http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1317	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus speciosus		[MSW3] subniger species group. Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) and Heaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus.; [HMW] Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen, 1908 , “Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga ,” Philippines . Pteropus speciosus is in the griseus species group. Taxonomic status of mearnsi named by N. Hollister in 1913 requires research to clarify if it is a subspecies of P. hypomelanus or P. speciosus . Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus. ; [MDD2022] likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus; [IUCN] This is currently considered a separate species from Pteropus griseus (Simmons 2005). A major taxonomic review is required to determine the validity of Pteropus speciosus .; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus. ; [MDD2023] likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus; [MDD2025_2.0] likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus; [batnames2025_1.7] griseusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus.; [MDD2025_2.2] likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus					(in P. griseus?)				mearnsi			speciosus 	speciosus - mearnsi	Pteropus speciosus	This is currently considered a separate species from Pteropus griseus (Simmons 2005). A major taxonomic review is required to determine the validity of Pteropus speciosus .	speciosus 	speciosus - mearnsi	speciosus, mearnsi 	speciosus, mearnsi 	speciosus 	speciosus - mearnsi	speciosus Andersen, 1908|mearnsi Hollister, 1913		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Philippines, etc.	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus speciosus	Philippines, Malanipa Isl. (off west end of Mindanao).	K. Andersen	1908	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 2:364.	Distribution: Known only from the south ern Philippines and two islands in the Java Sea, south of Borneo (Solombo Besar, Mata Siri).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		Philippines, etc.	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	K. Andersen	1908	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 2:364.		Sulu Arch., Basilan and Mindanao (Philippines); Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaut Isis.	Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Mindanao).		ANDERSEN	1908	Smaller than P. hypomelanus (forearm length, 118-123 mm; total length of skull, 55-61 mm) and evidently somewhat smaller than P. mearnsi, but larger than P. pumilus. Ears relatively long (25-26 mm). Distinction from P. griseus (the fol lowing species) not clear but may be darker in color.	Distribution: Known only from the south ern Philippines and two islands in the Java Sea, south of Borneo (Solombo Besar, Mata Siri).	No subspecies.		22	species	P. speciosus	ANDERSEN	1908	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus speciosus				Smaller than P. hypomelanus (forearm length, 118-123 mm; total length of skull, 55-61 mm) and evidently somewhat smaller than P. mearnsi, but larger than P. pumilus. Ears relatively long (25-26 mm). Distinction from P. griseus (the fol lowing species) not clear but may be darker in color.	No subspecies.		4. P. speciosus ANDERSEN 1908 [subniger group].	4	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus		speciosus	K. Andersen		1908		Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8	2		364		Philippine Gray Flying Fox	Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Zamboanga, Mindanao).	Philippines; Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaud Isls.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Rare as P. speciosus, No Data: Limited Distribution as P. mearnsi. IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable as P. speciosus, Data Deficient as P. mearnsi.	mearnsi Hollister, 1913.	subniger species group. Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) and Heaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus.	03AD87FAFF9AF6758CB83F9CFE9AF836	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	142	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF90F67F8CB93C51FCE1FBD8.xml	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	Roussette des Philippines @fr | Grauer Philippinen-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Filipinas @es	Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen, 1908 , “Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga ,” Philippines . Pteropus speciosus is in the griseus species group. Taxonomic status of mearnsi named by N. Hollister in 1913 requires research to clarify if it is a subspecies of P. hypomelanus or P. speciosus . Monotypic.	Philippines , in S Mindanao (Mt Matumtum, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Malanipa I) and Sulu Archipelago ( Basilan , Tawi-Tawi , Sanga-Sanga, and Sibutu Is), also in Talaud Is (Karakelong), off N Sulawesi, and Masalembu and Mata Siri Is, off S coast of Borneo.	Tailless, ear 25- 5 mm , hindfoot 35-39 mm , forearm 120-125 mm ; weight 400 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 57-61 mm and tibias 54 mm . The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is very similar to the Island Flying Fox ( P. hypomelanus ) but smaller, with more gracile skull. Ears are broad and rounded. Back is dark brown to blackish, with flecks of light gray. Chest and belly are orange-yellow to tawny. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base of fur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Dark morph has seal-brown back and rump, with some light gray hairs; mantle is earthy brown that darkens around neck; and throat is blackish. Crown and sides of head are dark brown. Light morph is generally orange-buff; mantle is golden ocherous, with orange or buffy flecks of hair and pale shade of brown or cinnamon-rufous on chest. Light morph can look like a mix of colors of the Island Flying Fox subspecies tomesu and cagayanus, whereas dark morph resembles that of the western Island Flying Fox subspecies geminorum. Rostrum is somewhat laterally compressed and has noticeably smaller medial palate length (28- 5-29 mm ) compared to the Island Flying Fox ( 30-35 mm ) and smaller mandible ( 45-46 mm vs. 48-55 mm ). Orbits are rather large. Postorbital processes are obvious; temporal ridges are fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctlyrecurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. P' is reduced and minute, at times being lost in adults.	Forests and mangroves. A colony of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes was recently found roosting in a tree in Panglima Sugala on Tawi-Tawi Island , suggesting it is some tolerant of human disturbance. It has also been recorded roosting in coconut palms.	Museum specimens of the Philippine Gray Flying Fox have rather worn-down teeth, suggesting a frugivorous diet.	No information.	The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is nocturnal.	Colonies of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes contain ¢.2300 individuals (recent observations).	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is not sought after for bushmeat butis shot occasionally at for sport. Habitat loss is negative impact. It is restricted to very small oceanic islands in the Philippines and Indonesia , and it might qualify as Vulnerable. In the Philippines , the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act, the National Integrated Protected Areas System, and the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas protect it from hunting in protected areas. Turtle Islands in Tawi-Tawi , where there have been recent sightings of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes, were protected in 1996.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Heaney et al. (1998) | Hollister (1913b) | Rosell-Ambal, Heaney & Helgen (2008) | Simmons (2005)		149. Philippine Gray Flying Fox Pteropus speciosus French: Roussette des Philippines / German: Grauer Philippinen-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Filipinas Taxonomy. Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen, 1908 , “Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga ,” Philippines . Pteropus speciosus is in the griseus species group. Taxonomic status of mearnsi named by N. Hollister in 1913 requires research to clarify if it is a subspecies of P. hypomelanus or P. speciosus . Monotypic. Distribution. Philippines , in S Mindanao (Mt Matumtum, Zamboanga Peninsula, and Malanipa I) and Sulu Archipelago ( Basilan , Tawi-Tawi , Sanga-Sanga, and Sibutu Is), also in Talaud Is (Karakelong), off N Sulawesi, and Masalembu and Mata Siri Is, off S coast of Borneo. Descriptive notes. Tailless, ear 25- 5 mm , hindfoot 35-39 mm , forearm 120-125 mm ; weight 400 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 57-61 mm and tibias 54 mm . The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is very similar to the Island Flying Fox ( P. hypomelanus ) but smaller, with more gracile skull. Ears are broad and rounded. Back is dark brown to blackish, with flecks of light gray. Chest and belly are orange-yellow to tawny. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base of fur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Dark morph has seal-brown back and rump, with some light gray hairs; mantle is earthy brown that darkens around neck; and throat is blackish. Crown and sides of head are dark brown. Light morph is generally orange-buff; mantle is golden ocherous, with orange or buffy flecks of hair and pale shade of brown or cinnamon-rufous on chest. Light morph can look like a mix of colors of the Island Flying Fox subspecies tomesu and cagayanus, whereas dark morph resembles that of the western Island Flying Fox subspecies geminorum. Rostrum is somewhat laterally compressed and has noticeably smaller medial palate length (28- 5-29 mm ) compared to the Island Flying Fox ( 30-35 mm ) and smaller mandible ( 45-46 mm vs. 48-55 mm ). Orbits are rather large. Postorbital processes are obvious; temporal ridges are fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctlyrecurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. P' is reduced and minute, at times being lost in adults. Habitat. Forests and mangroves. A colony of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes was recently found roosting in a tree in Panglima Sugala on Tawi-Tawi Island , suggesting it is some tolerant of human disturbance. It has also been recorded roosting in coconut palms. Food and Feeding. Museum specimens of the Philippine Gray Flying Fox have rather worn-down teeth, suggesting a frugivorous diet. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Colonies of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes contain ¢.2300 individuals (recent observations). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. The Philippine Gray Flying Fox is not sought after for bushmeat butis shot occasionally at for sport. Habitat loss is negative impact. It is restricted to very small oceanic islands in the Philippines and Indonesia , and it might qualify as Vulnerable. In the Philippines , the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act, the National Integrated Protected Areas System, and the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas protect it from hunting in protected areas. Turtle Islands in Tawi-Tawi , where there have been recent sightings of Philippine Gray Flying Foxes, were protected in 1996. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Heaney et al. (1998), Hollister (1913b), Rosell-Ambal, Heaney & Helgen (2008), Simmons (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus speciosus	Pteropus		speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 364	Philippine Gray Flying Fox	 mearnsi Hollister, 1913.	Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Zamboanga, Mindanao).	Philippines; Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaud Isls (Indonesia).	Appendix II	Data Deficient	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus. 	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus speciosus	23	Philippine Gray Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	0	Pteropus_speciosus	Andersen, K. (1908). Twenty new forms of Pteropus. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 8, 2, 364.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85286#page/394/mode/1up	BM 1890.2.20.4		"Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga," Philippines.			speciosus K. Andersen, 1908|mearnsi Hollister, 1913	likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: a phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Molecular Phlyogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.	Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Pteropus_speciosus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_speciosus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18760	Pteropus speciosus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	speciosus	Andersen, 1908	This is currently considered a separate species from Pteropus griseus (Simmons 2005). A major taxonomic review is required to determine the validity of Pteropus speciosus .	20000000	Pteropus speciosus	Data Deficient		2020	2018-10-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Data Deficient in view of continuing doubts as to its taxonomic validity, extent of occurrence, status and ecological requirements.	The habitat and ecology of this species is virtually unknown, except that they have been recorded to roost in coconut palms (Haribon Project unpublished data). It is likely to be associated with lowland forests, but more research is needed on its habitat preferences. The recently recorded population in Panglima Sugala (Tawi-tawi) is in the middle of town.	Although the species is not hunted for food, they are shot for target practice on Tawi-Tawi (Brooks pers. comm. 2006). It is likely that it is negatively impacted by serious loss of forest, which is ongoing within its range.	There have been reports of several large colonies on Tawi-tawi (Heaney et al. 1998), and most recently reports specifically from Panglima Sugala and Bonggao. Each of these colonies was approximately 2,300 individuals (Paguntalan Unpublished data 2018). The most recently captured individual was in 2014 from the Turtle Islands.	Unknown	This species is found in the Philippines and Indonesia. In the Philippines, it is reported from Mt. Matumtum in southern Mindanao (Paguntalan unpublished data 2018), Basilan, Malanipa, the tip of the Zamboanga peninsula on Mindanao (Zamboanga del Sur Province), as well as Sanga-sanga, Sibutu, and Tawi-tawi in the Sulu Islands (Heaney et al. 1998). The species was most recently caught in the Turtle Islands and colonies in Panglima Sugala (Tawi-tawi) resemble the verified P. speciosus from the Turtle Islands. There is potentially another colony in Bonggao that requires verification (Paguntalan unpublished data 2018). The species is also known from two small islands in Indonesia, off the southeast coast of Borneo, Masalambu Besar (Solombo Besar) and Mata Siri (Java Sea), and from Karakelong in the Talaud Islands (Simmons 2005). Previous reports from Cebu, Mactan, and Negros in the Philippines were based on subadult Pteropus hypomelanus (Heaney et al. 1998). All reports of the species are from low elevations, up to 800 m asl.	It is shot as target practice on Tawi-tawi Island.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. In the Philippines, the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act (Republic Act 9147, approved into law in 2004) confers protection to flying foxes. The National Integrated Protected Areas System (Republic Act 7586) and the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas in the Philippines (Republic Act 11038) also confers protection to flying foxes inside protected areas. In 1996, the Turtle Islands were declared the Turtle Islands Heritage protected area by both the Philippine and Malaysian governments in recognizing it is one of the few major nesting grounds for green turtles left in the world, and only scientific and conservation activities are allowed under the supervision of the government. However, the impact this has on protection of terrestrial fauna such as flying foxes is unknown. Further studies are needed into the taxonomy, distribution, abundance, natural history and threats to this species.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 364	Philippine Gray Flying Fox	 mearnsi Hollister, 1913.	Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Zamboanga, Mindanao).	Philippines; Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaud Isls (Indonesia).	Appendix II	Data Deficient	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014) . Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus. 	Pteropus speciosus	1004500	23	Philippine Gray Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	0	Pteropus_speciosus	Andersen, K. (1908). Twenty new forms of Pteropus. The Annals and magazine of natural history; zoology, botany, and geology, ser. 8, 2, 364.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85286#page/394/mode/1up	BM 1890.2.20.4		"Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga," Philippines.			speciosus K. Andersen, 1908|mearnsi Hollister, 1913	likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: a phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Molecular Phlyogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.				Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Pteropus_speciosus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_speciosus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_speciosus	1004500	23	Philippine Gray Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	speciosus	Andersen	0	Pteropus speciosus	Andersen, K.C. 1908-10-01. Twenty new forms of _Pteropus_. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8)2(10):361-370.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22071133	BMNH:Mamm:1890.2.20.4	holotype	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/2f9561dc-08d5-4498-9407-2f5d598cc7ce | https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/bb33fc69-2b6d-4f2e-af78-0220951719ef	"Malanipa Island, off [west coast of] Zamboanga," Philippines.			likely includes the name mearnsi, which may also be a synonym of P. hypomelanus	Almeida, F.C., Giannini, N.P., Simmons, N.B., Helgen, K.M. 2014. Each flying fox on its own branch: a phylogenetic tree for Pteropus and related genera (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Molecular Phlyogenetics and Evolution 77: 83-95.				Philippines|Indonesia	Asia	Indomalaya	DD	0	0	0	Pteropus_speciosus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_speciosus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		speciosus	K. Andersen	1908	0	Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.	ser. 8, 2: 364	Philippine Gray Flying Fox	mearnsi Hollister, 1913.	Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Zamboanga, Mindanao).	Philippines; Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaud Isls (Indonesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18760/22087948/' target='_blank'>Data Deficient</a>	griseusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Included in griseus by Corbet and Hill (1992), but I follow Flannery (1995b) andHeaney et al. (1998) in treating it as distinct pending further study. Some Philippine records were erroneously based on subadult hypomelanus; see Heaney et al. (1998). Includes mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbetand Hill (1992), who suggested that mearnsi may be a synonym of hypomelanus.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus speciosus; Pteropus speciosus; Pteropus speciosus; Pteropus speciosus; Pteropus speciosus; Pteropus speciosus; mearnsi; mearnsi; speciosus; mearnsi; Roussette des Philippines; Grauer Philippinen-Flughund; Zorro volador de Filipinas; Philippine Gray Flying Fox; Philippine Gray Flying Fox; Philippine Gray Flying Fox; P. speciosus