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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1314	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus samoensis		[MSW2] Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978:65).; [MSW3] samoensis species group. Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).; [HMW] Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848 , Tutuila Island ( American Samoa ), Samoan Islands. K. Andersen in 1912 suspected a closerrelationship between samoensis and anetianus and placed both in the samoensis species group. According to genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014, this group represents a second radiation of the genus Pteropus in the Pacific region, which includes at least six additional species: fundatus , tuberculatus , nitendiensis , rayneri , cognatus , and rennelli . S. M. Tsang in 2015 also added capistratus and vetula in the samoensis group. Taxon nawaiensis was considered as a full species by Andersen in 1912 but was treated as a subspecies of samoensis by K. Wodzicki and H. Felten in 1975. Genetic data provided by A. L. Russell and others in 2016 identify P. samoensis as monophyletic with respect to other Pteropus and internally composed of two groups that correspond exactly to nawaiensis and samoensis . Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).; [batnames2023]  samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).; [batnames2025_1.7] samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001). See Bruce and Bahr (2020) for the date of Peale's publication				nawaiensis		nawaiensis, vitiensis, whitmeei.	nawaiensis, samoensis	samoensis , nawaiensis ,	vitiensis, whitmeei; nawaiensis - fuscicollis, ruficollis	samoensis, nawaiensis		samoensis, nawaiensis	samoensis- vitiensis, whitmeei; nawaiensis - fuscicollis, ruficollis	samoensis, nawaiensis, vitiensis, whitmeei, fuscicollis, ruficollis		samoensis, nawaiensis	samoensis - vitiensis, whitmeei; nawaiensis - fuscicollis, ruficollis	samoensis, nawaiensis, vitiensis, whitmeei, fuscicollis, ruficollis	ruficollis, samoensis, nawaiensis, vitiensis, whitmeei, fuscicollis, rufficollis	nawaiensis, samoensis 	nawaiensis - fuscicollis, ruficollis; samoensis - vitiensis, whitmeei	ruficollis Wilkes, 1844 [nomen nudum]|samoensis T. R. Peale, 1849|nawaiensis J. E. Gray, 1871|vitiensis J. E. Gray, 1871|whitmeei Alston, 1874|fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [nomen nudum]|rufficollis Nicoll, 1908 [incorrect subsequent spelling | nomen nudum]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		Fiji, Samoa	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus samoensis	Samoan Isis., Tutuila Isl. (Amer. Samoa).	Peale	1848	Mammalia and Ornithology in U.S. Expl. Exped., 8:20.	Distribution: Con fined to the Fijis and Samoa.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Samoa flying fox	Fiji Is, Samoa Is; E	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peale	1848	Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv., 8:20.	Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978:65).	Fiji Isis, Samoan Isis.	Samoan Isis, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).		PEALE	1848	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Rostrum greatly shortened. Dention heavy. First lower incisor unreduced and second enlarged. An terior lower premolar enlarged. Last lower molar unreduced. Posterior ledges of upper incisors me dium in breadth. No inner basal ledges on lower premolars and molars. Size large for group (fore arm length, 124-144 mm).	Distribution: Con fined to the Fijis and Samoa.	Two subspecies (HILL & BECKON 1978):	P. s. nawaiensis (Fiji), P. s. samoensis (Samoa).	24	species	P. samoensis	PEALE	1848	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus samoensis				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Rostrum greatly shortened. Dention heavy. First lower incisor unreduced and second enlarged. An terior lower premolar enlarged. Last lower molar unreduced. Posterior ledges of upper incisors me dium in breadth. No inner basal ledges on lower premolars and molars. Size large for group (fore arm length, 124-144 mm).	Two subspecies (HILL & BECKON 1978):		31. P. samoensis PEALE 1848 [samoensis group].	31	_P. s. nawaiensis_ Gray, 1871 (synonyms: _vitiensis_ Gray, 1871); _P. s. samoensis_ Peale, 1849 (synonyms: _fuscicollis_ Nicoll, 1904, _ruficollis_ Wilkes, 1844, _whitmeei_ Alston, 1874)			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus		samoensis	Peale		1848		Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.	8		20		Samoan Flying Fox	Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).	Fiji Isls, Samoan Isls.	CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) and IUCN 2003 – Vulnerable.	vitiensis Gray, 1870; whitmeei Alston, 1874; nawaiensis Gray, 1870; fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [nomen nudum]; ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [nomen nudum].	samoensis species group. Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).	03AD87FAFF8AF6658CB63F47FDB1F21C	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	150	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF98F67689B035B4F844FD02.xml	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	samoensis	Peale	1849	Roussette des Samoa @fr | Gewohnlicher Samoa-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Samoa @es | Samoan Flying Fox @en	Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848 , Tutuila Island ( American Samoa ), Samoan Islands. K. Andersen in 1912 suspected a closerrelationship between samoensis and anetianus and placed both in the samoensis species group. According to genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014, this group represents a second radiation of the genus Pteropus in the Pacific region, which includes at least six additional species: fundatus , tuberculatus , nitendiensis , rayneri , cognatus , and rennelli . S. M. Tsang in 2015 also added capistratus and vetula in the samoensis group. Taxon nawaiensis was considered as a full species by Andersen in 1912 but was treated as a subspecies of samoensis by K. Wodzicki and H. Felten in 1975. Genetic data provided by A. L. Russell and others in 2016 identify P. samoensis as monophyletic with respect to other Pteropus and internally composed of two groups that correspond exactly to nawaiensis and samoensis . Two subspecies recognized.	P.s.samoensisPeale,1848—WesternSamoa(SavaiiandUpoluIs)andAmericanSamoa(Tutuila,Ofu,Olosega,andTauIs). P. s. nawaiensisJ. E. Gray, 1870 — Fiji Is (Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Viti Levu, Ovalau, Cicia, Nayau, Vanua Balavu, Vatu Vara, Kadavu).	Head—-body 175-220 mm (tailless), ear 20- 1-23 mm , forearm 120- 1556 mm ; weight 220-440 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 57- 3-64 mm . Subspecies nawaiensis is smaller and has weaker teeth than nominate samoensis . The Common Samoan Flying Fox has small rounded ears, partly hidden in fur, and long grizzled pelage. Dense pelage and wings are dark brown. Fur on head, neck, and back varies from sandy oversilvery gray to brown. Crown of head is brightly colored. Mantle is buffy gray to dark chestnut or reddish brown in samoensis and ocherous buffy to yellowish white in nawaiensis. Mantle color extended to sides of neck and collar. Claw on index finger is well developed. Wing membranesare attached ¢. 25-26 mm apart from sides of back. Uropatagium is very narrow. Skull is robust, with very short snout. Coronoid process is higher than in the sympatric Pacific Flying Fox ( P. tonganus ). I, and P, are large; P' is less strongly reduced. Basal ledges of cheekteeth are strongly developed compared with otherflying fox species.	Primary tropical moist forests and sometimes agroforests, plantations, and village areas.	The Common Samoan Flying Fox feeds on fruits, leaves, and flower parts, with fruits forming the biggest parts of diets. At least 32 plant species are used as food, including in Samoa , Carica papaya ( Caricaceae ); Dysoxylum maota ( Meliaceae ); Artocarpus altilis and Ficus spp. ( Moraceae ); Syzygium inophylloides ( Myrtaceae ; plants visited as flower source); Cupaniopsis samoensis ( Sapindaceae ); Freycinetia reinecker ( Pandanaceae ); Inocarpus fagifer ( Fabaceae ); Elaeocarpus tonganus ( Elaeocarpaceae ); Terminalia catappa ( Combretaceae ); Palaquium stehlinii and Planchonella spp. ( Sapotaceae ; plants visited as fruit or fruitlike pulp source); and Cananga odorata ( Annonaceae ). Nominate samoensis prefers fruits and inflorescences oftrees in primary forests but also feeds on coconut palms and A. altilis. Subspecies nawaiensis feeds mainly on nectar and sprouts of Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ).	The Common Samoan Flying Fox is monogamous. Breeding is broadly seasonal; mating occurs in August-December. During this time, a female usually also cares for her young from the last litter. Births occur in March-October, peaking in May-June. Young begin to fly at ¢.3 months old. Weaning occurs during peak fruiting.	Nominate samoensis on the Samoan Islands is mostly diurnal, with foraging flights in morning and late afternoon, but it also has some night activity. Soaring using air thermals occurs during the day and subspecies nawaiensis on the Fiji Islands is less diurnal and does not forage until late afternoon, possibly to avoid predation by peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus).	Male Common Samoan Flying Foxes defend territories of ¢. 3 km ?®They mark branches and tree trunks with secretion from neck glands. Territorial behavior also includes aerial pursuits, vocalizations, and display on clearly visible branches. Females also show territorial behavior, but it is less strongly pronounced. Actively defended territories are c. 2 km ? occupied by couples year-round, and are maintained by vocalizations, glandular scent marks, and wing displays. Both partners chase intruders. .	CITES Appendix I. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. In the 1980s, numbers of nominate samoensis declined sharply because it was commercially captured for export as a luxury food to Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Because international trade has been banned since 1990, this is no longer a threat. Hunting for the local market is not a major threat in Fiji , but it is in Samoa and American Samoa . There is a temporary ban on hunting in American Samoa , but this is hardly known among citizens. Main threat now is habitat loss from deforestation and conversion into agricultural land. Typhoons and other catastrophic weather events are also a threat. In the 1990s, overall population of the Common Samoan Flying Fox was weakened by storms that destroyed food sources. Some important roosting and foraging places are in protected areas (e.g. American Samoa National Park). Nevertheless, additional protection is needed to help population recovery.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Banack (1998, 2001) | Banack & Grant (2003a) | Brooke (2001) | Brooke & Wiles (2008) | Brooke et al. (2000) | Cox (1983) | Dobson (1878) | Flannery (1995a) | Gray (1870) | Koopman & Steadman (1995) | Melin et al. (2014) | Mickleburgh et al. (1992) | Nelson et al. (2000) | Palmeirim et al. (2007) | Peale (1848) | Richmond et al. (1998) | Russell et al. (2016) | Simmons (2005) | Thomson et al. (1998, 2002) | Tsang (2015) | Wodzicki & Felten (1975, 1981)		164. Common Samoan Flying Fox Pteropus samoensis French: Roussette des Samoa / German: Gewohnlicher Samoa-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Samoa Other common names: Samoan Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus samoensis Peale, 1848 , Tutuila Island ( American Samoa ), Samoan Islands. K. Andersen in 1912 suspected a closerrelationship between samoensis and anetianus and placed both in the samoensis species group. According to genetic studies by F. C. Almeida and colleagues in 2014, this group represents a second radiation of the genus Pteropus in the Pacific region, which includes at least six additional species: fundatus , tuberculatus , nitendiensis , rayneri , cognatus , and rennelli . S. M. Tsang in 2015 also added capistratus and vetula in the samoensis group. Taxon nawaiensis was considered as a full species by Andersen in 1912 but was treated as a subspecies of samoensis by K. Wodzicki and H. Felten in 1975. Genetic data provided by A. L. Russell and others in 2016 identify P. samoensis as monophyletic with respect to other Pteropus and internally composed of two groups that correspond exactly to nawaiensis and samoensis . Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.s.samoensisPeale,1848—WesternSamoa(SavaiiandUpoluIs)andAmericanSamoa(Tutuila,Ofu,Olosega,andTauIs). P. s. nawaiensisJ. E. Gray, 1870 — Fiji Is (Vanua Levu, Taveuni, Viti Levu, Ovalau, Cicia, Nayau, Vanua Balavu, Vatu Vara, Kadavu). Descriptive notes. Head—-body 175-220 mm (tailless), ear 20- 1-23 mm , forearm 120- 1556 mm ; weight 220-440 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 57- 3-64 mm . Subspecies nawaiensis is smaller and has weaker teeth than nominate samoensis . The Common Samoan Flying Fox has small rounded ears, partly hidden in fur, and long grizzled pelage. Dense pelage and wings are dark brown. Fur on head, neck, and back varies from sandy oversilvery gray to brown. Crown of head is brightly colored. Mantle is buffy gray to dark chestnut or reddish brown in samoensis and ocherous buffy to yellowish white in nawaiensis. Mantle color extended to sides of neck and collar. Claw on index finger is well developed. Wing membranesare attached ¢. 25-26 mm apart from sides of back. Uropatagium is very narrow. Skull is robust, with very short snout. Coronoid process is higher than in the sympatric Pacific Flying Fox ( P. tonganus ). I, and P, are large; P' is less strongly reduced. Basal ledges of cheekteeth are strongly developed compared with otherflying fox species. Habitat. Primary tropical moist forests and sometimes agroforests, plantations, and village areas. Food and Feeding. The Common Samoan Flying Fox feeds on fruits, leaves, and flower parts, with fruits forming the biggest parts of diets. At least 32 plant species are used as food, including in Samoa , Carica papaya ( Caricaceae ); Dysoxylum maota ( Meliaceae ); Artocarpus altilis and Ficus spp. ( Moraceae ); Syzygium inophylloides ( Myrtaceae ; plants visited as flower source); Cupaniopsis samoensis ( Sapindaceae ); Freycinetia reinecker ( Pandanaceae ); Inocarpus fagifer ( Fabaceae ); Elaeocarpus tonganus ( Elaeocarpaceae ); Terminalia catappa ( Combretaceae ); Palaquium stehlinii and Planchonella spp. ( Sapotaceae ; plants visited as fruit or fruitlike pulp source); and Cananga odorata ( Annonaceae ). Nominate samoensis prefers fruits and inflorescences oftrees in primary forests but also feeds on coconut palms and A. altilis. Subspecies nawaiensis feeds mainly on nectar and sprouts of Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ). Breeding. The Common Samoan Flying Fox is monogamous. Breeding is broadly seasonal; mating occurs in August-December. During this time, a female usually also cares for her young from the last litter. Births occur in March-October, peaking in May-June. Young begin to fly at ¢.3 months old. Weaning occurs during peak fruiting. Activity patterns. Nominate samoensis on the Samoan Islands is mostly diurnal, with foraging flights in morning and late afternoon, but it also has some night activity. Soaring using air thermals occurs during the day and subspecies nawaiensis on the Fiji Islands is less diurnal and does not forage until late afternoon, possibly to avoid predation by peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus). Movements, Home range and Social organization. Male Common Samoan Flying Foxes defend territories of ¢. 3 km ?®They mark branches and tree trunks with secretion from neck glands. Territorial behavior also includes aerial pursuits, vocalizations, and display on clearly visible branches. Females also show territorial behavior, but it is less strongly pronounced. Actively defended territories are c. 2 km ? occupied by couples year-round, and are maintained by vocalizations, glandular scent marks, and wing displays. Both partners chase intruders. . Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. In the 1980s, numbers of nominate samoensis declined sharply because it was commercially captured for export as a luxury food to Guam and Northern Mariana Islands . Because international trade has been banned since 1990, this is no longer a threat. Hunting for the local market is not a major threat in Fiji , but it is in Samoa and American Samoa . There is a temporary ban on hunting in American Samoa , but this is hardly known among citizens. Main threat now is habitat loss from deforestation and conversion into agricultural land. Typhoons and other catastrophic weather events are also a threat. In the 1990s, overall population of the Common Samoan Flying Fox was weakened by storms that destroyed food sources. Some important roosting and foraging places are in protected areas (e.g. American Samoa National Park). Nevertheless, additional protection is needed to help population recovery. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Banack (1998, 2001), Banack & Grant (2003a), Brooke (2001), Brooke & Wiles (2008), Brooke et al. (2000), Cox (1983), Dobson (1878), Flannery (1995a), Gray (1870), Koopman & Steadman (1995), Melin et al. (2014), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Nelson et al. (2000), Palmeirim et al. (2007), Peale (1848), Richmond et al. (1998), Russell et al. (2016), Simmons (2005), Thomson et al. (1998, 2002), Tsang (2015), Wodzicki & Felten (1975, 1981).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus samoensis	Pteropus		samoensis	Peale	1848	0	Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.	8:20	Samoan Flying Fox	 vitiensis Gray, 1870; whitmeei Alston, 1874; <b>nawaiensis</b> Gray, 1870; fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [ nomen nudum ]; ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [ nomen nudum ].	Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).	Fiji Isls, Samoan Isls.	Appendix I	Near Threatened	 samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus samoensis	23	Common Samoan Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	samoensis	Peale	1848	0	Pteropus_samoensis	Peale, T. R. (1848). United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Volume 8, Mammalia and Ornithology. Philadelphia, C. Sherman, 20.		USNM 8597/37860 [lectotype]		Tutuila Island (American Samoa), Samoan Islands.			samoensis Peale, 1848|nawaiensis J. E. Gray, 1870|vitiensis J. E. Gray, 1870|whitmeei Alston, 1874|fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [nomen nudum]|ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [nomen nudum]	NA	NA	Fiji|Samoa|American Samoa	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_samoensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_samoensis	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18757	Pteropus samoensis	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	samoensis	Peale, 1848		20000000	Pteropus samoensis	Near Threatened	A2c	2020	2019-07-06 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Pteropus samoensis is listed as Near Threatened (nearly meets criterion A2c) as its global population is suspected to have declined by an estimated 25-29% over the past 24.3 years (three generations; generation length = 8.1 years, Pacifici et al. 2013). In the 1980s through the mid 1990s, the species suffered dramatic declines in Samoa and American Samoa as the result of storms, logging, direct exploitation, and the interaction of these factors. Across its range, the species is hunted and eaten, and important forest habitat is projected to continue to decline.	Unlike most other pteropodids, this species roosts alone or in small family groups, most often in the forest canopy. Small numbers of bats will also roost within larger camps of Tongan fruit bats (Pteropus tonganus ). It is found in primary tropical moist forest, and less often in agroforest, plantations, and village areas especially when roosting (Mickleburgh et al. 1992). The females give birth to single young and in Fiji, juvenile animals have been observed throughout the year, the species is not known to form maternity colonies like P. tonganus does (Scanlon et al. 2014a). The diet of P. samoensis in Fiji overlaps with other co-existing phytophagous bats (P. tonganus and the nectarivorous Notopteris macdonaldi). However, they have a narrower dietary breath than P. tonganus and show a preference for the flowers of forest lianas, Freycinetia , and the fleshy fruits of Ficus , Freycinetia , Garcinia and Parinari (Scanlon et al. 2014b).	In Samoa and American Samoa, it is principally threatened by over exploitation and forest clearance (logging and conversion to cultivated land). Populations underwent drastic declines in the 1980s. Commercial hunting of the species largely took place to supply the export demand for fruit bats as a luxury food item in Guam and the Northern Marianas. However, this is no longer a threat to the species, because it was listed on Appendix I of CITES in 1990, and international trade in this species is effectively illegal. Hunting of bats for the domestic market appears to have increased in Samoa and American Samoa since the 1980s and is still a concern today (A. Brooke pers. comm., A. Scanlon pers. comm.). In Fiji, the hunting of this species is only for local consumption and is not a major threat to the species, particularly on large islands (Palmeirim et al. 2005), where the common and larger bat, Pteropus tonganus , is favoured for consumption (Scanlon et al. 2014a). However, if Fijians either begin to hunt flying foxes with guns or to collect for trade the threat of over exploitation could become serious (Palmeirim et al. 2005). Populations throughout the range of this species are susceptible to typhoons and other storm events (Mickleburgh et al. 1992, Flannery 1995). In the early 1990s, storms diminished populations in Samoa and American Samoa, by destroying food sources and leading to noticeable changes is foraging behaviour and overhunting (Daschbach 1990, Craig et al. 1994, Pierson et al. 1996, Grant et al. 1997). Similar observations have been recorded in Fiji (Scanlon et al. 2014a).	The Samoan Flying Fox appears to be regularly encountered in Fiji, Samoa, and American Samoa. Overall, populations of this species are not large anywhere (A. Brooke pers. comm.) and the global population is inferred to be declining due to the continuing loss of forest habitats and hunting pressure. The species is still eaten in Samoa and Fiji (A. Scanlon pers. comm). The population in American Samoa can be found throughout the island and has been relatively stable since 1996 and was estimated at approximately 900 animals in the late 1990s (Brooke 2001). In Samoa, the population is scattered and only found in forested areas (A. Brooke pers. comm). In Fiji, the species was moderately common in some lowland forest areas of Viti Levu and Vanua Levu (Palmeirim et al. 2005, 2007) and in the mid-altitude and cloud forests of Vanua Levu and Taveuni, respectively (Scanlon et al. 2014a). While it occurs on some medium-sized islands and usually avoids smaller islands.	Decreasing	Samoan Flying Fox is restricted to Fiji, Samoa, and American Samoa. In Fiji it is known from the islands of Vatu Vara, Cicia, Vanua Balavu, Kadavu, Ovalau, Taveuni, Vanua Levu, Viti Levu, and probably occurs on some medium-sized islands in the Lau Group (Palmeirim et al. 2005). In Samoa, it has been recorded on the islands of 'Upolu and Savai'i. In American Samoa it has been recorded on Tutuila, Ofu, and Ta'u (Mickleburgh et al. 1992, Flannery 1995). The species was prehistorically present in Tonga, but was extirpated at the time of Polynesian colonization (Koopman and Steadman 1995).	Commercial hunting of the species largely took place to supply the export demand for fruit bats as a luxury food item in Guam and the Northern Marianas. However, this is no longer a threat to the species, because it was listed on Appendix I of CITES in 1990, and international trade in this species is effectively illegal. Hunting of bats for the domestic market appears to have increased in Samoa and American Samoa since the 1980s ;and is still a concern today (A. Brooke pers. comm.<span class="msoins0">; A. Scanlon pers. comm.). In Fiji, the hunting of this species is only for local consumption and is not a major threat to the species, particularly on large islands (<span class="spelle">Palmeirim ;et al. ;2005)<span class="msoins0">, where the common and larger bat, ;<span class="spelle">Pteropus <span class="msoins0"> ;tonganus , is favoured for consumption (Scanlon et al. 2014a). However, if Fijians either begin to hunt flying foxes with guns or to collect for trade the threat of over exploitation could become serious (Palmeirim ;et al. ;2005).</span></span>	Terrestrial	<p>The Samoan Flying Fox is found in several protected areas across its range. It is listed on Appendix I of CITES. Continued enforcement of export bans of this species is necessary to aid recovery. Domestic legislation to regulate hunting is needed over all the species' range states. Legal protection is present in some protected areas in Samoa and the National Park of American Samoa, which contains important sites for foraging and roosting (A. Brooke pers. comm.). Local awareness programmes are needed to emphasize the importance of wildlife resources. Key sites for roosting and foraging should be identified and protected (Mickleburgh et al. 1992). Both flying fox species (Pteropus samoensis and Pteropus tonganus ) are still under a hunting ban in American Samoa, however, this legislation is temporary (A. Brooke pers. comm.). There is a ban on hunting any bat in American Samoa, but bats are taken for personal consumption as this ban is not widely enforced (A. Brooke pers. comm.). In Fiji, there is a need to assess the distribution (particularly its occurrence in the Lau Group) and to protect native forests (Palmeirim et al. 2005).</p>	Oceanian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		samoensis	Peale	1848	0	Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.	8:20	Samoan Flying Fox	 vitiensis Gray, 1870; whitmeei Alston, 1874; <b>nawaiensis</b> Gray, 1870; fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [ nomen nudum ]; ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [ nomen nudum ].	Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).	Fiji Isls, Samoan Isls.	Appendix I	Near Threatened	 samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001).	Pteropus samoensis	1004497	23	Common Samoan Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	samoensis	Peale	1849	0	Pteropus_samoensis	Peale, T. R. (1848). United States Exploring Expedition During the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842 Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S.N. Volume 8, Mammalia and Ornithology. Philadelphia, C. Sherman, 20.		USNM 8597/37860 [lectotype]		Tutuila Island (American Samoa), Samoan Islands.			samoensis Peale, 1848|nawaiensis J. E. Gray, 1870|vitiensis J. E. Gray, 1870|whitmeei Alston, 1874|fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [nomen nudum]|ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [nomen nudum]	NA	NA				Fiji|Samoa|American Samoa	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_samoensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_samoensis	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_samoensis	1004497	23	Common Samoan Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	samoensis	T. R. Peale	0	Pteropus samoënsis	Peale, T.R. 1849-06-05. United States Exploring Expedition. During the years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. Under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N. Vol. VIII. Mammalia and Ornithology. C. Sherman, Philadelphia, 338 pp.	https://books.google.com/books?id=VZSUUF_4nKIC	USNM:MAMM:8597 (= USNM:MAMM:A37860)	lectotype	http://n2t.net/ark:/65665/32b06d902-dee6-406c-90e8-9d38f574eb49	Tutuila Island (American Samoa), Samoan Islands.			NA	NA				Fiji|Samoa|American Samoa	Oceania (Continent)	Oceania (Biorealm)	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_samoensis	0	sciname match	Pteropus_samoensis	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		samoensis	Peale	1849	0	Mammalia in Repts. U.S. Expl. Surv.	8:20	Samoan Flying Fox	vitiensis Gray, 1870; whitmeei Alston, 1874; nawaiensis Gray, 1870; fuscicollis Nicoll, 1904 [nomen nudum]; ruficollis Nicoll, 1908 [nomen nudum].	Samoan Isls, Tutuila Isl (American Samoa).	Fiji Isls, Samoan Isls.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php'>Appendix I</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18757/22087415/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Includes nawaiensis; see Hill and Beckon (1978) and Banack (2001). See Bruce and Bahr (2020) for the date of Peale's publication		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus samoensis; Pteropus samoensis; Pteropus samoensis; Pteropus samoensis; Pteropus samoensis; Pteropus samoensis; samoensis ; nawaiensis ; vitiensis; whitmeei; nawaiensis - fuscicollis; ruficollis; samoensis; nawaiensis; nawaiensis; vitiensis; whitmeei; nawaiensis - fuscicollis; ruficollis; samoensis; nawaiensis; vitiensis; whitmeei; fuscicollis; ruficollis; Roussette des Samoa; Gewohnlicher Samoa-Flughund; Zorro volador de Samoa; Samoan Flying Fox; Common Samoan Flying Fox; Samoan Flying Fox; Samoan Flying Fox; P. samoensis