http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom	http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format	name_CH1_1980	name_MSW1_1982	name_CH3_1991	name_MSW2_1993	name_Koopman_1994	name_MSW3_2005	name_HMW_2019	name_BatNames_2022	name_MDD_2022	name_IUCN_2022	name_BatNames_2023	name_MDD_2023	name_MDD_2025_2.0	name_batnames_2025_1.7	name_MDD_2025_2.2	column151	taxonomic_notes_concatenated	column171	synonyms_CH1	subspecies__MSW2	synonyms__MSW1	synonyms_CH3	synonyms_MSW2	subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted	subspecies_MSW3_interpreted	synonym_MSW3_interpreted	subspecies_HMW_interpreted	synonym_HMW_interpreted	subspecies_batnames_interpreted	synonym_batnames_interpreted	synonym_MDD_interpreted	synonym_IUCN_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_batnames2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2023_interpreted	synonym_MDD2025_interpreted	subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted	synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted	nominalNames	column391	docOrigin_CH1	commonName_CH1	distribution_CH1	docOrigin_MSW1	column451	typeLocality_MSW1	authority_MSW1	year_MSW1	citation_MSW1	distribution	comment_MSW1	docOrigin_CH3	commonName_CH3	distribution_CH3	docOrigin_MSW2	authority_MSW2	year_MSW2	citation_MSW2	comments_MSW2	distribution_MSW2	typeLocality_MSW2	docOrigin_Koopman94	authority_Koopman94	year_Koopman94	description_Koopman94	distribution_Koopman94	diversity_Koopman94	subspecies_Koopman94	page	rank	name	authority	year	parent	parent_rank	corrected_name	actual_species_count	claimed_species_count	dental_formula	description	diversity	full_subspecies_text	name_line	species_index	subspecies	synonym	text	docOrigin_MSW3	order_MSW3	family_MSW3	subfamily_MSW3	tribe_MSW3	name_MSW3	genus_MSW3	subgenus_MSW3	species_MSW3	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3	(parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3	authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3	actualDate_MSW3	citation_MSW3	volume_MSW3	issue_MSW3	pages_MSW3	type_species_MSW3	commonName_MSW3	typeLocality_MSW3	distribution_MSW3	status_MSW3	synonym_MSW3	comments_MSW3	docId_HMW	docOrigin_HMW	docISBN_HMW	docName_HMW	docMasterId_HMW	docPageNumber_HMW	derivedFrom_HMW	name_HMW	family_HMW	genus_HMW	species_HMW	authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW	authoritySpeciesYear	commonNames_HMW	taxonomy_HMW	subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW	descriptiveNotes_HMW	habitat_HMW	foodAndFeeding_HMW	breeding_HMW	activityPatterns_HMW	movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW	statusAndConservation_HMW	bibliography_HMW	distributionImageURL_HMW	verbatimText_HMW	docOrigin_batnames	family_batnames	name_batnames	genus_batnames	subgenus_batnames	species_batnames	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames	date_batnames	parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses)	citation_batnames	docPageNumber_batnames	common Name_batnames	synonyms_batnames	type_locality_batnames	Distribution_batnames	CITES_batnames	IUCN_batnames	comments_batnames	docOrigin_MDD	name_MDD	phylosort_MDD	mainCommonName_MDD	otherCommonNames_MDD	subclass_MDD	infraclass_MDD	magnorder_MDD	superorder_MDD	order_MDD	suborder_MDD	infraorder_MDD	parvorder_MDD	superfamily_MDD	family_MDD	subfamily_MDD	tribe_MDD	genus_MDD	subgenus_MDD	specificEpithet_MDD	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD	authorityParentheses_MDD	originalNameCombination_MDD	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD	holotypeVoucher_MDD	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD	typeLocality_MDD	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD	nominalNames_MDD	taxonomyNotes_MDD	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD	countryDistribution_MDD	continentDistribution_MDD	biogeographicRealm_MDD	iucnStatus_MDD	extinct_MDD	domestic_MDD	flagged_MDD	CMW_sciName_MDD	diffSinceCMW_MDD	MSW3_matchtype_MDD	MSW3_sciName_MDD	diffSinceMSW3_MDD	docOrigin_IUCN	internalTaxonId_IUCN	NAME_IUCN	kingdomName_IUCN	phylumName_IUCN	className_IUCN	orderName_IUCN	familyName_IUCN	genusName_IUCN	speciesName_IUCN	authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN	taxonomicNotes_IUCN	assessmentId_IUCN	scientificName_IUCN	redlistCategory_IUCN	redlistCriteria_IUCN	yearPublished_IUCN	assessmentDate_IUCN	criteriaVersion_IUCN	language_IUCN	rationale_IUCN	habitat_IUCN	threats_IUCN	population_IUCN	populationTrend_IUCN	range_IUCN	useTrade_IUCN	systems_IUCN	conservationActions_IUCN	realm_IUCN	yearLastSeen_IUCN	possiblyExtinct_IUCN	possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN	scopes_IUCN	docOrigin_batnames2023	FAMILY_batnames2023	GENUS_batnames2023	SUBGENUS_batnames2023	SPECIES_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023	authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023	PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES)	CITATION_batnames2023	PAGES_batnames2023	COMMON NAME_batnames2023	SYNONYMS_batnames2023	TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023	DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023	CITES_batnames2023	IUCN_batnames2023	COMMENTS_batnames2023	name MDD2023	id_MDD2023	phylosort_MDD2023	mainCommonName_MDD2023	otherCommonNames_MDD2023	subclass_MDD2023	infraclass_MDD2023	magnorder_MDD2023	superorder_MDD2023	order_MDD2023	suborder_MDD2023	infraorder_MDD2023	parvorder_MDD2023	superfamily_MDD2023	Family_mdd2023	subfamily_MDD2023	tribe_MDD2023	genus_MDD2023	subgenus_MDD2023	specificEpithet_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023	authorityParentheses_MDD2023	originalNameCombination_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023	authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023	holotypeVoucher_MDD2023	holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023	typeLocality_MDD2023	typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023	typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023	nominalNames_MDD2023	taxonomyNotes_MDD2023	taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023	distributionNotes_MDD2023	distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023	subregionDistribution_MDD2023	countryDistribution_MDD2023	continentDistribution_MDD2023	biogeographicRealm_MDD2023	iucnStatus_MDD2023	extinct_MDD2023	domestic_MDD2023	flagged_MDD2023	CMW_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceCMW_MDD2023	MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023	MSW3_sciName_MDD2023	diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023	docOrigin_MDD2025	sciName	id	phylosort	mainCommonName	otherCommonNames	subclass	infraclass	magnorder	superorder	order	suborder	infraorder	parvorder	superfamily	family	subfamily	tribe	genus	subgenus	specificEpithet	authoritySpeciesAuthor	authorityParentheses	originalNameCombination	authoritySpeciesCitation	authoritySpeciesLink	typeVoucher	typeKind	typeVoucherURIs	typeLocality	typeLocalityLatitude	typeLocalityLongitude	taxonomyNotes	taxonomyNotesCitation	distributionNotes	distributionNotesCitation	subregionDistribution	countryDistribution	continentDistribution	biogeographicRealm	iucnStatus	extinct	domestic	flagged	CMW_sciName	diffSinceCMW	MSW3_matchtype	MSW3_sciName	diffSinceMSW3	docOrigin_batnames2025	Family	Genus	Subgenus	Species	Author	Date	Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1315	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus scapulatus		[MSW3] scapulatus species group. See Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Pteropus macrotis Peters, 1867 , Wokam Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia . Pteropus macrotis is currently in the pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  scapulatus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2023]  scapulatus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] scapulatusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).						elseyi.			elseyi	macrotis, epularius		scapulatus 	scapulatus - elseyi	scapulatus, elseyii		scapulatus 	scapulatus - elseyi	scapulatus, elseyii 	scapulatus, elseyii, elseyi	scapulatus 	scapulatus - elseyi	scapulatus W. C. H. Peters, 1862|elseyii J. E. Gray, 1866|elseyi J. E. Gray, 1871 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		W, N, E Australia, vagrant New Zealand	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus scapulatus	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.	Peters	1862	Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 574.	Distribution: Ranging over the whole of tropical Australia and much of the southeast (accidental in New Zealand); also bare ly across Torres Strait to extreme southern New Guinea.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Little red flying fox	W, N, E Australia; S New Guinea; vagrant New Zealand	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1862	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1862:574.		Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.		PETERS	1862	Ears long and pointed (27-31 mm). Pelage not woolly. Size large for group (forearm length, 120-143 mm). Last upper and lower molars rela tively small.	Distribution: Ranging over the whole of tropical Australia and much of the southeast (accidental in New Zealand); also bare ly across Torres Strait to extreme southern New Guinea.	No subspecies.		26	species	P. scapulatus	PETERS	1862	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus scapulatus				Ears long and pointed (27-31 mm). Pelage not woolly. Size large for group (forearm length, 120-143 mm). Last upper and lower molars rela tively small.	No subspecies.		57. P. scapulatus PETERS 1862 [scapulatus group].	57	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus		scapulatus	Peters		1862		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1862		574		Little Red Flying Fox	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.	Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	elseyi Peters, 1862.	scapulatus species group. See Flannery (1995a) and Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFFA2F64C89B03D45F899F895	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	136	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C.xml	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	scapulatus	Peters	1862	Roussette a collier @fr | Kleiner Roter Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Queensland @es | Roussette des Gilliard @fr | Gilliard-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Gilliard @es | Roussette a grandes oreilles @fr | Grofsohrflughund @de | Zorro volador orejudo @es | Large-eared Flying Fox @en	Pteropus macrotis Peters, 1867 , Wokam Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia . Pteropus macrotis is currently in the pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized.	P.m.macrotisPeters,1867—AruIs(Indo-nesia). P. m. epularius Ramsay, 1878 — New Guinea and Raja Ampat Is (Salawati). Also sightings and photographs in Australian Boigu Is, but voucher specimens are needed for confirmation.	Head-body 179-244 mm (tailless), ear 28-37 mm , hindfoot 36- 2— 55 mm , forearm 112-157 mm ; weight 214-480 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 56— 64- 7 mm . Dark brown face sprinkled with silvery hairs on forehead variably forming spots or stripes. Mantle is pale yellow, and middle of neck is reddish yellow. Back, throat, chest, and belly are dark brown to black. Forearm and lower leg is naked in front. Dorsally, hair extends to first one-third of forearm and on one-half of lower leg. Shoulders and lumbar region have long woolly hair. Attachment points of wing membranes in lumbar region are separated by c. 12 mm . Wings attach to first joint of second toe. Index finger has claw. Skull is relatively flat between orbits, and braincase is slightly elongated and rounded posteriorly. Zygomatic arch is weak and low. Zygomatic process of upper jaw at base is very extended from front to back. Lower incisors are double lobed, and molars are small and bicuspid. Habitat. Wide variety of lowland landscapes including primary and secondary moist forests, monsoon and dry forests, savanna woodlands, mangrove forests, plantations, and rural gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 500 m . The Big-eared Flying Fox might prefer drier habitats for foraging than other flying fox species. Food and Feeding. Some Big-eared Flying Foxes were caught eating flowers of coconut palms. Two individuals were caught near a jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae ). Breeding. One pair of Big-eared Flying Foxes was observed copulating in a coconut palm in April. A pregnant female was captured in October, a female with dependent offspring in January, and young in March—July. One young made its first flight 184 days after birth and ate fruit independently; consequently, weaning takes place with six months. Activity patterns. Big-eared Flying Foxes are nocturnal and probably rest in trees (e.g. mangrove trees) during the day, flying to foraging areas at dusk. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There are observations of flights of more than 12 km between New Guinea and Boigu Island. Big-eared Flying Foxes probably roost in colonies. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big-eared Flying Fox is still relatively common in most of its distribution and is found in several protected areas. In some areas, it is hunted for food, but effects of hunting are unknown. There are no reports of other threats, and its population is currently considered stable. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Hall (2008a), Helgen (2004), Helgen, Salas, Hamilton & Hall (2008), Jackson & Groves (2015), McKean (1972), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Peters (1868a), Rainey & Pierson (1992), Ramsay (1878), Simmons (2005).	Mature tropical forests with scrambling bamboo, rhododendron, and pandanus at elevations of 200-2300 m .	Reduced dentition of Gilliard’s Flying Fox suggests a diet of nectar and soft fruits.	The single adult known, a male, had secondary sex glands on sides of neck.	Gilliard’s Flying Fox is presumably nocturnal and roosts in canopy foliage.	Gilliard’s Flying Fox presumably roosts cryptically in small groups.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. Gilliard’s Flying Fox is only known from six specimens from three localities. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area. New surveys and ecological studies are urgently needed to assessits conservation status.	Allison, Bonaccorso, Helgen & Hamilton (2008) | Almeida et al. (2014) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Flannery (1990, 1995a) | Van Deusen (1969)	https://zenodo.org/record/6803856/files/figure.png	137. Little Red Flying Fox Pteropus scapulatus French: Roussette a collier / German: Kleiner Roter Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Queensland Taxonomy. Pteropus scapulatus Peters, 1862 , “Promontorium York [= Cape York, Queensland ], Nova Hollandia [= Australia ].” Pteropus scapulatus is the only member of scapulatus species group. Monotypic. Distribution. N, W & E coasts of Australia , going inland to subcoastal areas of N & E; also found on some Northern Territory , Torres Strait, and Queensland Is (Melville, Groote Eylandt, Thursday, Horn, Badu, Hammond, Muralug, Palm, Hinchinbrook, and Fraser). Historical records from S New Guinea considered extralimital and a record from New Zealand is a vagrant. Descriptive notes. Head-body 122-200 mm (tailless), ear 28-32 mm , hindfoot 30- 43- 5 mm , forearm 116-143 mm ; weight 258-600 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 54— 59- 5 mm and tibias 61-66 mm . Eyes of the Little Red Flying Fox are moderately large, with brown irises. Ears are long and pointed. Entire body is a shade of dark reddish brown to light brown, with flanks occasionally browner and some darker brown patches on belly and chest. Mantle varies from cinnamon to burnt umber and darkens at sides of neck, fore neck, and throat. Base of fur is paler and ocherous bufty. Males have glandular neck tufts that are yellowish buff to deep tawny. There is narrow spinal tract in some individuals that splits mantle into right and left halves. Patch of light creamy brown fur occurs where wing membrane and shoulder meet. Head can be similar to pale reddish brown on rest of body but mixed with gray fur. Wings are brown and translucentin flight. Legs are naked. Canines and cheekteeth are much narrower than in other species of Pteropus , and other teeth are generally reduced. C' is long and only mildly recurved or straight, with narrow cingulum and deep, broad vertical groove on front face. C,is similarly long, with narrow cingulum, but is recurved. Canines are heavier in males than females. Habitat. Wide variety of habitats including temperate and tropical forests, swamps, and semiarid areas. Feeding and roosting sites of Little Red Flying Foxes have been recorded in sclerophyll woodland, paperbark ( Melaleuca spp. , Myrtaceae ) swamp forest, mangroves, bamboo, and occasionally orchards or ornamentaltrees. It is not often found roosting in urban habitats as often as other Australian flying foxes, but this has increased in recent years. Food and Feeding. The Little Red Flying Fox feeds on nectar of dominant tree and shrub species in their distribution, and viable pollen has been found on its fur. Fruits, including cultivated crops, are rarely eaten and only when other food resources are unavailable. It forms large colonies near ephemeral flowering of Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ) and Melaleuca . It is believed to prefer foraging on native plants vs. cultivated plants. Breeding. The Little Red Flying Fox reproduces synchronously throughoutits distribution. Males and females become sexually mature at c.18 months of age. Mating occurs in November—January when adults form large colonies, with males creating harems of 2-5 females in small territories that are actively defended from other males. Gestation lasts ¢.5 months and lactation 3-5 months. It gives birth to one young/year, usually in April-May in predominantly female colonies from which males have dispersed. Young are carried for a month and then left at the roost while mothers forage at night, returning at intervals to feed them. Young begin to fly and move between trees at roosting sites during their second month of life. There have been some studies that found populations with reduced reproduction during periods of nutritional stress, butit is unknown how common this is. It reproduces out of phase from other Australian Pteropus by c¢.6 months and is not dependent on photoperiod. Activity patterns. Little Red Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosting sites around dusk to forage; they return around dawn. During the day, they rest at roost sites and engage in typical pteropodine activity, such as wing fanning and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Compared with other flying foxes, the Little Red Flying Fox roosts closer to the ground. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Little Red Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts in colonies of more than 100,000 individuals. Long-term colonies at the same roost site result in damage to roosting trees due to the weight of large numbers of individuals. They tend to roost closer to one another than other flying fox species in Australia . Because of ephemerality of flower resources, Little Red Flying Foxes are highly vagile and nomadic. Individuals have been recorded traveling several hundred kilometers between successive roosting sites. Nightly foraging distances from roosts to initial foraging sites are 4-23- 5 km , and multiple foraging sites can be used each night. Little Red Flying Foxes sometimes co-roost in mixed colonies with the other Australian flying fox species such as the Black Flying Fox ( P. alecto ), the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ), or the Gray-headed Flying Fox (FP. poliocephalus ). Compared with other flying foxes, Little Red Flying Foxes form much more temporary colonies, usually lasting 4-6 weeks. They can displace other flying fox species from roosting and foraging sites by moving into centers of colonies and then pushing other species to the edges. 139. Gilliard’s Flying Fox Pteropus gilliardorum French: Roussette des Gilliard / German: Gilliard-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Gilliard Taxonomy. Pteropus gilliardi [sic] Van Deusen, 1969 , “Camp 12 (“summit camp”), Wild Dog Ridge, Whiteman Mountains, New Britain [Island, Papua New Guinea ]; elevation about 5200 feet (1600 meters).” Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The [UCN Red List. The Little Red Flying Fox has a wide distribution, broad range of habitat tolerance, and large population size. It faces no major threats, but conversion of foraging and roosting habitats for agriculture, forestry, or urban development has resulted in some loss ofits historical distribution, and it might be locally threatened. It occasionally comes into conflict with fruit growers due to crop damage, butit is not considered a serious pest. It is killed under license in Queensland and New South Wales as a crop protection measure under special circumstances, but there might be additional illegal killing that is difficult to measure. There has been an increase in persecution of flying foxes due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies. Additional threats might include electrocution on power lines, entanglement on barbed wire or netting, extreme weather events, and mortality from Australian bat lyssavirus. Due to its nomadic nature, monitoring population trends and distribution is difficult. The Little Red Flying Fox might periodically be found in protected areas, but its yearly variation in distribution makes it difficult to plan conservation and management actions. Pteropus gilliardorum is in the pelagicus species group. T. F. Flannery in 1995 amended gilliardi to gilliardorum in accordance with Article 31 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. Monotypic. Distribution. Bismarck Archipelago (New Britain and E New Ireland Is), Papua New Guinea . Descriptive notes. Head-body 154-178 mm (tailless), ear 20-25 mm , hindfoot 34— 40 mm , forearm 114-120 mm ; weight 400 g (adult male). Muzzle of Gilliard’s Flying Fox is covered with very short, black, brown, and silvery hairs, giving bare appearance. Ears are rounded. Pelage is generally olive-brown. Top of head, cheeks, and throat are overall grayish black because of a mix of entirely gray hairs and dark hairs tipped with silver-gray. Mantle is warmer toned than back and rump, between dark brown and olive-brown; hairs on neck glands are deeper yellow-brown. Back and rump are mummy brown, and central back has concentrated dark guard hairs. Venter is similar to mantle. Ventral surface of wing membranes near forearm has short, golden yellow hairs; tibia is naked above. Wing membranes are dark brown; index claw is present. Skull has strong basicranial deflection, moderately long rostrum, large orbits, rounded braincase, thin zygomatic arches, relatively wide palate, and domed braincase. Mandible is gracile, coronoid is thin and sloping, and angle is inconspicuous. Upper dentition has small spatulated incisors, C' is long and thin, P' is minute, and cheekteeth are very small and narrow. Lower dentition has small incisors, inner incisors are widely separated and less than one-half the size of outer incisors, C is short and slanted outward, cheekteeth are exceedingly small and narrow, and last molar is minute. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Daniel (1975), Eby & Roberts (2016), Lavery et al. (2012), Martin et al. (1995), Plowright et al. (2008), Simmons (2005), Vardon & Tidemann (1999), Vardon et al. (2001). 138. Big-eared Flying Fox Pteropus macrotis French: Roussette a grandes oreilles / German: Grofsohrflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador orejudo Other common names: Large-eared Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus macrotis Peters, 1867 , Wokam Island, Aru Islands, Indonesia . Pteropus macrotis is currently in the pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.macrotisPeters,1867—AruIs(Indo-nesia). P. m. epularius Ramsay, 1878 — New Guinea and Raja Ampat Is (Salawati). Also sightings and photographs in Australian Boigu Is, but voucher specimens are needed for confirmation. Descriptive notes. Head-body 179-244 mm (tailless), ear 28-37 mm , hindfoot 36- 2— 55 mm , forearm 112-157 mm ; weight 214-480 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 56— 64- 7 mm . Dark brown face sprinkled with silvery hairs on forehead variably forming spots or stripes. Mantle is pale yellow, and middle of neck is reddish yellow. Back, throat, chest, and belly are dark brown to black. Forearm and lower leg is naked in front. Dorsally, hair extends to first one-third of forearm and on one-half of lower leg. Shoulders and lumbar region have long woolly hair. Attachment points of wing membranes in lumbar region are separated by c. 12 mm . Wings attach to first joint of second toe. Index finger has claw. Skull is relatively flat between orbits, and braincase is slightly elongated and rounded posteriorly. Zygomatic arch is weak and low. Zygomatic process of upper jaw at base is very extended from front to back. Lower incisors are double lobed, and molars are small and bicuspid. Habitat. Wide variety of lowland landscapes including primary and secondary moist forests, monsoon and dry forests, savanna woodlands, mangrove forests, plantations, and rural gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 500 m . The Big-eared Flying Fox might prefer drier habitats for foraging than other flying fox species. Food and Feeding. Some Big-eared Flying Foxes were caught eating flowers of coconut palms. Two individuals were caught near a jackfruit tree ( Artocarpus heterophyllus, Moraceae ). Breeding. One pair of Big-eared Flying Foxes was observed copulating in a coconut palm in April. A pregnant female was captured in October, a female with dependent offspring in January, and young in March—July. One young made its first flight 184 days after birth and ate fruit independently; consequently, weaning takes place with six months. Activity patterns. Big-eared Flying Foxes are nocturnal and probably rest in trees (e.g. mangrove trees) during the day, flying to foraging areas at dusk. Movements, Home range and Social organization. There are observations of flights of more than 12 km between New Guinea and Boigu Island. Big-eared Flying Foxes probably roost in colonies. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. The Big-eared Flying Fox is still relatively common in most of its distribution and is found in several protected areas. In some areas, it is hunted for food, but effects of hunting are unknown. There are no reports of other threats, and its population is currently considered stable. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1995a, 1995b), Hall (2008a), Helgen (2004), Helgen, Salas, Hamilton & Hall (2008), Jackson & Groves (2015), McKean (1972), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Peters (1868a), Rainey & Pierson (1992), Ramsay (1878), Simmons (2005). Habitat. Mature tropical forests with scrambling bamboo, rhododendron, and pandanus at elevations of 200-2300 m . Food and Feeding. Reduced dentition of Gilliard’s Flying Fox suggests a diet of nectar and soft fruits. Breeding. The single adult known, a male, had secondary sex glands on sides of neck. Activity patterns. Gilliard’s Flying Fox is presumably nocturnal and roosts in canopy foliage. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Gilliard’s Flying Fox presumably roosts cryptically in small groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Data Deficient on The [UCN Red List. Gilliard’s Flying Fox is only known from six specimens from three localities. It is not known if it occurs in any protected area. New surveys and ecological studies are urgently needed to assessits conservation status. Bibliography. Allison, Bonaccorso, Helgen & Hamilton (2008), Almeida et al. (2014), Bonaccorso (1998), Flannery (1990, 1995a), Van Deusen (1969).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus scapulatus	Pteropus		scapulatus	Peters	1862	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1871:34:00	Little Red Flying Fox	 elseyi Peters, 1862.	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.	Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.	Appendix II	Least Concern	 scapulatus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus scapulatus	23	Little Red Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	scapulatus	W. Peters	1862	0	Pteropus_scapulatus	Peters, W. C. H. (1862). Ãœber einen neuen Flederhund, Pteropus scapulatus, aus Neuholland. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1862, 574.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112407#page/622/mode/1up	ZMB 2616		"Promontorium York [= Cape York, Queensland], Nova Hollandia [= Australia]."			scapulatus W. Peters, 1862|elseyii J. E. Gray, 1866	NA	NA	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18758	Pteropus scapulatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	scapulatus	Peters, 1862		20000000	Pteropus scapulatus	Least Concern		2016	2014-10-25 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Listed as Least Concern in view of its wide distribution, tolerance of a broad range of habitats and large population. Its nomadic habit over much of its range precludes effective monitoring, and trends in population and distribution are unknown.	Feeding and roosting habitats include sclerophyll woodland, paperbark swamp forest, mangroves, bamboo, and occasionally orchards or ornamental trees (Vardon et al.  2001, Birt et al.  2008, M. Pennay pers. comm.). Observational and morphological evidence indicates P. scapulatus is highly nectarivorous and rarely uses fruit food resources (Birt 2004, Southerton et al.  2008). Colonies form near ephemeral flowerings of Eucalyptus and Melaleuca spp., aggregations of hundreds of thousands are associated with heavy flowering of preferred species (Ratcliffe 1932, Birt 2004, Southerton et al.  2008). It is believed to prefer foraging in native vegetation to urban plantings (Chamberlin 2008). Pteropus scapulatus is a highly mobile, largely nomadic species. There is evidence of seasonal use of parts of tropical Queensland and Northern Territory, and infrequent, irregular presence in the south. Satellite telemetry studies found individuals moved several hundred kilometres between successive roost sites (C. Palmer pers. comm., H. Field pers. comm.). Birt (2004) found distances travelled from roosts to initial foraging areas ranged from 4 km to 23.5 km. Some individuals used multiple foraging areas per night moving 0.5 km to 24 km between successive sites. Viable pollen is carried on their fur, generating diverse and widespread patterns of pollen dispersal. Local populations can experience periods of nutritional stress indicated by low body weights, poor body conditions, observations of diurnal feeding and reduced reproduction (Plowright et al.  2008). The extent and incidence of these events are unknown. Reproduction is synchronous throughout the range. After a gestation period of approximately six months, females give birth to a single young in April-May, and the lactation period lasts three to five months (Martin et al.  1996).	There are no known major threats to this species. It is locally threatened in parts of its range by loss and modification of feeding and roosting habitat for agriculture, urban development and commercial forestry. The species occasionally damages fruit crops, although it is not considered a serious pest (Birt et al.  2008), and animals are killed under licence in Queensland and New South Wales as a crop protection measure. Levels of illegal killing are unknown. Additional threats with unknown impacts on the species include: electrocution on powerlines, entanglement in barbed wire and netting, persecution and dispersal of colonies and removal of vegetation at roosting sites, the impacts of climate change and severe weather including cyclones and droughts on the phenology and productivity of diet plants, and mortality from Australian Bat Lysssavirus.	It is a common species.	Unknown	<span id="docs-internal-guid-6e5490f0-223b-8524-86fd-3478254f1b0d">This species is widespread in northern and eastern Australia and occurs on various islands in the Torres Strait including Thursday, Horn, Badu, Hammond and Muralag (Helgen 2004, Birt et al. 2008, Lavery et al.    2011, T. Lavery pers. comm.). There are vagrant sighting in South Australia (Birt et al.    2008, T. Reardon pers comm.) and New Zealand c. 1927 (Daniel 1975). Historical records from Western Province, Papua New Guinea c . 1972 have not been confirmed and are presumed extralimital (Waithman 1979, Lavery et al.    2011).	This species is hunted for its meat.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. It is present in some protected areas on an irregular basis. Roost sites in urban areas in Australia are becoming more common and urban gardens may serve as alternative habitat in times of reduced flowering in native vegetation. Persecution of the species has increased with the discovery of zoonoses and with public concerns about smell and noise associated with large colonies near dwellings.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		scapulatus	Peters	1862	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1871:34:00	Little Red Flying Fox	 elseyi Peters, 1862.	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.	Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.	Appendix II	Least Concern	 scapulatus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).	Pteropus scapulatus	1004498	23	Little Red Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	scapulatus	W. Peters	1862	0	Pteropus_scapulatus	Peters, W. C. H. (1862). Ãœber einen neuen Flederhund, Pteropus scapulatus, aus Neuholland. Monatsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1862, 574.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/112407#page/622/mode/1up	ZMB 2616		"Promontorium York [= Cape York, Queensland], Nova Hollandia [= Australia]."			scapulatus W. Peters, 1862|elseyii J. E. Gray, 1866	NA	NA				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_scapulatus	1004498	23	Little Red Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	scapulatus	W. C. H. Peters	0	Pteropus scapulatus	Peters, W.C.H. 1862. Hr. W. Peters machte eine Mittheilung über einen neuen Flederhund, _Pteropus scapulatus_, aus Neuholland. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1862:574-577.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36507229	ZMB 2616	holotype		"Promontorium York [= Cape York, Queensland], Nova Hollandia [= Australia]."			NA	NA				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_scapulatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		scapulatus	Peters	1862	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1871:34:00	Little Red Flying Fox	elseyi Peters, 1862.	Australia, Queensland, Cape York.	Australia, S New Guinea, accidental on New Zealand.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18758/22087637/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	scapulatusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014), Flannery (1995b), and Bonaccorso (1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus scapulatus; Pteropus scapulatus; Pteropus scapulatus; Pteropus scapulatus; Pteropus scapulatus; Pteropus scapulatus; elseyi; macrotis; epularius; elseyi; scapulatus; elseyii; Roussette a collier; Kleiner Roter Flughund; Zorro volador de Queensland; Roussette des Gilliard; Gilliard-Flughund; Zorro volador de Gilliard; Roussette a grandes oreilles; Grofsohrflughund; Zorro volador orejudo; Large-eared Flying Fox; Little Red Flying Fox; Little Red Flying Fox; Little Red Flying Fox; P. scapulatus