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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1305	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus poliocephalus		[MSW3] poliocephalus species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto.; [HMW] Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck, 1825 , Australia . Pteropus poliocephalus is the only member of the poliocephalus species group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  poliocephalus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto. ; [batnames2023]  poliocephalus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto. ; [batnames2025_1.7] poliocephalusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto.														poliocephalus				poliocephalus 	poliocephalus 			poliocephalus Temminck, 1825|polyocephalus de Seabra, 1898 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Grey-headed flying fox	E Australia, vagrant Tasmania	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus poliocephalus	Australia.	Temminck	1825	Monogr. Mamm., 1:179.	Distribution: Confined to coastal eastern Australia from southeastern Queensland to islands in Bass Strait (but not Tas mania proper)		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Grey-headed flying fox	E Australia, vagrant Tasmania	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1825	Monogr. Mamm., 1:179.		E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.	Australia.		TEMMINCK	1825	Tibia hairy dorsally. Ears long and pointed (33 mm). Size large for group (forearm length, 138-164 mm).	Distribution: Confined to coastal eastern Australia from southeastern Queensland to islands in Bass Strait (but not Tas mania proper)	No subspecies.		26	species	P. poliocephalus	TEMMINCK	1825	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus poliocephalus				Tibia hairy dorsally. Ears long and pointed (33 mm). Size large for group (forearm length, 138-164 mm).	No subspecies.		53. P. poliocephalus TEMMINCK 1825 [polioce phalus group].	53	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus		poliocephalus	Temminck		1825		Monogr. Mamm.	1		179		Gray-headed Flying Fox	Australia.	E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		poliocephalus species group. See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto.	03AD87FAFFA6F64889B43C89F729F6A7	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	153	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF9BF675896833E4F691F217.xml	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	Roussette a téte grise @fr | Graukopf-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de cabeza gris @es	Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck, 1825 , Australia . Pteropus poliocephalus is the only member of the poliocephalus species group. Monotypic.	Endemic to E coast ofAustral1a, ranging from SE Queensland (including Fraser, Moreton, and North Stradbrooke Is) through New South Wales to Victoria .	Head-body 220- 280 mm (tailless), ear 19-39 mm , hindfoot 34-44 mm , forearm 151-177 mm ; weight 0-41.1- 3 kg . Males and females differ in weight but have similar forearm lengths. Head of the Gray-headed Flying Fox is light gray but can vary in shades. Furis long and dense all over, including on dorsal side of humerus, proximal one-half of forearm, and down tibia to ankle. Body pelage has primarily two types of hairs: one long and dark gray and the other light gray to silver. Mantle is rusty brown to russet and forms complete collar around neck. Belly fur has flecks of white and bufty hairs. Long hairs are dark brown at bases. Wing membranes are dark brown to black. Skull is pteropine, with large orbits and undeveloped or low sagittal crest. Zygomatic arches are unusually slender. Coronoid is weak, with low coronoid height. Canines are long, slender with narrow cingulum, and nearly straight (lower canines are slightly more recurved). Front face of C' has deep vertical groove. P? and P* are shorter than usually found in flying foxes. M? is slightly larger than P|. Diploid number is 2n = 38, with 32 metacentric or submetacentric and four acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric and minute.	Historically forests and mangroves in coastal lowlands of south-eastern Australia , usually roosting near water in stands of forests of native species such as paperbark ( Melaleuca spp. , Myrtaceae ) and Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) or cultivated species. The Gray-headed Flying Fox lives much further south than other species offlying foxes and can tolerate frosty temperatures. It can be found in botanical gardens in Melbourne, Australia , which is a 450 km extension ofits historic distribution. Urban development has made the area warmer and more humid, with high levels of precipitation, and has also brought more potential food sources due to cultivation of new trees and shrubs species that provide year-round foraging opportunities. Colonies are usually near a freshwater source.	The Gray-headed Flying Fox feeds in canopies on a wide variety of fruits, flowers, pollen, nectar, and, on rare occasions, leaves from more than 200 plant species from 50 families. Most of the diet is flowers from Myrtaceae , particularly multiple eucalypt species ( Melaleuca salicina, Syncarpia glomulifera, Eucalyptus spp. , Corymbia spp. , Angophora spp. , and Melaleuca spp. ), Proteaceae ( Banksia spp. , Grevillea robusta , and Stenocarpus sinuatus), and Fabaceae ( Castanospermum australe). Many Myrtaceae species do not flower reliably every year, resulting in variations in foraging sites. Various native and cultivated fruits are also eaten, especially native figs ( Ficus spp. , Moraceae ). When food resources are scarce, the Gray-headed Flying Fox is more likely to raid orchards or other introduced plants including Cinnamomum camphora ( Lauraceae ), Celtis spp. ( Cannabaceae ), Ligustrum spp. ( Oleaceae ), and Psidium spp. ( Myrtaceae ). In areas where it overlaps with the Black Flying Fox ( P. alecto ), diets are similar, but it is unclearif there are differences in foraging behavior or diet preferences.	The Gray-headed Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year, with females giving birth to one young in October-December. Birthing period coincides with fruit harvest season in many parts of New South Wales and does not shift significantly from year to year, despite earlier suggestions that breeding occurred opportunistically in response to resource shifts. Mating occurs primarily in March-April. Gestation lasts six months; lactation lasts 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity in their second year, but few females younger than three years are thought to be able to raise young to adulthood. Males are always sexually active but begin establishing territories and harems in January, with increasing frequencies of copulations in February and testes swelling in March. Females do not conceive before April despite sperm being available, and it is unclear what prevents conception. Males have been known to copulate out of season with females, even after testes have regressed, resulting in late conception. This was verified experimentally in captive colonies, and lactation does not inhibit ovulation. Mass abortions and premature births have been recorded in response to environmental stress. Females can conceive again after abortion, but there is limited time for them to do so. Starting at one month of age, young are left at roosts when mothers go to forage (October-December). Young begin to forage with the mothers in January-February and are weaned in late February to March. Young then segregate to outer edges of colonies to avoid adult males arriving to establish their territories for the new mating cycle. The Gray-headed Flying Fox occasionally hybridizes with the cooccurring Black Flying Fox and possibly the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).	Gray-headed Flying Foxes are nocturnal. They leave roosts around dusk to forage and return around dawn. During the day, they rest at roost sites and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing fanning and occasional conspecific territorial interactions.	The Gray-headed Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially, at times in groups of 20,000-30,000 individuals. Total population spread across coastal eastern Australia is considered to be in a single, mobile population of 320,000-435,000 individuals. Individuals have been recorded to fly as far as 40 km to feed, but most foraging distances are c. 20 km . It does not have adaptations to withstand food shortages, and there are few areas in its distribution where nectar is available continuously throughout the year, meaning it must migrate in response to changing food availability. The Gray-headed Flying Fox has historically migrated south in summerto cooler climates and north in winter to warmer climates, along with responding to where food becomes available, with some adults dispersing as far as 750 km . Migration does not occur as a unit; hence, colonies are found at smaller sizes than the total population size. Occasionally, Gray-headed Flying Foxes co-roost with Black Flying Foxes, Spectacled Flying Foxes, and Little Red Flying Foxes ( P. scapulatus ), but they maintain spatial segregation.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. There has been contraction of northern extent of distribution greater than 500 km in the past 100 years, with an expansion of ¢. 750 km in the south and increasing numbers of permanent colonies. The Gray-headed Flying Fox is experiencing continued population decline, estimated to have been more than 30% in the last three generations as inferred by direct observation, shrinkage in distribution, loss of overwintering habitat, and probably competition and hybridization with co-occurring Black Flying Foxes. Major threatis loss of foraging and roosting habitat to land conversion for agriculture, agroforestry, and urban development. Additional threats include electrocution on power lines, entanglement on barbed wire or netting, and extreme weather events. Climate change will also contribute to loss of habitat and likely increase frequency of human-wildlife conflict or heatrelated mortality events. There has been an increase in persecution offlying foxes in general due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly as colonies move into areas where they were previously rare. Subsidies for installing netting to protect crops in New South Wales and reduction oflicenses to shootflying foxes have been initiated to reduce potential for bat mortality. Slow sexual maturation and low reproductive rate suggest slow population growth rate and low rates of natural mortality in adults. Increase in mortality caused by new threats puts the population at risk of severe decline because it cannot easily bounce back. While there is a lack of evidence of direct competition, Gray-headed Flying Foxes are increasingly being displaced by the Black Flying Fox and other species offlying fox, suggesting that indirect competition favors the Black Flying Fox. The Gray-headed Flying Fox occurs in some protected areas, but none of them has necessary conditions to maintain viable populations. It breeds well in captivity.	Andersen (1912b) | Churchill (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Eby & Law (2008) | Eby & Lunney (2002) | Hsu & Benirschke (1977) | Lunney et al. (2008) | Ratcliffe (1932) | Simmons (2005)		173. Gray-headed Flying Fox Pteropus poliocephalus French: Roussette a téte grise / German: Graukopf-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de cabeza gris Taxonomy. Pteropus poliocephalus Temminck, 1825 , Australia . Pteropus poliocephalus is the only member of the poliocephalus species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Endemic to E coast ofAustral1a, ranging from SE Queensland (including Fraser, Moreton, and North Stradbrooke Is) through New South Wales to Victoria . Descriptive notes. Head-body 220- 280 mm (tailless), ear 19-39 mm , hindfoot 34-44 mm , forearm 151-177 mm ; weight 0-41.1- 3 kg . Males and females differ in weight but have similar forearm lengths. Head of the Gray-headed Flying Fox is light gray but can vary in shades. Furis long and dense all over, including on dorsal side of humerus, proximal one-half of forearm, and down tibia to ankle. Body pelage has primarily two types of hairs: one long and dark gray and the other light gray to silver. Mantle is rusty brown to russet and forms complete collar around neck. Belly fur has flecks of white and bufty hairs. Long hairs are dark brown at bases. Wing membranes are dark brown to black. Skull is pteropine, with large orbits and undeveloped or low sagittal crest. Zygomatic arches are unusually slender. Coronoid is weak, with low coronoid height. Canines are long, slender with narrow cingulum, and nearly straight (lower canines are slightly more recurved). Front face of C' has deep vertical groove. P? and P* are shorter than usually found in flying foxes. M? is slightly larger than P|. Diploid number is 2n = 38, with 32 metacentric or submetacentric and four acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is submetacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric and minute. Habitat. Historically forests and mangroves in coastal lowlands of south-eastern Australia , usually roosting near water in stands of forests of native species such as paperbark ( Melaleuca spp. , Myrtaceae ) and Casuarina ( Casuarinaceae ) or cultivated species. The Gray-headed Flying Fox lives much further south than other species offlying foxes and can tolerate frosty temperatures. It can be found in botanical gardens in Melbourne, Australia , which is a 450 km extension ofits historic distribution. Urban development has made the area warmer and more humid, with high levels of precipitation, and has also brought more potential food sources due to cultivation of new trees and shrubs species that provide year-round foraging opportunities. Colonies are usually near a freshwater source. Food and Feeding. The Gray-headed Flying Fox feeds in canopies on a wide variety of fruits, flowers, pollen, nectar, and, on rare occasions, leaves from more than 200 plant species from 50 families. Most of the diet is flowers from Myrtaceae , particularly multiple eucalypt species ( Melaleuca salicina, Syncarpia glomulifera, Eucalyptus spp. , Corymbia spp. , Angophora spp. , and Melaleuca spp. ), Proteaceae ( Banksia spp. , Grevillea robusta , and Stenocarpus sinuatus), and Fabaceae ( Castanospermum australe). Many Myrtaceae species do not flower reliably every year, resulting in variations in foraging sites. Various native and cultivated fruits are also eaten, especially native figs ( Ficus spp. , Moraceae ). When food resources are scarce, the Gray-headed Flying Fox is more likely to raid orchards or other introduced plants including Cinnamomum camphora ( Lauraceae ), Celtis spp. ( Cannabaceae ), Ligustrum spp. ( Oleaceae ), and Psidium spp. ( Myrtaceae ). In areas where it overlaps with the Black Flying Fox ( P. alecto ), diets are similar, but it is unclearif there are differences in foraging behavior or diet preferences. Breeding. The Gray-headed Flying Fox breeds seasonally and reproduces once a year, with females giving birth to one young in October-December. Birthing period coincides with fruit harvest season in many parts of New South Wales and does not shift significantly from year to year, despite earlier suggestions that breeding occurred opportunistically in response to resource shifts. Mating occurs primarily in March-April. Gestation lasts six months; lactation lasts 3-4 months. Females reach sexual maturity in their second year, but few females younger than three years are thought to be able to raise young to adulthood. Males are always sexually active but begin establishing territories and harems in January, with increasing frequencies of copulations in February and testes swelling in March. Females do not conceive before April despite sperm being available, and it is unclear what prevents conception. Males have been known to copulate out of season with females, even after testes have regressed, resulting in late conception. This was verified experimentally in captive colonies, and lactation does not inhibit ovulation. Mass abortions and premature births have been recorded in response to environmental stress. Females can conceive again after abortion, but there is limited time for them to do so. Starting at one month of age, young are left at roosts when mothers go to forage (October-December). Young begin to forage with the mothers in January-February and are weaned in late February to March. Young then segregate to outer edges of colonies to avoid adult males arriving to establish their territories for the new mating cycle. The Gray-headed Flying Fox occasionally hybridizes with the cooccurring Black Flying Fox and possibly the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Activity patterns. Gray-headed Flying Foxes are nocturnal. They leave roosts around dusk to forage and return around dawn. During the day, they rest at roost sites and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing fanning and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Gray-headed Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially, at times in groups of 20,000-30,000 individuals. Total population spread across coastal eastern Australia is considered to be in a single, mobile population of 320,000-435,000 individuals. Individuals have been recorded to fly as far as 40 km to feed, but most foraging distances are c. 20 km . It does not have adaptations to withstand food shortages, and there are few areas in its distribution where nectar is available continuously throughout the year, meaning it must migrate in response to changing food availability. The Gray-headed Flying Fox has historically migrated south in summerto cooler climates and north in winter to warmer climates, along with responding to where food becomes available, with some adults dispersing as far as 750 km . Migration does not occur as a unit; hence, colonies are found at smaller sizes than the total population size. Occasionally, Gray-headed Flying Foxes co-roost with Black Flying Foxes, Spectacled Flying Foxes, and Little Red Flying Foxes ( P. scapulatus ), but they maintain spatial segregation. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. There has been contraction of northern extent of distribution greater than 500 km in the past 100 years, with an expansion of ¢. 750 km in the south and increasing numbers of permanent colonies. The Gray-headed Flying Fox is experiencing continued population decline, estimated to have been more than 30% in the last three generations as inferred by direct observation, shrinkage in distribution, loss of overwintering habitat, and probably competition and hybridization with co-occurring Black Flying Foxes. Major threatis loss of foraging and roosting habitat to land conversion for agriculture, agroforestry, and urban development. Additional threats include electrocution on power lines, entanglement on barbed wire or netting, and extreme weather events. Climate change will also contribute to loss of habitat and likely increase frequency of human-wildlife conflict or heatrelated mortality events. There has been an increase in persecution offlying foxes in general due to public concerns about diseases, smell, and noise associated with large colonies, particularly as colonies move into areas where they were previously rare. Subsidies for installing netting to protect crops in New South Wales and reduction oflicenses to shootflying foxes have been initiated to reduce potential for bat mortality. Slow sexual maturation and low reproductive rate suggest slow population growth rate and low rates of natural mortality in adults. Increase in mortality caused by new threats puts the population at risk of severe decline because it cannot easily bounce back. While there is a lack of evidence of direct competition, Gray-headed Flying Foxes are increasingly being displaced by the Black Flying Fox and other species offlying fox, suggesting that indirect competition favors the Black Flying Fox. The Gray-headed Flying Fox occurs in some protected areas, but none of them has necessary conditions to maintain viable populations. It breeds well in captivity. Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Eby & Law (2008), Eby & Lunney (2002), Hsu & Benirschke (1977), Lunney et al. (2008), Ratcliffe (1932), Simmons (2005).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus poliocephalus	Pteropus		poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.166	Gray-headed Flying Fox	None.	Australia.	E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 poliocephalus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto. 	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus poliocephalus	23	Gray-headed Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	0						Australia.			poliocephalus Temminck, 1825	NA	NA	Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18751	Pteropus poliocephalus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	poliocephalus	Temminck, 1825		20000000	Pteropus poliocephalus	Vulnerable	A2ace+4ac	2021	2021-08-27 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Grey-headed Flying Fox is assessed as Vulnerable under criteria A2ace and A4ac because, although the population is relatively large (exceeding 10,000 mature individuals) and it has a large extent of occurrence (&gt; 20,000 km²), a continuing population decline is inferred to be more than 30–35% over the last three generations (21 years, GL = 7 years; Pacifici et al. 2013). A decline is also expected to exceed 30% over the period encompassing the past 1 and at least two future generations (2014–2035). The decline in population is inferred from substantial loss and degradation of foraging habitat due to fire and clearing, mass mortalities associated with extreme heat and food shortages, and mortality from electrocution on power lines, and entanglement in barbed wire and fruit tree netting. In particular, extreme weather conditions in 2019-20 saw tens of thousands of individuals die from food shortages and extreme heat events, and unprecedented megafires affected 33.7% of the species’ total habitat whereby 41.7% of the species' critical ‘winter’ foraging resources were lost to high severity fires. The rate of decline is expected to increase over at least the future two generations due to the increasing frequency and intensity of extreme weather and climate events such as heat events, droughts, floods and fires, along with changes in the production of nectar, pollen and fleshy fruits in native vegetation, largely unregulated land clearing associated with urban expansion, agriculture intensification and human population growth, and increased exposure of the species to anthropogenic threats in urban environments. The capacity of the species to recover from increased mortality caused by frequent or persistent threats is hampered by their low reproductive rate, and low population growth rate even under optimal conditions.	The Grey-Headed Flying Fox is found in subtropical moist forest, open forest, closed and open woodlands, Melaleuca swamps, Banksia woodlands, mangroves, commercial fruit plantations (Hall and Richards 2000), and increasingly in urban landscapes (e.g., Williams et al. 2006, Plowright et al. 2011, Boardman et al. 2021, Meade et al. 2021). The diet consists of nectar, pollen and fruits of a wide range of species, most commonly native trees in the families Myrtaceae, Moraceae, Proteaceae and a small number of species from other families. (Eby 1998, Hall and Richards 2000, Eby and Law 2008, Schmelitschek et al. 2009). The primary native food sources are the nectar and pollen of Eucalyptus , Corymbia , Angophora , Banksia , Melaleuca species, and fleshy rainforest fruits (Eby and Law 2008, Eby 1991); and they are known to consume leaves, bark, and invertebrates (Clulow and Blundell 2011, Smith et al. 2020, Schmelitschek et al. 2009). They also forage in agricultural areas, including orchards, and in introduced vegetation in urban areas (McDonald-Madden et al. 2005, Boardman et al. 2021). The majority of native diet plants have regular seasonal flowering phenologies, but do not flower every year (Eby and Law 2008). Grey-headed flying foxes experience seasonal food bottlenecks during winter and spring when few diet plants are productive and the distribution of native foraging habitat is limited (Eby and Law 2008). Vegetation communities that contain plants that flower in winter and early spring are of particular importance to the species during critical periods in the reproductive cycle and have been identified as habitat critical to survival (Eby et al. 1999, Eby and Law 2008, DAWE 2021). The Grey-Headed Flying Fox lacks biological adaptations such as torpor to withstand food shortages, instead individuals are thought to move in response to changes in local food abundance (DAWE 2021). It is a highly mobile species with individuals estimated to travel up to 2,500 km annually within a network of roosts located across southeastern Australia (Eby 1991, Tidemann and Nelson 2004, Roberts et al. 2012a, Welbergen et al. 2020). On a nightly basis, individual bats may forage as far as 50 km from their roost. However, mean foraging distances are between 6 and 11 km, with foraging distances shorter in urban than in non-urban areas (Meade et al. 2021). There are few areas within the range where nectar and other food sources are available continuously, except perhaps in urban areas. While many flying-foxes feed in urban areas and urban roosts may be permanently occupied, a proportion of the individuals within these roosts move regularly between urban and other more natural settings (Meade et al. 2021). It roosts by day colonially in canopy vegetation and many roosts have a long history of use (Lunney and Moon 1997). Individuals move nomadically throughout the species' range within a network of roosts, and change roosts frequently (Roberts et al. 2012a, Welbergen et al. 2020). Some roosts may temporarily contain &gt;100,000 individuals, often coinciding with periodic flowering of preferred tree species (Eby 1991, Eby et al. 1999). The Grey-Headed Flying Fox ;regularly cohabits roosts with the black flying fox (P. alecto ) and Little Red Flying Fox (P. scapulatus ) with which it is partially sympatric (Timmiss et al. 2021), and rarely with the Spectacled Flying Fox (P. conspicillatus ) in the north of its range (Parsons et al. 2010). Of the 310 known camps in regular use, almost 75% are shared with other species and only 25% are occupied exclusively by the Grey-Headed Flying Fox ;(Timmiss et al. 2021). The majority of camps (58.7%) are located in urban areas (Timmiss et al. 2021). From 1998 to 2019, the number of active roost sites increased by approximately 120% and average population size at camps declined, with 94% of new roosts formed in urban areas (Eby et al. submitted). The pattern of increase in roost numbers has been stepped rather than continuous, in association with periods of food shortage (Eby et al. submitted). The drivers of increasing urbanisation of the species are unclear. Increased temporal stability (Markus and Hall 2004, McDonald‐Madden et al. 2005, Parry‐Jones and Augee 2001, Plowright et al. 2011, Williams et al. 2006) and availability (Markus and Hall 2004, Plowright et al. 2011, Williams et al. 2006) of food resources from urban plantings may be responsible for the recently observed increased presence of flying-foxes of urban areas (Meade et al. 2021), however, broadscale reductions in feeding opportunities in native habitats may also play a role (Parry-Jones and Augee 2001, van der Ree et al. 2006, Williams et al. 2006, Tait et al. 2014, P. Eby unpublished data). In the roosts, males establish ‘mating territories’ that are actively maintained by aggression, which is especially evident during the mating season (March-May, Martin et al. 1993; Martin et al. 1995; Eby 1995; Nelson 1965; Welbergen 2010, 2011). Males mate repeatedly with the same female during a mating session and can have multiple mating sessions with the same female over the course of several days (Welbergen 2005). Males, but not females, accumulate body mass prior to establishing their territories and can lose more than 20 percent of their mass during the mating season (Welbergen 2011). ; ; The most likely time of conception is April (Martin et al. 1993, Martin et al. 1995). Pregnancy in P. poliocephalus is seasonal, lasts for approximately 27 weeks (Martin et al. 1987) and the majority of females give birth to a single young annually between late September and early November, although small numbers of females give birth outside this time (Justin Welbergen pers. comm.). Lactation lasts approximately 5–6 months (Martin et al. 1996), with the majority of young being weaned by the start of the mating season in March (Welbergen 2011). Twins are rare and there are no observations of twins surviving to weaning (Peggy Eby pers. comm.). Sexual maturity is reached in the second year (females) or third year (males) after birth (Welbergen 2010), and generation length is estimated to be between 6 and 8 years (Woinarski et al. 2014, A. Divljan pers. comm).	Grey-Headed Flying Foxes are exposed to significant threats from increasingly rapid human-induced environmental change, particularly loss of foraging habitat and climate change impacts (DAWE 2021). They are also impacted by increasing levels of conflict with humans at urban roosts (Roberts et al. 2021). Key threats often act concurrently and their impacts on population size are exacerbated by the species’ low reproductive output, limiting its capacity to recover from impacts (McIlwee and Martin 2002). Threats are predicted to increase in frequency and severity in coming decades and, as a result, rates of decline are expected to increase (Woinarski et al. 2014). The species is dependent on continuous access to flowering and fruiting food plants sourced from widespread areas of native vegetation. Reduction in food availability from loss and degradation of native habitat and impacts of climate change, particularly drought and fires, is a key threat (Woinarski et al. 2014, DAWE 2021). Incremental clearing of critical winter/spring foraging habitat for urban expansion and agriculture intensification is largely unregulated and is ongoing in many regions. For example, loss of critical winter habitat was associated with a collapse in winter influxes of nomadic animals into far southeast Queensland from 1996 to 2018 (Eby et al. submitted). Climate-driven food shortages affect the species throughout its range and are associated with population-wide increases in mortality (assessed from rates of intake by wildlife rehabilitation organizations) and reductions in pre-weaning reproductive success (DAWE 2021, Eby et al. submitted, Mo et al. 2021). Food shortages were recorded every 3 years on average from 1998 to 2020 (range 1-4 years) and were associated with absence or very low intensity of flowering in native forests (Eby et al. submitted). Food shortage impacts are generally global across the range of the species and pre-weaning reproductive success assessed over 23 years (1998 to 2021) and averaged across roosts in New South Wales was 56% in food shortage years relative to 89% in non-food shortage years (P. Eby unpublished data). This represents only a partial assessment of impact, as adult female mortality was not considered in the denominators. Roosts affected by the impact of extreme heat were not included in the data. Repeated reductions in reproduction may reduce the capacity of the species to recover from decline. Extreme heat events, whereby ambient temperatures exceed 42°, are known to cause mass mortality of flying-foxes at landscape scales, and this has become a prominent conservation management issue in Australia. Welbergen et al. (2008) reported that between 1994 and 2008, &gt;30,000 Australian flying-foxes, of which 24,500 were P. poliocephalus , had died during 19 separate extreme heat events. Between 2008 and 2019 a further 131.00 flying foxes died in several such events, including &gt;40,000 P. poliocephalus individuals (Welbergen 2021, Welbergen et al. unpublished). During the 2019-20 summer, 72,000 flying foxes died from hyperthermia during eight separate extreme heat events, with P. poliocephalus individuals comprising the majority of the mortality estimate (Mo et al. 2021). The recorded deaths are likely substantial underestimates of the true mortality as many roosts are not inspected following events and where inspected mortality is often underreported (Mo et al. 2021, Welbergen, pers. comm.). Adult females and dependent young are disproportionately susceptible to hyperthermia, which negatively affects recruitment and the effective breeding population limiting the species’ capacity for recovery (Welbergen et al. 2008). Wildfires have also recently gained significance as threats to the Grey-Headed Flying Fox. During the extreme Austral 2019–20 summer, unprecedented bushfires affected an estimated 5.8 Mha of temperate broadleaf forest within P. poliocephalus ;range, burning 33.7% of the species’ total habitat. This included 41.7% critical ‘winter’ habitat which burnt in high severity fires (Baranowski et al. 2021). It is likely that significant impacts of the 2019-2020 bushfires on the species will be associated with both the short-term effective loss of foraging habitat and the longer-term reduction in nectar production, particularly in areas affected by high-severity fire. At present, there are insufficient data available to estimate the impact on the P. poliocephalus population or predict its trajectory of post-fire recovery. Anthropogenic changes in extreme heat events and associated droughts and wildfires are already readily observable in southeastern Australia and are expected to continue to escalate in frequency and intensity in the coming decades (IPCC 2021, Herold et al. 2021). As such, the already substantial die-offs from food shortages and extreme heat, and habitat loss from wildfires are anticipated to continue to gain significance as threats to the species. The recent urbanisation of roosts exposes the species to several threats. Conflict between people and Grey-Headed Flying Foxes ;is an ongoing problem that may cause loss or degradation of roosting habitat and reduce community support for conservation initiatives (DAWE 2021). Flying-foxes are commonly perceived to be an annoyance, or disease risk due to the noise and smell they emit and camps close to human settlements are regularly subject to attempts to exclude the bats, or clear vegetation in or around roosts to manipulate fine-scale roosting positions (DAWE 2021, Roberts et al. 2021, Welbergen et al. 2020). Other threats include entanglement in fruit tree netting or barbed wire fencing, electrocution on power lines, and vehicle collisions. In a study of 532 Grey-Headed Flying Foxes ;admitted to emergency care in Victoria, Scheelings and Frith (2015) found anthropogenic factors caused the majority (63.7%) of admissions, with entanglement in fruit tree netting the most common cause (36.8%) followed by entanglement in barbed wire fencing (12.4%). Roosts once isolated from humans have become embedded in urban areas due to increasing urban expansion in coastal New South Wales and Queensland (DAWE 2021). Grey-Headed Flying Foxes may cause damage to fruit crops in both commercial and backyard orchards, and lethal control methods were commonly used in the past, including electrocution and shooting (DAWE 2021). Historically culling was a major cause of mortality (Woinarski et al. 2014). However, there have been efforts to reduce the number of flying-foxes killed by orchardists through Government subsidised netting programs, and overall, the impact of this threat has declined. Queensland still issues permits to cull up to 1,280 individuals per year (DAWE 2021). Interspecific competition with the black flying fox (Pteropus alecto ) may also be a threat to the Grey-Headed Flying Fox ;(Woinarski et al. 2014, Roberts et al. 2012b). Although there is no evidence of interspecific competition, the black flying fox has been expanding both in range and abundance in the northern parts of the Grey-Headed Flying Fox’s range (Woinarski et al. 2014, Roberts et al. 2012a). Apart from culling by orchardists, all other threats are likely to continue or increase in severity and impact into the future.	This species forms a single, extremely mobile, interbreeding population distributed over a vast area (DAWE 2021, Welbergen et al. 2020). ;The Grey-Headed Flying Fox ;was considered abundant and estimated to number in the many millions in the early 20th century (Ratcliffe 1931). However, distribution-wide autumn population counts, based on counts of individuals at known camps across the species range, varied between 320,000 and 674,000 (mean of 450,714) between 1989 and 2005 (Woinarski et al. 2014). Subsequently a national program of largely synchronous quarterly population estimates was established in November 2012 (Westcott et al. 2015), and its autumn population counts varied between 522,000 and 663,000 (mean 570.900) over the period 2013-2019 (NFFMP, 2021). However, counts from the periods 1989-2005 and 2013-2019 are not directly comparable because of the differences in the methods used and uncertainty about the survey coverage of the extent of the population (Westcott et al. 2015). In addition, distribution-wide counts lack precision due to the unknown proportion of individuals at unsampled camps, and inconsistencies in sampling effort and counting methods used among individual roost sites (DAWE 2021, Woinarski et al. 2014, Westcott et al. 2015). Due to limited precision, the time taken to reach 80% statistical power in detecting trends in the recent distribution-wide counts has been modelled to be ~13.5 years, or until 2027 (Westcott et al. 2012). However, recent work suggests that the main method used for counting individuals in roosts is much less precise than was assumed in the modelling (McCarty et al. submitted). While efforts are currently underway to improve the reliability of count estimates (McCarthy et al. ; 2021, McCarthy et al. submitted), until precision of the distribution-wide counts is improved and better defined, it is not possible to establish meaningful trends using current timeframes of population monitoring. During the austral spring and summer of 2019–2020, P. poliocephalus was exposed to a sequence of circumstances associated with prolonged drought and extreme heat, which resulted in tens of thousands of deaths (Mo et al. 2021), near reproductive failure and the burning of over a third of its habitat (Baranowski et al. 2021).  At this time, the species experienced an extended and intense food shortage across a broad area of northern New South Wales and southeastern Queensland, resulting in a large but unquantified number of flying-fox deaths, possibly in the tens of thousands based on anecdotal reports from wildlife carers (Mo et al. 2021). Pre-weaning reproduction at that time fell to 6% from a 21-year average of 74% (P. Eby unpublished data). In addition, in the summer of 2019–2020, 72,000 flying-foxes died from hyperthermia during eight separate extreme heat events throughout eastern and southeastern Australia, with P. poliocephalus comprising the majority of the mortality estimate (Mo et al. 2021). The recorded deaths are likely substantial underestimates of the true mortality as many roosts are not inspected following events and where inspected mortality is often underreported (Mo et al. 2021, Welbergen, pers. comm.). Furthermore, in the summer of 2019–20, unprecedented bushfires affected an estimated 5.8 million hectares of forest within P. poliocephalus ;range, burning 33.7% of the species’ total habitat. This included 41.7% of the species' critical ‘winter’ habitat which burnt in high severity fires (Baranowski et al. 2021). It is likely that significant impacts of the 2019–2020 bushfires on the species will be associated with both the short-term effective loss of foraging habitat and the longer-term reduction in nectar production, particularly in areas affected by high-severity fire. Anthropogenic changes in extreme heat events and associated droughts and wildfires are already readily observable in southeastern Australia and are expected to continue to escalate in frequency and intensity in the coming decades (IPCC 2021, Herold et al. 2021). In conjunction with other ongoing causes of decline that contributed to the species’ previous listing as Vulnerable under criteria A2ace, these extreme events are anticipated to amount to a decline in mature individuals exceeding 30% over the period ca 2014–2035, equivalent to the previous one and future two generations under criteria A4.	Decreasing	The geographic range of the species has altered in the past 20 years as documented by range-wide monitoring (Westcott et al. 2012), satellite telemetry studies (Roberts et al. 2012a, Welbergen et al. 2020), a systematic search of field records (Roberts et al. 2012b) and public reporting. While latitudinal range boundaries have remained generally stable (Roberts et al. 2012b), there has been a distinct inland expansion. As of 2021 the range spans the coastal lowlands, tablelands, and slopes of eastern Australia, from Finch Hatton near Mackay (Queensland) in the north to Melbourne, Geelong (Victoria) in the south (Roberts et al. 2012b, Woinarski et al. 2014) and inland to Port Augusta in South Australia, Cooma in the Snowy Mountains of New South Wales (New South Wales), and areas of central and southern New South Wales and Victoria including Dubbo, Wagga Wagga and Albury (New South Wales), Numurkah and Bendigo (Victoria). There have also been vagrant sightings outside of this range, including occasional sightings in Tasmania and Bass Strait islands (Atlas of Living Australia 2021, DAWE 2021). Sightings in Tasmania and islands in Bass Strait are associated with periods of acute food shortage (Eby et al. 2021). The great majority of observations and camps of this species are from the coastal lowlands and slopes of south eastern Australia below altitudes of about 200 m (DAWE 2021, Welbergen et al. unpublished data). However, known roosts vary in elevation from sea level to 800 m (Cooma), and occasionally vagrant individuals have been reported from altitudes up to 1,600 m in the New South Wales and Victorian high country (M. Pennay pers. comm., Welbergen et al. unpublished data). Along the southern periphery of its range, the species has increased in abundance in urban areas including Canberra (Australian Capital Territory), Melbourne, Geelong and Bendigo (Victoria), and Adelaide (South Australia) (Woinarski et al. 2014). The species is typically found from sea level to 800 m asl, with vagrants being documented up to 1,600 m asl.	The species is not known to be hunted, used, or traded.	Terrestrial	This species is known to use a broad range of areas reserved for conservation, which make up 12.6% of the area surrounding known camps, however, only 5.2% of the camps occur within conservation areas (Timmiss et al. 2021). Given the species' reliance on dispersed food resources, conservation areas are unlikely to protect sufficient habitat for the species. A range of management actions and research to assist conservation of P. poliocephalus into the future has been identified in the National Recovery Plan for the species (DAWE 2021). They include: identify, protect and increase roosting habitat and native foraging habitat that is critical to survival, define and improve precision in current population monitoring to determine reliable trends in population size, build community capacity to coexist with flying foxes and improve management of conflict at roosts in urban areas, reduce the impact of electrocution on power lines, and entanglement in netting and on barbed wire, significantly reduce levels of harm in commercial fruit crops, support research that will improve conservation and management, develop and apply ameliorative care procedures to minimise deaths during extreme heat days, and management of fire (DAWE 2021). In recent years, governments have funded and administered a number of programs of subsidies to improve conservation outcomes for P. poliocephalus . Plans of Management for several roosts have been developed by land managers in consultation with affected stakeholders (Roberts et al. 2012). The plans set out programs for managing contentious roosts under various conditions, and can serve as effective mechanisms for both reducing conflict and educating the public about the conservation and management challenges that face P. poliocephalus . Government subsidies in New South Wales have enabled commercial orchardists to install full exclusion netting to protect their crops from flying fox damage in advance of a halt to licenced culling on crops. The New South Wales government has also initiated a program that funds restoration of both roosting and foraging habitat.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.165972	Gray-headed Flying Fox	None.	Australia.	E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.	Appendix II	Vulnerable	 poliocephalus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto. 	Pteropus poliocephalus	1004490	23	Gray-headed Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	0						Australia.			poliocephalus Temminck, 1825	NA	NA				Australia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_poliocephalus	1004490	23	Gray-headed Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	poliocephalus	Temminck	0	Pteropus poliocephalus	Temminck, C.J. 1825. Livraison 5. Pp. 157–204 in Temminck, C.J. 1827. Monographies de Mammalogie. G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 268 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52681325				Australia.			NA	NA				Australia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	VU	0	0	0	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_poliocephalus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		poliocephalus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.165972	Gray-headed Flying Fox	None.	Australia.	E Australia, from S Queensland to Victoria.	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18751/22085511/' target='_blank'>Vulnerable</a>	poliocephalusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Webb and Tideman (1995) for discussion of cases of hybridization with alecto.		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus poliocephalus; Pteropus poliocephalus; Pteropus poliocephalus; Pteropus poliocephalus; Pteropus poliocephalus; Pteropus poliocephalus; poliocephalus; Roussette a téte grise; Graukopf-Flughund; Zorro volador de cabeza gris; Gray-headed Flying Fox; Gray-headed Flying Fox; Gray-headed Flying Fox; P. poliocephalus