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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1313	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	N/A	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus rufus		[MSW3] niger species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). Because Wilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is a junior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).; [HMW] Pteropus rufus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 , Madagascar . Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar . Pteropus rufus is in the wvampyrus species group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).; [IUCN] Synonyms = Pteropus ( edwardsi ) rufus rufus Kaudern (1915); Pteropus phaiops Temminick (1825); Pteropus rufus Dorst (1948); Pteropus rufus princeps Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus princeps K. Andersen (1908); Pteropus rufus rufus Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus rufus K. Andersen (1912).; [batnames2023]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).; [batnames2025_1.7] vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).									edwardsi, phaiops, princeps			rufus	rufus - edwardsi, phaiops, princeps	rufus, edwardsi, madagascariensis, phaiops, phaeops, princeps	Synonyms = Pteropus ( edwardsi ) rufus rufus Kaudern (1915); Pteropus phaiops Temminick (1825); Pteropus rufus Dorst (1948); Pteropus rufus princeps Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus princeps K. Andersen (1908); Pteropus rufus rufus Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus rufus K. Andersen (1912).	rufus	rufus - edwardsi, phaiops, princeps	rufus, edwardsi, madagascariensis, phaiops, phaeops, princeps	rufus, edwardsii, madagascariensis, phaiops, edwardii, phaeops, princeps, edwardsi	rufus 	rufus - edwardsi, phaiops, princeps	rufus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803|edwardsii É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|madagascariensis Oken, 1816 [placed on index | nomen novum]|phaiops Temminck, 1825|edwardii A. Smith, 1833|phaeops Oken, 1838 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|edwardsi von Lorenz-Liburnau, 1898 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|princeps Andersen, 1908		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Madagascar flying fox	Madagascar	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus rufus	Madagascar.	E. Geoffroy	1803	Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris, p. 47.	Distribution: Confined to Madagascar.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Madagascar flying fox	Madagascar									E. GEOFFROY	1803	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Uropatagium relatively well developed. Ears rather sharply pointed, relatively long (34-41 mm) and exposed. Tibia naked dorsally. Size relatively large (forearm length, 158-171 mm).	Distribution: Confined to Madagascar.	Two subspecies.		23	species	P. rufus	E. GEOFFROY	1803	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus rufus				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Uropatagium relatively well developed. Ears rather sharply pointed, relatively long (34-41 mm) and exposed. Tibia naked dorsally. Size relatively large (forearm length, 158-171 mm).	Two subspecies.		18. P. rufus E. GEOFFROY 1803 [niger group].	18	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus rufus	Pteropus		rufus	E. Geoffroy		1803		Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris			47		Malagasy Flying Fox	Madagascar. Restricted to "N. and C. Madagascar" by K. Andersen (1908).	Madagascar.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	edwardsi E. Geoffroy, 1810; phaiops Temmnick, 1825; princeps K. Andersen, 1908.	niger species group. Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). Because Wilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is a junior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).	03AD87FAFF98F67689B035B4F844FD02	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	159	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFA1F64C8C703E54FDD1F68B.xml	Pteropus rufus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	rufus	E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1803	Roussette marron @fr | Madagaskar-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Madagascar @es | Madagascan Flying Fox @en | Madagascar Flying Fox @en | Madagascar Fruit Bat @en	Pteropus rufus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 , Madagascar . Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar . Pteropus rufus is in the wvampyrus species group. Monotypic.	Madagascar and nearby islands including Nosy Be, Nosy Komba, Nosy Tanikely, and Ile Sainte-Marie.	Head-body 234- 270 mm (males) and 233-255 mm (females), no tail, ear 29-40 mm (males) and 33-41 mm (females), hindfoot 52-62 mm (males) and 52-56 mm (females), forearm 154-171 mm (males) and 156-173 mm (females); weight 650-750 g (males) and 500-550 g (females). Females are on average smaller than males. Muzzle, face, cheeks, and area around eyes are medium brown, contrasting yellowish buff crown and area between eyes; eyes are large, with brown irises; ears are long, naked, exposed, and attenuated at tips and subacutely pointed; back and flanks are dark brown, without being intermixed with lighter hairs; mid-dorsal hairs and those of mantle are 19-22 mm long, pelage above extending to one-third or half-way of forearm; fur also extends on wing membrane for c¢. 14 mm ; mantle is buffy, orange buffy, or yellowish buffy, strongly contrasting rump; and tibias are naked or very thinly haired above. Venter is buffy, orange bufty, or yellowish brown and darker in anal region; hairs are 19-22 mm long, bicolored with long seal-brown bases and yellowish buff tips; uropatagium is well-developed in its center (c. 15 mm in depth), usually wholly and covered by overhanging hairs of rump. Skull is large, rostrum is relatively long and slightly compressed; braincase is moderately deflected; sagittal crest is strongly developed; orbits are relatively large; postorbital processes is long and strong; zygomatic arches widen posteriorly; there are 14 palatal ridges, of which ridges 1-8 are interdental; and mandible is strong. Baculum has distal tip forming an arch-shaped structure and basal portion that is lobed with distinct central prolongation. C' is slightly recurved; P' is very small; anterior M' is subcircular or subsquarish; I, is at least twice as large as I; P,is twice the size of I; and M,is slightly larger than P,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FNa = 68, with eleven pairs of metacentric, six pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome small acrocentric.	Primarily humid forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1200 m . Roosts of the Malagasy Flying Fox are most frequently found in coastal areas.	Diet of the Malagasy Flying Fox consists of 59-65% fruit (juices), 17-35% flowers and nectar, and 6-18% leaves. It feeds on native and introduced fruits of at least 56 genera in 39 families and leaves of Tamarindus indica ( Fabaceae ). Juices of fruits are often sucked out, and pulp and seeds are spit out. Petals of Ludia antanosarum ( Salicaceae ) and nectar and pollen from at least 18 genera in nine families are eaten. Ceiba ( Malvaceae ) is visited before midnight when most nectar was available.	Litter size of the Malagasy Flying Fox is one, occasionally two. Mating probably occurs in April-May, and females with large embryos or young appear in October.	The Malagasy Flying Fox is nocturnal but can be active in the roost and flying during the day. Individuals hang alone on branches and display considerable movement, squealing and chattering, and sometimes flying about. At dusk, they fly at high altitudes ( 200-300 m ) and descend to treetops, with starting altitude linked to destination distance. They often glide under windy conditions or soar in thermals.	Malagasy Flying Foxes primarily roost in trees in forest fragments, small islands, mangroves, and exceptionally Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ) plantations, generally near water. Colony size varied between ten and 5000 individuals (median 400). Individuals roosting on coastal islands flew to the Madagascan coast to forage. Commuting distances were up to 30 km , averaging speeds of 32 km /h (maximum on record 61 km /h). Average home range in Berenty Reserve in south-eastern Madagascar was ¢.58,000 ha.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population of the Malagasy Flying Fox is estimated at 300,000 mature individuals, but there was an estimated decline of 30% over the last three generations (18 years). Major threats are increased hunting for subsistence (legal in May-August when females are pregnant) and loss of habitat from land conversion to agriculture. It occurs in protected areas such as Kirindy Mitea, Masoala , and Mananara Nord national parks.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1908b, 1912b) | Andriafidison et al. (2006) | Bergmans (1991) | Bollen (2007) | Bollen & Van Elsacker (2002) | Jenkins et al. (2007) | Kaudern (1914) | Lindhe-Norberg et al. (2000) | Long & Racey (2007) | MacKinnon et al. (2003) | O'Brien (2011) | Olesky (2014) | Peterson et al. (1995) | Racey (2016) | Racey et al. (2009) | Raharimihaja et al. (2016) | Raheriarisena (2005) | Rakotondramanana & Goodman (2017) | Rand (1935) | Richards et al. (2016)		184. Malagasy Flying Fox Pteropus rufus French: Roussette marron / German: Madagaskar-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Madagascar Other common names: Madagascan Flying Fox , Madagascar Flying Fox , Madagascar Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pteropus rufus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803 , Madagascar . Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar . Pteropus rufus is in the wvampyrus species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Madagascar and nearby islands including Nosy Be, Nosy Komba, Nosy Tanikely, and Ile Sainte-Marie. Descriptive notes. Head-body 234- 270 mm (males) and 233-255 mm (females), no tail, ear 29-40 mm (males) and 33-41 mm (females), hindfoot 52-62 mm (males) and 52-56 mm (females), forearm 154-171 mm (males) and 156-173 mm (females); weight 650-750 g (males) and 500-550 g (females). Females are on average smaller than males. Muzzle, face, cheeks, and area around eyes are medium brown, contrasting yellowish buff crown and area between eyes; eyes are large, with brown irises; ears are long, naked, exposed, and attenuated at tips and subacutely pointed; back and flanks are dark brown, without being intermixed with lighter hairs; mid-dorsal hairs and those of mantle are 19-22 mm long, pelage above extending to one-third or half-way of forearm; fur also extends on wing membrane for c¢. 14 mm ; mantle is buffy, orange buffy, or yellowish buffy, strongly contrasting rump; and tibias are naked or very thinly haired above. Venter is buffy, orange bufty, or yellowish brown and darker in anal region; hairs are 19-22 mm long, bicolored with long seal-brown bases and yellowish buff tips; uropatagium is well-developed in its center (c. 15 mm in depth), usually wholly and covered by overhanging hairs of rump. Skull is large, rostrum is relatively long and slightly compressed; braincase is moderately deflected; sagittal crest is strongly developed; orbits are relatively large; postorbital processes is long and strong; zygomatic arches widen posteriorly; there are 14 palatal ridges, of which ridges 1-8 are interdental; and mandible is strong. Baculum has distal tip forming an arch-shaped structure and basal portion that is lobed with distinct central prolongation. C' is slightly recurved; P' is very small; anterior M' is subcircular or subsquarish; I, is at least twice as large as I; P,is twice the size of I; and M,is slightly larger than P,. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FNa = 68, with eleven pairs of metacentric, six pairs of submetacentric, and one pair of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is large submetacentric, and Y-chromosome small acrocentric. Habitat. Primarily humid forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 1200 m . Roosts of the Malagasy Flying Fox are most frequently found in coastal areas. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Malagasy Flying Fox consists of 59-65% fruit (juices), 17-35% flowers and nectar, and 6-18% leaves. It feeds on native and introduced fruits of at least 56 genera in 39 families and leaves of Tamarindus indica ( Fabaceae ). Juices of fruits are often sucked out, and pulp and seeds are spit out. Petals of Ludia antanosarum ( Salicaceae ) and nectar and pollen from at least 18 genera in nine families are eaten. Ceiba ( Malvaceae ) is visited before midnight when most nectar was available. Breeding. Litter size of the Malagasy Flying Fox is one, occasionally two. Mating probably occurs in April-May, and females with large embryos or young appear in October. Activity patterns. The Malagasy Flying Fox is nocturnal but can be active in the roost and flying during the day. Individuals hang alone on branches and display considerable movement, squealing and chattering, and sometimes flying about. At dusk, they fly at high altitudes ( 200-300 m ) and descend to treetops, with starting altitude linked to destination distance. They often glide under windy conditions or soar in thermals. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Malagasy Flying Foxes primarily roost in trees in forest fragments, small islands, mangroves, and exceptionally Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ) plantations, generally near water. Colony size varied between ten and 5000 individuals (median 400). Individuals roosting on coastal islands flew to the Madagascan coast to forage. Commuting distances were up to 30 km , averaging speeds of 32 km /h (maximum on record 61 km /h). Average home range in Berenty Reserve in south-eastern Madagascar was ¢.58,000 ha. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population of the Malagasy Flying Fox is estimated at 300,000 mature individuals, but there was an estimated decline of 30% over the last three generations (18 years). Major threats are increased hunting for subsistence (legal in May-August when females are pregnant) and loss of habitat from land conversion to agriculture. It occurs in protected areas such as Kirindy Mitea, Masoala , and Mananara Nord national parks. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1908b, 1912b), Andriafidison et al. (2006), Bergmans (1991), Bollen (2007), Bollen & Van Elsacker (2002), Jenkins et al. (2007), Kaudern (1914), Lindhe-Norberg et al. (2000), Long & Racey (2007), MacKinnon et al. (2003), O'Brien (2011), Olesky (2014), Peterson et al. (1995), Racey (2016), Racey et al. (2009), Raharimihaja et al. (2016), Raheriarisena (2005), Rakotondramanana & Goodman (2017), Rand (1935), Richards et al. (2016).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus rufus	Pteropus		rufus	E. Geoffroy	1803	0	Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris	p. 47	Malagasy Flying Fox	 edwardsi E. Geoffroy, 1810; phaiops Temmnick, 1825; princeps  K. Andersen, 1908.	Madagascar. Restricted to "N. and C. Madagascar" by K. Andersen (1908).	Madagascar.	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus rufus	23	Malagasy Flying Fox	Madagascar Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1803	0	Pteropus_rufus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1803). Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'histoire naturelle. Paris, 47.	https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10482289_00051.html?contextSort=score%2Cdescending&contextType=scan&contextRows=10&context=rufus	NA		Madagascar. Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar.			rufus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803|edwardsi É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|madagascariensis Oken, 1816|phaiops Temminck, 1825|phaeops Oken, 1838|princeps K. Andersen, 1908	NA	NA	Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_rufus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rufus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18756	Pteropus rufus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803	Synonyms = Pteropus ( edwardsi ) rufus rufus Kaudern (1915); Pteropus phaiops Temminick (1825); Pteropus rufus Dorst (1948); Pteropus rufus princeps Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus princeps K. Andersen (1908); Pteropus rufus rufus Grandidier & Petit (1932); Pteropus rufus rufus K. Andersen (1912).	20000000	Pteropus rufus	Vulnerable	A2acd	2016	2014-03-31 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Vulnerable based on an estimated population reduction of over 30% in the last three generations (18 years; Pacifici et al. 2013). The species can be legally hunted and the reduction can be attributed to the increased level of hunting particularly with the introduction of shotguns and continued loss of its preferred roosting habitats.	It roosts in a variety of different tree species where the bats hang on the outermost branches (MacKinnon et al.   2003, Jenkins et al.   2007a, Long and Racey 2007). Roosts are very rare inside intact forest and are usually found in forest fragments, small islands or mangroves (MacKinnon et al.   2003, Jenkins et al.   2007a, Rakotoarivelo and Randrianandriananina 2007). Occasionally, Eucalyptus plantations are also used (Jenkins et al.   2007a). The majority of roosts are in small areas of relatively degraded vegetation with a few large trees. The roosts are usually adjacent to water bodies (Jenkins et al.   2007a) and it seems that bats use them for navigation and orientation during foraging (Jenkins et al.   2007a, Oleksy 2014). Roosting bats are easily disturbed by people and cattle that venture near the roost and colonies readily take flight (MacKinnon et al.   2003). Once disturbed the bats may move to an alternative roost site in the vicinity and it appears that each colony requires more than one roost site as a response to disturbance but also maybe to shifting patterns of food availability (Jenkins et al.   2007a). This species can survive in heavily modified landscapes through feeding on a mixture of native and introduced plants (Raheriaisena 2005, Jenkins et al.   2007a, Long and Racey 2007) but it shows preferences towards native vegetation (e.g. forest fragments). It travels up to30 km a night between roosting and foraging areas (Long 2002, Oleksy 2014). The average flight speed of commuting flights is over 32 km/h and the highest recorded speed is 61 km/h (Oleksy 2014). In Berenty Reserve, south east Madagascar, home range of over 58,000 ha was recorded for 15 tracked individuals (Oleksy 2014). During the gestation period the females appear to fly significantly longer distances than males, probably to fulfil their increased energy requirements (Oleksy 2014). The diet consists predominantly of fruit juices which are squeezed from fruit in the mouth. Large numbers of small seeds are accidentally ingested during feeding and are later dispersed at other foraging sites, during flight or at the roost. The average gut transit time of these bats is 12 min, however theyare able to retain the seeds in their gut for over 20h (Oleksy 2014). There is some evidence that seeds that have passed through the digestive tract of P. rufus incur a fitness advantage through increased germination success (Racey et al.  2009). This has been recently confirmed on two species of strangler figs (F. polita and F. grevei ) in south east Madagascar. Both species showed significant increase in germination after bat ingestion and had higher survival rate than seedlings originating from unprocessed seeds (Oleksy 2014) Other plants parts are also consumed, including flowers, nectar and leaves. In the south, nectar from introduced plants is an important dietary component throughout the year (Long and Racey 2007). Some plants have evolved to attract nocturnal mammals like bats as pollinators and P. rufus feeds non-destructively on the nectar of two threatened baobab species (Baum 1995, Andriafidison et al.   2006). Because of its ability to travel long distances and its capability as a seed disperser and pollinator P . rufus is widely believed to be a key species in fragmented forest ecosystems (Bollen and Van Elsacker 2002, Bollen et al.   2004).	There are numerous threats to this species. It is listed as a game species under Malagasy law and can be legally hunted between May and August (Durbin 2007). Only the few roosts that are located in protected areas therefore receive some protection (Racey et al.  2009). Pteropus rufus is hunted across Madagascar (MacKinnon et al.  2003, Rakotondravony 2006, Rakotonandrasana and Goodman 2007, Racey et al.  2009) where it is an important subsistence food but also of commercial importance. Investigations in eastern Madagascar revealed that people in urban areas are twice as likely to eat this species than those in rural areas: over 40% of the people interviewed in urban areas had eaten P. rufus compared with only 20% in rural areas (Jenkins et al.  2011). This proportion goes up to 60% in western Madagascar, with rural and urban areas combined (Razafimanahaka et al.  2012). Although quantitative data on the supply of P. rufus for food and the impact of this harvest on colonies/populations is scarce, there is some evidence that the offtake is locally unsustainable (Racey et al.  2009). Hunting occurs at roost sites and where the bats forage, especially when they feed on trees in villages (Jenkins and Racey 2008). A study during the austral winter in the western Madagascar town of Mahabo revealed that seven active hunters can kill 381 bats over a period of 43 days, with average of almost 4 bats a night. Over 80% of their catch is sold to the public . Hunters usually operate for around 90 days a year. There are up to 30 active hunters in Mahabo alone, so they could potentially account for 9,000 bats during 90 days of active hunting a year (Oleksy 2010). There is also evidence that P. rufus from Ile Sainte Marie is hunted commercially and frozen shipments are sent to the mainland port of Toamasina (Rakotonandrasana and Goodman 2007). The conversion of the forest used by roosting bats into agriculture is another threat to P. rufus and results in the permanent loss of suitable trees which in many cases have been used for decades. Pteropus rufus feeds on a number of cultivated fruits that have a high economic value in rural Madagascar and is often subjected to persecution.	Roosts are conspicuous and noisy but the bats are often tightly clustered making abundance estimates at the larger sites difficult. MacKinnon et al.    (2003) reported that colony size ranged from 10 to 5,000 animals with a median of 400. They found that nationally 17.5% of 154 roosts had been abandoned in the last ten years and desertion rates were much higher (70%) in the central highlands. The estimated national population size in 2000 was 300,000 (MacKinnon et al.    2003).	Decreasing	This species is endemic to Madagascar (Simmons 2005). It is one of the most widespread bat species on the island and appears to only be absent from the highly populated central highlands (MacKinnon et al.    2003). The highest density of roost sites is in coastal regions, especially from Morombe in the south-west to Antsiranana in the north (MacKinnon et al.    2003).	It is an important subsistence food but also of commercial importance.	Terrestrial	It is listed on CITES Appendix II and is a game species under Malagasy law (Durbin 2007) but neither of these provide any practical in situ conservation measures (Racey et al. 2009). There are a few roosts in protected areas, notably Parc National Kirindy -Mité, Parc National de Masoala, Parc National de Mananara-nord (MacKinnon et al. 2003) and Berenty Private Reserve (Long 2002), but many of the existing parks and reserves appear to be without roosting colonies (e.g. Goodman 1996, 1999; Alonso et al. 2002; Goodman et al. 2005; Schmidand and Alonso 2005). The ongoing process to triple protected areas in Madagascar is providing an unprecedented opportunity to include traditional roosts in the new conservation sites. There is also significant scope for local institutions to conserve roosts and this is already occurring in some parts of Madagascar where the bats use sacred forests (Jenkins et al. 2007b) or where communities have created social contracts to protect the bats (Jenkins et al. 2007a).	Afrotropical		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1803	0	Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris	p. 47	Malagasy Flying Fox	 edwardsi E. Geoffroy, 1810; phaiops Temmnick, 1825; princeps  K. Andersen, 1908.	Madagascar. Restricted to "N. and C. Madagascar" by K. Andersen (1908).	Madagascar.	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).	Pteropus rufus	1004496	23	Malagasy Flying Fox	Madagascar Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1803	0	Pteropus_rufus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. (1803). Catalogue des Mammifères du Museum National d'histoire naturelle. Paris, 47.	https://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs1/object/display/bsb10482289_00051.html?contextSort=score%2Cdescending&contextType=scan&contextRows=10&context=rufus	NA		Madagascar. Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar.			rufus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803|edwardsi É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810|madagascariensis Oken, 1816|phaiops Temminck, 1825|phaeops Oken, 1838|princeps K. Andersen, 1908	NA	NA				Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_rufus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rufus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_rufus	1004496	23	Malagasy Flying Fox	Madagascar Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	0	Pteropus rufus	Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É. 1803. Catalogue des Mammifères du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Privately published, Paris, 272 pp.	https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/view/bsb10482289?page=51	untraced (number not known)	holotype		Madagascar. Restricted by K. Andersen in 1908 to North and Central Madagascar.			NA	NA				Madagascar	Africa	Afrotropic	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_rufus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rufus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		rufus	É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire	1803	0	Cat. Mamm. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. Paris	p. 47	Malagasy Flying Fox	edwardsi E. Geoffroy, 1810; phaiops Temmnick, 1825; princeps  K. Andersen, 1908.	Madagascar. Restricted to "N. and C. Madagascar" by K. Andersen (1908).	Madagascar.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18756/22087230/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Reviewed by Peterson et al. (1995); also see Bergmans (1990). Some authors have recognized princeps as a subspecies, but this has not been supported in recent analyses; see Bergmans (1990) and Peterson et al. (1995). BecauseWilson and Reeder (1993) did not treat names established in E. Geoffroy (1803) as available, Koopman (1993) attributed authorship of rufus to Tiedemann ("1808, Zool., v.1, Allgemeine Zool., Mensch Saugthiere, Landshut, p.535."), but rufus Tiedemann is ajunior synonym of niger Kerr; see Grubb (2001a) and Opinion 2005 of the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (2002b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus rufus; Pteropus rufus; Pteropus rufus; Pteropus rufus; Pteropus rufus; Pteropus rufus; edwardsi; phaiops; princeps; edwardsi; phaiops; princeps; rufus; edwardsi; madagascariensis; phaiops; phaeops; princeps; Roussette marron; Madagaskar-Flughund; Zorro volador de Madagascar; Madagascan Flying Fox; Madagascar Flying Fox; Madagascar Fruit Bat; Malagasy Flying Fox; Madagascar Fruit Bat; Malagasy Flying Fox; Malagasy Flying Fox; P. rufus