this species is protected by a hunting ban in American Samoa (A. Brooke pers. comm.). Hunting regulations and enforcement are needed still throughout much of the species' range. The species is present in a number of protected areas. Monitoring of declines throughout its range is important and further study of Papua New Guinea populations distribution would be worthwhile.	Australasian|Oceanian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		tonganus	Quoy and Gaimard	1830	0	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux): 74	Pacific Flying Fox	 flavicollis Gray, 1870; <b> basiliscus </b> Thomas, 1915; <b> geddiei </b> MacGillivray, 1860; heffernani Troughton, 1930.	Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.	Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isls. Bones from an archaeological site on Rurutu on the Austral Islands represent a possible human introduction (Weisler et al, 2006).	Appendix I	Least Concern	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).	Pteropus tonganus	1004504	23	Pacific Flying Fox	Insular Flying Fox|Tongan Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	tonganus	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	0	Pteropus_tonganus	Quoy, J. R., & Gaimard, J. P. (1830). Voyage de la corvette l'Astrolabe: exécuté par ordre du roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829.,.Zoologie, Tome Premier. J. Tastu, Paris, 74.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/18512#page/132/mode/1up	MNHN 1996-2121		Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga.			tonganus Quoy & Gaimard, 1830|geddiei MacGillivray, 1860|flavicollis J. E. Gray, 1870|basiliscus O. Thomas, 1915|heffernani Troughton, 1930	NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia|Fiji|Wallis & Futuna|Samoa|American Samoa|Tonga|Niue|Cook Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_tonganus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_tonganus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_tonganus	1004504	23	Pacific Flying Fox	Insular Flying Fox|Tongan Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	tonganus	Quoy & Gaimard	0	Pteropus tonganus	Quoy, J.-R.-C. and Gaimard, J.P. 1830. Voyage de découvertes de l'Astrolabe exécuté par ordre du Roi, pendant les années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont d'Urville. Zoologie. Tome premier. J. Tastu, Paris, 264 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2064130	MNHN-ZM-MO-1996-2121, MNHN ? A. 54 (= MNHN ? 754), MNHN ? A. 55 (= MNHN ? 775), MNHN ? A. 56 (= MNHN ? 755 B)	syntypes	http://coldb.mnhn.fr/catalognumber/mnhn/zm/mo-1996-2121	Tongatapu Island, Kingdom of Tonga.			NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands|Vanuatu|New Caledonia|Fiji|Wallis and Futuna|Samoa|American Samoa|Tonga|Niue|Cook Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia|Oceania (Biorealm)	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_tonganus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_tonganus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		tonganus	Quoy & Gaimard	1830	0	In d'Urville, Voy...de Astrolabe, Zool.	1(L&apos;Homme, Mamm., Oiseaux): 74	Pacific Flying Fox	flavicollis Gray, 1870; basiliscus Thomas, 1915; geddiei MacGillivray, 1860; heffernani Troughton, 1930.	Tonga Isls, Tongatapu Isl.	Karkar Isl (off NE New Guinea) and Rennell Isl (Solomon Isls), south to New Caledonia, east to Cook Isls. Bones from an archaeological site on Rurutu on the Austral Islands represent a possible human introduction (Weisler et al, 2006).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php'>Appendix I</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18764/22088495/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes geddiei; see Sanborn (1931) and Felten and Kock (1972). Karkar Islpopulation (basiliscus) may actually be a subspecies of conspicillatus (K. Helgen, pers. comm.). It is possible that thisspecies has been transported to some islands by humans; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Miller and Wilson (1997), Bonaccorso (1998), andBergmans (2001).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus tonganus; Pteropus tonganus; Pteropus tonganus; Pteropus tonganus; Pteropus tonganus; Pteropus tonganus; tonganus ; basiliscus ; geddiei ; flavicollis; geddiei - heffernani; tonganus; basiliscus; geddiei; basiliscus; geddiei; flavicollis; geddiei - heffernani; tonganus; geddiei; flavicollis; basiliscus; heffernani; Roussette du Pacifique; Tonga-Flughund; Zorro volador del Pacifico; Other common names; nsular Flying Fox; Tongan Flying Fox; Pacific Flying Fox; Insular Flying Fox; Tongan Flying Fox; Pacific Flying Fox; Pacific Flying Fox; P. tonganus