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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1320	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	Pteropus temmincki	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus temminckii		[MSW3] personatus species group. Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name is variously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the original spelling.; [HMW] Pteropus temminckii Peters, 1867 , “Samao [= Samoa ], Amboina [Island],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Sometimes spelled temmincki but the original spelling was temmainckii. Pteropus temmincki is the only memberof the temminckii species group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  capistratus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.; [IUCN] Corrected spelling of specific name to temminckii (an orthographic eror).; [batnames2023]  capistratus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.; [batnames2025_1.7] capistratusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.							liops, temmincki, capistratus	temminckii, liops	griseus, petersi			temminckii, liops	temminckii - griseus, petersi,	griseus, temminckii, petersi, liops	Corrected spelling of specific name to temminckii (an orthographic eror).	temminckii, liops	temminckii - griseus, petersi,	griseus, temminckii, petersi, liops	temminckii, petersi, liops	liops, temminckii 	temminckii - griseus, petersi	temminckii W. C. H. Peters, 1867|petersi Matschie, 1899|liops O. Thomas, 1910|temmincki E. Schwarz, 1914 [incorrect subsequent spelling]						N/A					Distribution: Known from the central Moluccas and the Bis marcks. The Timor record is probably erroneous (GOODWIN 1979).													PETERS	1867	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Rostrum shortened. Dentition weak, but premolars and molars not greatly narrowed. Tibia hairy dorsally. Size relatively large for group (forearm length, 94-116 mm).	Distribution: Known from the central Moluccas and the Bis marcks. The Timor record is probably erroneous (GOODWIN 1979).	Three subspecies are currently recognized:	P. t. liops (Buru), P. t. temmincki (Amboina, Ceram),. P. t. capistratus (Bismarcks).	25	species	P. temmincki	PETERS	1867	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus temmincki				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Rostrum shortened. Dentition weak, but premolars and molars not greatly narrowed. Tibia hairy dorsally. Size relatively large for group (forearm length, 94-116 mm).	Three subspecies are currently recognized:		42. P. temmincki PETERS 1867 [personatus group].	42	_P. t. liops_ Thomas, 1910; _P. t. temminckii_ Peters, 1867 (synonyms: _griseus_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810, _petersi_ Matschie, 1899)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus		temminckii	Peters		1867		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1867		331		Temminck's Flying Fox	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.	Buru, Ambon, Seram (Indonesia); nearby small islands; perhaps Timor Isl (Indonesia).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (nt).	griseus Temminck, 1837 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; petersi Matschie, 1899; liops Thomas, 1910.	personatus species group. Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name is variously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the original spelling.	03AD87FAFF9CF6738CAE319CFEBEFDBA	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	152	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9AF6758CB83F9CFE9AF836.xml	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	temminckii	Peters	1867	Roussette de Temminck @fr | Temminck-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Temminck @es	Pteropus temminckii Peters, 1867 , “Samao [= Samoa ], Amboina [Island],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Sometimes spelled temmincki but the original spelling was temmainckii. Pteropus temmincki is the only memberof the temminckii species group. Monotypic.	C Moluccas Is (Buru, Ambon , Seram, and nearby small islands).	Head-body 151-170 mm (tailless), ear 19-21 mm , hindfoot 30- 31 mm , forearm 94-108 mm ; weight 145-155 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 49-— 51 mm and tibias 41-49 mm . Temminck’s Flying Fox has slender,slightlylaterally compressed rostrum. It is generally silvery blond to pale brown throughout, with flecks from white-tipped hairs all around. Bases of hairs are dark brown to black. Mantle, fore neck, and sides of neck are particularly golden to golden bufty, at times with hint of ocherous bufty in fore neck. Fur is somewhat dense and moderately long and silky, covering proximal one-half of forearm and tibia down to ankle. Ears are moderate in length and broad, with somewhat rounded tips. Wing membranes are brown. Skull is pteropine; orbits are very large; and front of orbit is above middle or posterior of P, which is rather unusual. Sagittal crest is undeveloped, and temporal crests remain separated, always resulting in postorbital broader than interorbital constriction. Coronoid process along with dentition is weak, and coronoid height of mandible is much less than length of lower tooth row. C' is rather slender, with deep vertical groove and moderately sized cingulum. P* is rather rudimentary.	Primary and secondary broadleaf forests and mangrove forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 800 m . Temminck’s Flying Fox is tolerant of some degree of habitat disturbance but prefers pristine lowland habitat when available. Due to habitat loss, forests in Central Maluku are now often only small patches of secondary forest (some of which are orchards and gardens) between human settlements. It is found relatively frequently in these patches compared with co-occurring species of Pteropus in Central Maluku . Use of each type of forest as roosting sites is difficult to evaluate due to the solitary nature of Temminck’s Flying Fox, and no foliage roosts have been recorded.	There are few direct records on diets of Temminck’s Flying Foxes, but there have been anecdotal stories of it feeding on Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Ficus spp. ( Moraceae ), and Syzygium spp. ( Myrtaceae ). Weak dentition suggests some degree of nectarivory, much like other smaller-bodied species of Pacific Island Pteropus .	No information.	Temminck’s Flying Fox is nocturnal.	Temminck’s Flying Fox is solitary, making it difficult to track.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. It is suspected that populations of Temminck’s Flying Fox have declined more than 30% due to ongoing degradation of rather limited habitat on the small islands of Maluku , along with some level of local hunting. Rangers in Manusela National Park (Seram, Indonesia ) have noted that it was found in the park, but species identity needs to be verified. Villagers occasionally hunt Temminck’s Flying Foxes as snacks, but impact of this on the population is difficult to evaluate.	Andersen (1912b) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Simmons (2005) | Tsang ( 2016m) | Tsang et al. (2015)		172. Temminck’s Flying Fox Pteropus temminckii French: Roussette de Temminck / German: Temminck-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Temminck Taxonomy. Pteropus temminckii Peters, 1867 , “Samao [= Samoa ], Amboina [Island],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Sometimes spelled temmincki but the original spelling was temmainckii. Pteropus temmincki is the only memberof the temminckii species group. Monotypic. Distribution. C Moluccas Is (Buru, Ambon , Seram, and nearby small islands). Descriptive notes. Head-body 151-170 mm (tailless), ear 19-21 mm , hindfoot 30- 31 mm , forearm 94-108 mm ; weight 145-155 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 49-— 51 mm and tibias 41-49 mm . Temminck’s Flying Fox has slender,slightlylaterally compressed rostrum. It is generally silvery blond to pale brown throughout, with flecks from white-tipped hairs all around. Bases of hairs are dark brown to black. Mantle, fore neck, and sides of neck are particularly golden to golden bufty, at times with hint of ocherous bufty in fore neck. Fur is somewhat dense and moderately long and silky, covering proximal one-half of forearm and tibia down to ankle. Ears are moderate in length and broad, with somewhat rounded tips. Wing membranes are brown. Skull is pteropine; orbits are very large; and front of orbit is above middle or posterior of P, which is rather unusual. Sagittal crest is undeveloped, and temporal crests remain separated, always resulting in postorbital broader than interorbital constriction. Coronoid process along with dentition is weak, and coronoid height of mandible is much less than length of lower tooth row. C' is rather slender, with deep vertical groove and moderately sized cingulum. P* is rather rudimentary. Habitat. Primary and secondary broadleaf forests and mangrove forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 800 m . Temminck’s Flying Fox is tolerant of some degree of habitat disturbance but prefers pristine lowland habitat when available. Due to habitat loss, forests in Central Maluku are now often only small patches of secondary forest (some of which are orchards and gardens) between human settlements. It is found relatively frequently in these patches compared with co-occurring species of Pteropus in Central Maluku . Use of each type of forest as roosting sites is difficult to evaluate due to the solitary nature of Temminck’s Flying Fox, and no foliage roosts have been recorded. Food and Feeding. There are few direct records on diets of Temminck’s Flying Foxes, but there have been anecdotal stories of it feeding on Ceiba pentandra ( Malvaceae ), Ficus spp. ( Moraceae ), and Syzygium spp. ( Myrtaceae ). Weak dentition suggests some degree of nectarivory, much like other smaller-bodied species of Pacific Island Pteropus . Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. Temminck’s Flying Fox is nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Temminck’s Flying Fox is solitary, making it difficult to track. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. It is suspected that populations of Temminck’s Flying Fox have declined more than 30% due to ongoing degradation of rather limited habitat on the small islands of Maluku , along with some level of local hunting. Rangers in Manusela National Park (Seram, Indonesia ) have noted that it was found in the park, but species identity needs to be verified. Villagers occasionally hunt Temminck’s Flying Foxes as snacks, but impact of this on the population is difficult to evaluate. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Simmons (2005), Tsang ( 2016m ), Tsang et al. (2015).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus temminckii	Pteropus		temminckii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:31:00	Temminck's Flying Fox	 griseus Temminck, 1837 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; petersi Matschie, 1899; <b>liops</b> Thomas, 1910.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.	Buru, Ambon, Seram (Indonesia); nearby small islands; perhaps Timor Isl (Indonesia).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 capistratus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus temminckii	23	Temminck's Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	temminckii	W. Peters	1867	0	Pteropus_temminckii	Peters, W. C. H. (1867). Ãœber die Flederhunde, Pteropi, und insbesondere über die Arten der Gattung Pteropus s. s. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1867, 331.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112419#page/341/mode/1up	ZMB 2633, ZMB 3473, ZMB 4964 [syntypes]		"Samao [= Samoa], Amboina [Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			griseus Temminck, 1837 [preoccupied]|temminckii W. Peters, 1867|petersi Matschie, 1899|liops O. Thomas, 1910	NA	NA	Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_temminckii	0	sciname match	Pteropus_temminckii	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18762	Pteropus temminckii	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	temminckii	Peters, 1867	Corrected spelling of specific name to temminckii (an orthographic eror).	20000000	Pteropus temminckii	Vulnerable	A2c	2016	2016-01-07 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	The species is restricted to the central Moluccan islands. It is often encountered by hunters in secondary forests in Seram and are sought after for personal consumption (Tsang et al. 2015). This species was recorded in both secondary forest and mangroves, but no other accounts of this species have been recorded in almost 20 years (Tsang et al. 2015). A population decline is suspected to be more than 30% over the last three generations (12-15 years; F. Bonaccorso and K. Helgen pers. comm.) based on habitat destruction and degradation. The species is listed as Vulnerable under criterion A2c.	This species has been reported from primary tropical moist forest. It is a foliage rooster, likely not to occur in large colonies (F. Bonaccorso pers. comm.). Generation length of this species is likely to be around 3-5 years (F. Bonaccorso and K. Helgen pers. comm.). It probably has some degree of tolerance for disturbance, as it was encountered in fragmentary secondary forest near villages with human activity (orchards, hunting areas) (Tsang et al.  2015).	Loss of habitat through logging activities and local hunting for food are considered to be major threats to this species.	Populations of this species are likely to be declining as deforestation continues throughout its range. This species was recorded in both secondary forest and mangroves, but no other accounts of this species have been recorded in almost 20 years (Tsang et al. 2015).	Decreasing	This little-known species is restricted to the central Moluccan islands of Buru, Seram, and Ambon (all in Indonesia). It has been recorded at sea level to 1,000 m asl.	The species is locally hunted.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It has been recorded from Manusela National Park, Seram. Further studies are needed into the natural history of this species, the severity of threats to it, and the identification of important roosting and foraging sites.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		temminckii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:31:00	Temminck's Flying Fox	 griseus Temminck, 1837 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; petersi Matschie, 1899; <b>liops</b> Thomas, 1910.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.	Buru, Ambon, Seram (Indonesia); nearby small islands; perhaps Timor Isl (Indonesia).	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 capistratus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.	Pteropus temminckii	1004502	23	Temminck's Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	temminckii	W. Peters	1867	0	Pteropus_temminckii	Peters, W. C. H. (1867). Ãœber die Flederhunde, Pteropi, und insbesondere über die Arten der Gattung Pteropus s. s. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1867, 331.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112419#page/341/mode/1up	ZMB 2633, ZMB 3473, ZMB 4964 [syntypes]		"Samao [= Samoa], Amboina [Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			griseus Temminck, 1837 [preoccupied]|temminckii W. Peters, 1867|petersi Matschie, 1899|liops O. Thomas, 1910	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_temminckii	0	sciname match	Pteropus_temminckii	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_temminckii	1004502	23	Temminck's Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	temminckii	W. C. H. Peters	0	Pteropus Temminckii	Peters, W.C.H. 1867. Ãœber die Fiederhunde, _Pteropi_, und insbesondere über die Arten der Gattung _Pteropus_ s. s. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867:319-333.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36510594	RMNH.MAM.36740, RMNH.MAM.36743, RMNH.MAM.36795, ZMB 2633, ZMB 3473, ZMB 4964	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.36740.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.36740.b | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.36743 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.36795	"Samao [= Samoa], Amboina [Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_temminckii	0	sciname match	Pteropus_temminckii	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		temminckii	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:31:00	Temminck's Flying Fox	griseus Temminck, 1837 [not Geoffroy, 1810]; petersi Matschie, 1899; liops Thomas, 1910.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina Isl; see Andersen (1912:318) for clarification.	Buru, Ambon, Seram (Indonesia); nearby small islands; perhaps Timor Isl (Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18762/22088270/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	capistratusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include capistratus; see Flannery (1995b) and Bonaccorso (1998). This name isvariously spelled "temmincki" and "temminckii"; I follow Bergmans (2001) in preferring the latter because it is the originalspelling.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus temminckii; Pteropus temminckii; Pteropus temminckii; Pteropus temminckii; Pteropus temminckii; Pteropus temminckii; temminckii ; liops; griseus; petersi; liops; griseus; petersi; griseus; temminckii; petersi; liops; Roussette de Temminck; Temminck-Flughund; Zorro volador de Temminck; Temminck's Flying Fox; Temminck's Flying Fox; Temminck's Flying Fox; P. temminckii