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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1310	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus rayneri		[MSW2] Includes cognatus; see Hill (1962a). Corbet and Hill (1980:36) listed cognatus as a distinct species without comment.; [MSW3] chrysoproctus species group. Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso (1998).; [HMW] Pteropus rayneri]. E. Gray, 1870 , “ Solomon Islands : San Christoval [= San CristobalIsland]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island].” Pteropus rayneri does not include related P. cognatus and P. rennelli (formerly considered subspecies). It is in the samoensis species group. Five subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).; [IUCN] The taxonomy of Pteropus rayneri subspecies and relationships with P. cognatus and P. rennelli are need of review.; [batnames2023]  samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).; [batnames2025_1.7] samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).				cognatus	(cognatus)	cognatus, grandis, lavellanus, monoensis, rennelli, rubianus.	grandis, monoensis, lavellanus, rubianus, rayneri, cognatus, rennelli	rayneri , grandis , lavellanus , monoensis , rubianus ,		rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, monoensis, rubianus		rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, monoensis, rubianus		rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, rubianus, monoensis	The taxonomy of Pteropus rayneri subspecies and relationships with P. cognatus and P. rennelli are need of review.	rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, monoensis, rubianus		rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, rubianus, monoensis 	rayneri, grandis, lavellanus, rubianus, monoensis, rayerni	grandis, lavellanus, monoensis, rayneri, rubianus		rayneri J. E. Gray, 1871|grandis O. Thomas, 1887|lavellanus Andersen, 1908|rubianus Andersen, 1908|monoensis B. Lawrence, 1945|rayerni Sanborn & Nicholson, 1950 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Solomon flying fox	Solomon Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus rayneri	Solomon Isis., Guadalcanal Isl.	Gray	1870	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, and Fruit-eating Bats Br. Mus., p. 108.	Distribution: Con fined to the Solomons.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Solomon flying fox	Solomon Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Gray	1870	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus., p. 108.	Includes cognatus; see Hill (1962a). Corbet and Hill (1980:36) listed cognatus as a distinct species without comment.	Solomon Isis.	Solomon Isis, Guadalcanal Isl.		GRAY	1870	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Rostrum moderately shortened. Dentition heavy. Tibia densely hairy dorsally. First lower incisors not reduced and second not enlarged. An terior lower premolar not enlarged. Posterior lower molar reduced. Size medium to large (fore arm length, 121-180 mm).	Distribution: Con fined to the Solomons.	Seven currently recog nized subspecies:	P. r. grandis (Bougainville, Shortland, Choiseul, Ysabel), P. r. monoensis (Mono), P. r. lavellanus (Vella, Lavella, Ghizo, Ganongga), P. r. rubianus (Simbo, Kolombangara, Rendova), P. r. rayneri (Guadalcanal, Malaita), P. r. cognatus (San Cristobal, Ugi), P. r. rennelli (Rennell).	24	species	P. rayneri	GRAY	1870	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus rayneri				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Rostrum moderately shortened. Dentition heavy. Tibia densely hairy dorsally. First lower incisors not reduced and second not enlarged. An terior lower premolar not enlarged. Posterior lower molar reduced. Size medium to large (fore arm length, 121-180 mm).	Seven currently recog nized subspecies:		25. P. rayneri GRAY 1870 [chrysoproctus group],	25	_P. r. grandis_ Thomas, 1887; _P. r. lavellanus_ Andersen, 1908; _P. r. monoensis_ Lawrence, 1945; _P. r. rayneri_ Gray, 1871; _P. r. rubianus_ Andersen, 1908			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus		rayneri	Gray		1870		Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.			108		Solomons Flying Fox	Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.	Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	grandis Thomas, 1887; lavellanus K. Andersen, 1908; monoensis Lawrence, 1945; rubianus K. Andersen, 1908.	chrysoproctus species group. Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso (1998).	03AD87FAFF9AF6748CB83119F7DCF4A0	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	151	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF99F6748C663EA6FE02F55E.xml	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	rayneri	Gray	1871	Roussette de Rayner @fr | Salomonen-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Salomén @es | Rennell Flying Fox @en	Pteropus rayneri]. E. Gray, 1870 , “ Solomon Islands : San Christoval [= San CristobalIsland]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island].” Pteropus rayneri does not include related P. cognatus and P. rennelli (formerly considered subspecies). It is in the samoensis species group. Five subspecies recognized.	P. r. rayneri J. E. Gray, 1870 — E Solomon Is ( Guadalcanal and Malaita ). P. rn. grandis Thomas, 1887 — Solomon Is on Buka, Bougainville , Alu (= Shortland), Choiseul , Santa Isabel , and small adjacent islands. P. r. lavellanus K. Andersen, 1908 — Solomon Is (Vella Lavella, Ghizo, and Ranongga). P. v. monoensis Lawrence, 1945 — Solomon Is ( Mono ). P. r. rubianus K. Andersen, 1908 — Solomon Is on Kolombangara, Simbo, New Georgia , Rendova, Tetepare, Vangunu, and Nggatokae (= Gatokae).	Head-body 230-275 mm (tailless), ear 27-37 mm , hindfoot 44— 65 mm , forearm 135-187 mm ; weight 550-870 g . Muzzle is stout and sparsely haired, skin is black, nostrils are shortly tubular, and philtrum has furrow on each side. Eyes are medium-sized, with reddish brown irises. Ears are small and black, with blunt tips. Head pelage is thick, dark brown, and variably sprinkled with silvery hairs among subspecies, turning reddish brown toward crown and nape and transitioning to cinnamon rufous mantle of long stiff hairs that extends to sides of neck. Hairs on back are sealbrown, with faint purplish gloss and closely adpressed. Color of rump varies among subspecies from cinnamon-rufous in nominate rayner: to sharply demarcated orange ocherous buff in grandis . Throat is dark brown, chest and sides of belly are russet to orangish brown, and hairs are coarse. Shoulder glands in males are clusters of orange bristly hairs. Dark brown patch occurs in center of belly. Uropatagium is reduced at center; calcar is short. Thumb is extremely long, index finger is clawed, and all claws are dark red brown at bases and tan at tips. Wing membranes are drab pinkish gray and originate from sides of body. Skull is typical pteropine, with moderate basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is long, sloping toward forehead; orbits are medium-sized, with postorbital bar complete in most adults; zygomatic root is above upper alveolar line; zygoma is arched; and braincase is dome-shaped and long. Dorsally, rostrum is broad, forehead is very wide, postorbital foramina are tiny, temporal linesjoin immediately anterior to well-marked postorbital constriction into low but sharp sagittal crest, zygomatic arches are wide and strong, braincase is oval, and nuchal crest is obvious. Ventrally, palate is wide and flat; tooth rows are slightly diverging posteriorly; post-dental palate is relatively long, with concave ending; and ear region has relatively small tympanic ring. Mandible has sloping symphysis and thick body, coronoid is strong and almost vertical, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is well marked. Palatal ridge pattern is 5 + 5 + 3. Upper incisors are short; C! is thick but relatively short; P! 1s a spicule, often missing in most adults; next premolars are low and short but wide and stout, with strong posterior ledge; M' is long, rectangular in occlusal outline, and stout; and last molar is minute and peg-like. I, more than twice as large as I; C, is short and slanted outward, with strong cingulum; P| is low and relatively large; posterior cheekteeth are strong, generally low and decreasing in height posteriorly, with marked posterior ledge, rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is minute and peg-like.	Primary and secondary rainforests; mangrove, swamp and hill forests; coconut plantations; and gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 700 m .	Analysis of feces of Solomons Flying Foxes from Guadalcanal and Western Province revealed pollen from rainforest plant families Myrtaceae and Arecaceae . From interviews with communities on these islands, the five most popular food plants identified were banana ( Musa spp. , Musaceae ), pawpaw ( Asimina triloba , Annonaceae ), coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ), mango ( Mangifera indica , Anacardiaceae ), and Syzygium spp. ( Myrtaceae ).	The Solomons Flying Fox presumably breeds seasonally, with parental care lasting 6-7 months. Males defending harems of females in large colonies were observed in April, pregnant and lactating females in July, and young in October.	Solomons Flying Foxes are nocturnal and roost in tall trees in coastal forests, especially in flat terrain in inaccessible mangrove and swamp forests and caves as reported for Vella Lavella and Nggatokae islands.	The Solomons Flying Fox roosts in large colonies of thousands of individuals. Roosts contain 5000-7000 individuals and cover up to 2 km * on Choiseul . Isolated individuals, mother—infant pairs, and small groups of 5-12 individuals also roost in secondary forests.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Solomons Flying Fox is in decline due to heavy hunting and habitat destruction from intense logging; in addition, an unidentified disease, possibly introduced via vectors such as exotic red ants, has decimated some populations recently (e.g. Buka Island). Cyclones can cause severe decline; Choiseul populations might not have recovered from Cyclone Ida in 1972. Nevertheless, the Solomons Flying Fox appears to adapt to disturbance because it roosts in secondary forests and feeds in plantations and gardens.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Bowen-Jones et al. (1997) | Flannery (1995a) | Lavery (2017h)		169. Solomons Flying Fox Pteropus rayneri French: Roussette de Rayner / German: Salomonen-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Salomén Other common names: Rennell Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus rayneri]. E. Gray, 1870 , “ Solomon Islands : San Christoval [= San CristobalIsland]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island].” Pteropus rayneri does not include related P. cognatus and P. rennelli (formerly considered subspecies). It is in the samoensis species group. Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P. r. rayneri J. E. Gray, 1870 — E Solomon Is ( Guadalcanal and Malaita ). P. rn. grandis Thomas, 1887 — Solomon Is on Buka, Bougainville , Alu (= Shortland), Choiseul , Santa Isabel , and small adjacent islands. P. r. lavellanus K. Andersen, 1908 — Solomon Is (Vella Lavella, Ghizo, and Ranongga). P. v. monoensis Lawrence, 1945 — Solomon Is ( Mono ). P. r. rubianus K. Andersen, 1908 — Solomon Is on Kolombangara, Simbo, New Georgia , Rendova, Tetepare, Vangunu, and Nggatokae (= Gatokae). Descriptive notes. Head-body 230-275 mm (tailless), ear 27-37 mm , hindfoot 44— 65 mm , forearm 135-187 mm ; weight 550-870 g . Muzzle is stout and sparsely haired, skin is black, nostrils are shortly tubular, and philtrum has furrow on each side. Eyes are medium-sized, with reddish brown irises. Ears are small and black, with blunt tips. Head pelage is thick, dark brown, and variably sprinkled with silvery hairs among subspecies, turning reddish brown toward crown and nape and transitioning to cinnamon rufous mantle of long stiff hairs that extends to sides of neck. Hairs on back are sealbrown, with faint purplish gloss and closely adpressed. Color of rump varies among subspecies from cinnamon-rufous in nominate rayner: to sharply demarcated orange ocherous buff in grandis . Throat is dark brown, chest and sides of belly are russet to orangish brown, and hairs are coarse. Shoulder glands in males are clusters of orange bristly hairs. Dark brown patch occurs in center of belly. Uropatagium is reduced at center; calcar is short. Thumb is extremely long, index finger is clawed, and all claws are dark red brown at bases and tan at tips. Wing membranes are drab pinkish gray and originate from sides of body. Skull is typical pteropine, with moderate basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is long, sloping toward forehead; orbits are medium-sized, with postorbital bar complete in most adults; zygomatic root is above upper alveolar line; zygoma is arched; and braincase is dome-shaped and long. Dorsally, rostrum is broad, forehead is very wide, postorbital foramina are tiny, temporal linesjoin immediately anterior to well-marked postorbital constriction into low but sharp sagittal crest, zygomatic arches are wide and strong, braincase is oval, and nuchal crest is obvious. Ventrally, palate is wide and flat; tooth rows are slightly diverging posteriorly; post-dental palate is relatively long, with concave ending; and ear region has relatively small tympanic ring. Mandible has sloping symphysis and thick body, coronoid is strong and almost vertical, condyle is above lower alveolar line, and angle is well marked. Palatal ridge pattern is 5 + 5 + 3. Upper incisors are short; C! is thick but relatively short; P! 1s a spicule, often missing in most adults; next premolars are low and short but wide and stout, with strong posterior ledge; M' is long, rectangular in occlusal outline, and stout; and last molar is minute and peg-like. I, more than twice as large as I; C, is short and slanted outward, with strong cingulum; P| is low and relatively large; posterior cheekteeth are strong, generally low and decreasing in height posteriorly, with marked posterior ledge, rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is minute and peg-like. Habitat. Primary and secondary rainforests; mangrove, swamp and hill forests; coconut plantations; and gardens from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 700 m . Food and Feeding. Analysis of feces of Solomons Flying Foxes from Guadalcanal and Western Province revealed pollen from rainforest plant families Myrtaceae and Arecaceae . From interviews with communities on these islands, the five most popular food plants identified were banana ( Musa spp. , Musaceae ), pawpaw ( Asimina triloba , Annonaceae ), coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ), mango ( Mangifera indica , Anacardiaceae ), and Syzygium spp. ( Myrtaceae ). Breeding. The Solomons Flying Fox presumably breeds seasonally, with parental care lasting 6-7 months. Males defending harems of females in large colonies were observed in April, pregnant and lactating females in July, and young in October. Activity patterns. Solomons Flying Foxes are nocturnal and roost in tall trees in coastal forests, especially in flat terrain in inaccessible mangrove and swamp forests and caves as reported for Vella Lavella and Nggatokae islands. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Solomons Flying Fox roosts in large colonies of thousands of individuals. Roosts contain 5000-7000 individuals and cover up to 2 km * on Choiseul . Isolated individuals, mother—infant pairs, and small groups of 5-12 individuals also roost in secondary forests. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Near Threatened on The IUCN Red List. The Solomons Flying Fox is in decline due to heavy hunting and habitat destruction from intense logging; in addition, an unidentified disease, possibly introduced via vectors such as exotic red ants, has decimated some populations recently (e.g. Buka Island). Cyclones can cause severe decline; Choiseul populations might not have recovered from Cyclone Ida in 1972. Nevertheless, the Solomons Flying Fox appears to adapt to disturbance because it roosts in secondary forests and feeds in plantations and gardens. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bonaccorso (1998), Bowen-Jones et al. (1997), Flannery (1995a), Lavery (2017h).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus rayneri	Pteropus		rayneri	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 108	Solomons Flying Fox	<b> grandis </b> Thomas, 1887; <b> lavellanus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> monoensis </b> Lawrence, 1945; <b> rubianus </b> K. Andersen, 1908.	Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.	Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls.	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus rayneri	23	Solomons Flying Fox	Rennell Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	rayneri	J. E. Gray	1870	0	Pteropus_Rayerni	Gray, J. E. (1870). Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 108.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34537#page/120/mode/1up	BM 1855.11.7.7, BM 1856.7.7.4 [syntypes]		"Solomon Islands: San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island]."			rayneri J. E. Gray, 1870|grandis O. Thomas, 1887|lavellanus K. Andersen, 1908|rubianus K. Andersen, 1908|monoensis B. Lawrence, 1945	NA	NA	Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_rayneri	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rayneri	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18754	Pteropus rayneri	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	rayneri	Gray, 1870	The taxonomy of Pteropus rayneri subspecies and relationships with P. cognatus and P. rennelli are need of review.	20000000	Pteropus rayneri	Near Threatened	A2c	2017	2016-05-20 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Pteropus rayneri is listed as Near Threatened because this species is in significant decline (but at a rate of less than 30% over the last three generations; 24 years) making the species close to qualifying for Vulnerable under criterion A2c. There are periodic, unexplained large declines in population numbers and the species is heavily hunted for food, although whether this is a major threat to the species is unknown.	This species often roosts in large colonies, but is also commonly seen roosting in small groups of 5-12 individuals underneath caves and limestone overhangs, within the hollows of strangler figs (Ficus spp.) and concealed within the dead overhanging leaves of Pandanus . A group of seven animals disturbed from a cave on Gatokae Island had not returned within seven days and presumably relocated to a large colony or an alternate roosting site (T. Lavery pers. comm). This species has also been observedroosting singly in tall trees in secondary forest. Favoured colony sites are close to the coast and among mangroves or swamp vegetation. However, colonies on Kolombangara and New Georgia occur in relatively cleared locations among the grounds of a secondary school and a teak plantation respectively (T. Lavery pers. comm). It has been recorded from mature and secondary tropical forest, mangroves, and coconut plantations. Animals have been found feeding on Malay Apple flowers and garden fruits, and captured in coconut groves. The species is estimated to have a generation time of five to six years (S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm).	Flannery (1995) reported that it was heavily hunted for food in some areas, but remained relatively common. Targeted hunting at roosting sites may be a major threat to the species (approximately 10,000 bats may be harvested per year on Bougainville, S. Hamilton pers. comm). The human population on Bougainville and Buka is estimated at 200,000 people, and could potentially lead to an increase in opportunistic hunting. In Solomon Islands the level hunting pressure varies regionally. On Western Province islands where Seventh Day Adventism is the predominant religion, Solomons Flying Fox is rarely hunted. In other locations in it appears to be hunted regularly, but the absence of firearms precludes large numbers being taken (T. Lavery pers. comm.). Some animals are hunted for their teeth for use in customary shell money, but this is probably not a major concern (T. Leary and T. Lavery pers. comm). There were major die-offs of populations of this species on Bougainville and Buka in the 1980s, the cause is unknown, but it may have been related to disease or environmental factors such as temperature increase. There continue to be reports of periodic die-offs of large numbers of individuals (S. Hamilton pers. comm). Bonaccorso (1998) considered the ongoing and rapid logging of the Solomon Islands to be a significant threat. The islands of Isabel, Choiseul and New Georgia have, and continue to be, heavily logged, and the island of Malaita has the highest human population in the Solomon Islands (T. Leary pers. comm). Cyclones and other storms may have a significant impact on this species. The population on Malaita Island was decimated by a cyclone in the 1990s (Flannery 1995).	This species is common on a number of islands in the Solomon Islands (Flannery 1995). It is also fairly common on Bougainville and Buka. There were five observed colonies on the eastern coast of Bougainville during 2002-2005, a previously reported large colony in the vicinity of Arawa has now disappeared (S. Hamilton pers. comm). In Solomon Islands large colonies occur at Viru Harbour, New Georgia, Kukudu School, Kolombangara, Lake Rano, Rendova, and Kolobangara River, Choiseul (T. Lavery pers. comm). Bowen-Jones et al.  (1997) investigated six reported colonies of this species on Choiseul Island in 1995 and found that four of these had been abandoned. The two remaining colonies contained estimates of 7,188 and 5,200 individuals. Assuming an average colony size of 5,000 individuals the authors estimated the population of P. rayneri comprised by these colonies had declined from 35,000 to 12,300 individuals between 1985 and 1995.	Decreasing	This species occurs on the islands of Bougainville and Buka of Papua New Guinea, and is found on the Solomon Islands of Choiseul and Arnavon (S. Hamilton and T. Leary pers. comm.), Vangunu, Gatokae, Rendova, Kolombangara, Ghizo, Tetepare, New Georgia, Santa Isabel, Guadalcanal (T. Lavery pers. comm.), and Vella Lavella, Shortland, Simbo, Mono, and Malaita (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998). It has been recorded from sea level to 700 m asl.	This species is rarely hunted.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Field studies are needed to determine the current status of populations throughout the species' range. Important sites for roosting and foraging should be identified and possibly protected. It is not known whether it occurs in any protected areas (T. Leary pers. comm.).	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		rayneri	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 108	Solomons Flying Fox	<b> grandis </b> Thomas, 1887; <b> lavellanus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> monoensis </b> Lawrence, 1945; <b> rubianus </b> K. Andersen, 1908.	Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.	Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls.	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 samoensis species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).	Pteropus rayneri	1004493	23	Solomons Flying Fox	Rennell Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	rayneri	J. E. Gray	1870	0	Pteropus_Rayerni	Gray, J. E. (1870). Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British museum. Printed by order of the Trustees, London, 108.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/34537#page/120/mode/1up	BM 1855.11.7.7, BM 1856.7.7.4 [syntypes]		"Solomon Islands: San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island]."			rayneri J. E. Gray, 1870|grandis O. Thomas, 1887|lavellanus K. Andersen, 1908|rubianus K. Andersen, 1908|monoensis B. Lawrence, 1945	NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_rayneri	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rayneri	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_rayneri	1004493	23	Solomons Flying Fox	Rennell Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	rayneri	J. E. Gray	0	Pteropus Rayneri	Gray, J.E. 1871-01-14. Catalogue of monkeys, lemurs, and fruit-eating bats in the collection of the British Museum. British Museum, London, 137 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9994625	BMNH:Mamm:1855.11.7.7, BMNH:Mamm:1856.7.7.4	syntypes	https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/88137942-1846-407f-99c9-3864d37a3592 | https://data.nhm.ac.uk/object/d411535c-73f4-4cfc-96c3-1527ea9c2a82	"Solomon Islands: San Christoval [= San Cristobal Island]; Guadaleanar [= Guadalcanal Island]."			NA	NA				Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_rayneri	0	sciname match	Pteropus_rayneri	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		rayneri	Gray	1870	0	Cat. Monkeys, Lemurs, Fruit-eating Bats Brit. Mus.	p. 108	Solomons Flying Fox	grandis Thomas, 1887; lavellanus  K. Andersen, 1908; monoensis  Lawrence, 1945; rubianus K. Andersen, 1908.	Solomon Isls, Guadalcanal Isl.	Bougainville and Buka Isls (Papua New Guinea); Solomon Isls.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18754/22086707/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	samoensisspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include cognatus and rennelli; see Flannery (1995b). Also see Bonaccorso(1998).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus rayneri; Pteropus rayneri; Pteropus rayneri; Pteropus rayneri; Pteropus rayneri; Pteropus rayneri; rayneri ; grandis ; lavellanus ; monoensis ; rubianus ; rayneri; grandis; lavellanus; monoensis; rubianus; grandis; lavellanus; monoensis; rubianus; rayneri; grandis; lavellanus; rubianus; monoensis; Roussette de Rayner; Salomonen-Flughund; Zorro volador de Salomén; Rennell Flying Fox; Solomons Flying Fox; Rennell Flying Fox; Solomons Flying Fox; Solomons Flying Fox; P. rayneri