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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1302	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus personatus		[MSW3] personatus species group. See Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus personatus Temminck, 1825 , “I'lle de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Molucca Islands, Indonesia . Some DNA sequence data indicate a position basal or outside Pteropus . Pteropus personatus is the only member of personatus species group. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  personatus species group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).; [batnames2023]  personatus species group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).; [batnames2025_1.7] personatusspecies group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).										personatus, acityae				personatus, acityae				personatus, acityae 	personatus, acityae 			personatus Temminck, 1825|acityae Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Masked flying fox	Celebes, N Moluccas	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus personatus	Indonesia, Molucca Isis., Ternate.	Temminck	1825	Monogr. Mamm., 1:189.	Distribution: Known only from the northern Moluccas (Gilolo group) and northern Celebes.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Masked flying fox	N Moluccas, (?) Sulawesi; ref. 4.110	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1825	Monogr. Mamm., 1:189.		Halmahera Isis (Indonesia). The Sulawesi record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988:65).	Indonesia, Molucca Isis, Ternate.		TEMMINCK	1825	Premolars and molars greatly narrowed. Size very small (forearm length, 86-96 mm).	Distribution: Known only from the northern Moluccas (Gilolo group) and northern Celebes.	No subspecies.		25	species	P. personatus	TEMMINCK	1825	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus personatus				Premolars and molars greatly narrowed. Size very small (forearm length, 86-96 mm).	No subspecies.		43. P. personatus TEMMINCK 1825 [personatus group],	43	_P. p. acityae_ Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016; _P. p. personatus_ Temminck, 1825			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus personatus	Pteropus		personatus	Temminck		1825		Monogr. Mamm.	1		189		Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.	North Molucca Isls (Halmahera and Obi Isl Groups), and Gag. Sulawesi records are erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – No Data. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).		personatus species group. See Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFF93F67D8C6E319DF739F48F	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	136	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF8AF66489B7305FFE41F217.xml	Pteropus personatus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	personatus	Temminck	1825	Roussette masquée @fr | Maskenflughund @de | Zorro volador enmascarado @es | Masked Flying Fox @en | Masked Fruit Bat @en	Pteropus personatus Temminck, 1825 , “I'lle de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Molucca Islands, Indonesia . Some DNA sequence data indicate a position basal or outside Pteropus . Pteropus personatus is the only member of personatus species group. Two subspecies recognized.	P.p.personatusTemminck,1825—NorthMoluccaIs(HalmaheraandObigroups),Indonesia.RecordsfromSulawesihaveturnedouttobeincorrect. P. p. acityae Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016 — Raja Ampat Is (Gag), Indonesia .	Head-body 124-149- 2 mm (tailless), ear 19-5-22- 3 mm , hindfoot 31-33- 5 mm , forearm 86-98- 5 mm ; weight 92-153 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 40-1-47- 5 mm . The Moluccan Masked Flying Fox is small, with buff white facial mask sharply defined against blackish background, white mustache extending over cheek and up to eyes, middle nasalstripe, and large post-ocular stripe. Ears are oval or rounded and slightly longer than muzzle. Crown, back of head, neck, and parts of chest are straw yellow. Rest of chest, belly, and flanks are pale wood-brown. Back is brownish gray to silvery white, with creamy tinge. Furis soft and dense, thinning out along arms. Claw on index finger is well developed. Wing membranes are mostly unpigmented, with mottled appearance, being whitish toward leading edges and tips of wings. Skull is small, with strong basicranial deflection, thin rostrum, very large orbits with long recurved postorbital processes, weak zygomatic arches, rather wide palate, and globose braincase with separate temporal lines. Body and coronoid process of mandible are weak; angle is wide and rounded. On average, skull of subspecies acityae is smaller. Dental formula for most species of Plempusis 12/2, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Teeth are reduced in size, especially molars. Inner lower incisors are much smaller than outer ones. Cingulum of C' and C, is very weak. Canines are thin and long, and cheekteeth are very small and generally low.	Forests and gardens with durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ), nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae ), and clove trees ( Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae ).	The Moluccan Masked Flying Fox eats fruits of introduced spiked pepper ( Piper aduncum, Piperaceae ). Generally weak dentition and gracile skull suggest diets of soft fruits and perhaps flower products.	Lactating and pregnant Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes were found on Ternate in January.	Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes roost in the canopy during the day and become active at dusk. A specimen was caught from a roost in a plantation of pawpaw ( Asimina , Annonaceae ) trees. During sleep, conspicuous head is hidden between wings for camouflage.	Several individuals visit a feeding tree, but branches with many fruits are defended against conspecifics. During feeding and flight, Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes can be recognized by their vocalizations that alternate between birdlike whistling and typical flying fox chatter.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hunting of Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes does not seem to be a major threat now. Nevertheless, very little is known about the Moluccan Masked Flying Fox, and there are no records from protected areas. Extensive surveys on population size and effects of bushmeat trade and forest loss and degeneration on population and distribution are necessary. Protection of roosting places and encouraging local communities to conserve nature should be developed.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bergmans (2001) | Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988) | Dobson (1878) | Flannery (1995a) | Mickleburgh et al. (1992) | Simmons (2005) | Temminck (1825) | Tsang (2015, 2016) | Wiantoro & Maryanto (2016)		135. Moluccan Masked Flying Fox Pteropus personatus French: Roussette masquée / German: Maskenflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador enmascarado Other common names: Masked Flying Fox , Masked Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pteropus personatus Temminck, 1825 , “I'lle de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Molucca Islands, Indonesia . Some DNA sequence data indicate a position basal or outside Pteropus . Pteropus personatus is the only member of personatus species group. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.personatusTemminck,1825—NorthMoluccaIs(HalmaheraandObigroups),Indonesia.RecordsfromSulawesihaveturnedouttobeincorrect. P. p. acityae Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016 — Raja Ampat Is (Gag), Indonesia . Descriptive notes. Head-body 124-149- 2 mm (tailless), ear 19-5-22- 3 mm , hindfoot 31-33- 5 mm , forearm 86-98- 5 mm ; weight 92-153 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 40-1-47- 5 mm . The Moluccan Masked Flying Fox is small, with buff white facial mask sharply defined against blackish background, white mustache extending over cheek and up to eyes, middle nasalstripe, and large post-ocular stripe. Ears are oval or rounded and slightly longer than muzzle. Crown, back of head, neck, and parts of chest are straw yellow. Rest of chest, belly, and flanks are pale wood-brown. Back is brownish gray to silvery white, with creamy tinge. Furis soft and dense, thinning out along arms. Claw on index finger is well developed. Wing membranes are mostly unpigmented, with mottled appearance, being whitish toward leading edges and tips of wings. Skull is small, with strong basicranial deflection, thin rostrum, very large orbits with long recurved postorbital processes, weak zygomatic arches, rather wide palate, and globose braincase with separate temporal lines. Body and coronoid process of mandible are weak; angle is wide and rounded. On average, skull of subspecies acityae is smaller. Dental formula for most species of Plempusis 12/2, C 1/1, P 3/3, M 2/3 (x2) = 34. Teeth are reduced in size, especially molars. Inner lower incisors are much smaller than outer ones. Cingulum of C' and C, is very weak. Canines are thin and long, and cheekteeth are very small and generally low. Habitat. Forests and gardens with durian ( Durio zibethinus, Malvaceae ), nutmeg ( Myristica fragrans, Myristicaceae ), and clove trees ( Syzygium aromaticum, Myrtaceae ). Food and Feeding. The Moluccan Masked Flying Fox eats fruits of introduced spiked pepper ( Piper aduncum, Piperaceae ). Generally weak dentition and gracile skull suggest diets of soft fruits and perhaps flower products. Breeding. Lactating and pregnant Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes were found on Ternate in January. Activity patterns. Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes roost in the canopy during the day and become active at dusk. A specimen was caught from a roost in a plantation of pawpaw ( Asimina , Annonaceae ) trees. During sleep, conspicuous head is hidden between wings for camouflage. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Several individuals visit a feeding tree, but branches with many fruits are defended against conspecifics. During feeding and flight, Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes can be recognized by their vocalizations that alternate between birdlike whistling and typical flying fox chatter. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Hunting of Moluccan Masked Flying Foxes does not seem to be a major threat now. Nevertheless, very little is known about the Moluccan Masked Flying Fox, and there are no records from protected areas. Extensive surveys on population size and effects of bushmeat trade and forest loss and degeneration on population and distribution are necessary. Protection of roosting places and encouraging local communities to conserve nature should be developed. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bergmans (2001), Bergmans & Rozendaal (1988), Dobson (1878), Flannery (1995a), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Simmons (2005), Temminck (1825), Tsang (2015, 2016), Wiantoro & Maryanto (2016).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus personatus	Pteropus		personatus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.1729	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	None.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.	North Molucca Isls (Halmahera and Obi Isl Groups), and Gag. Sulawesi records are erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	Appendix II	Least Concern	 personatus species group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus personatus	23	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	Masked Flying Fox|Masked Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	personatus	Temminck	1825	0	Pteropus_personatus	Temminck, C. J. (1825) Monographies de mammalogie, ou Description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe, Vol. 1. Paris, 1827, 189.	https://books.google.com/books?id=U3QQAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false	ZMB 2635 [syntype]		"l'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Molucca Islands, Indonesia.			personatus Temminck, 1825|acityae Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016	NA	NA	Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_personatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_personatus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18747	Pteropus personatus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	personatus	Temminck, 1825		20000000	Pteropus personatus	Least Concern		2016	2016-01-18 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	<p>This species is assessed as Least Concern because its extent of occurrence is greater than 20,000 km², it is abundant at several locations, it is tolerant of some habitat disturbance, and because it is unlikely to be declining fast enough to qualify for listing in a more threatened category.</p>	It is caught abundantly on shrubs in the understorey of clove garden (Boadi pers. comm.).	This species is hunted, but at present it does not appear to be at a level that is threatening the species.	This species is moderately abundant.	Stable	This species is endemic to the North Molucca Islands (Halmahera and Obi island groups) and the island of Gag in Indonesia. Records from Sulawesi are in error (Bergmans and Rozendaal 1988).		Terrestrial	This species does not occur in any protected areas. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES. Conservation needs/priorities: Studies are needed on the species’ population sizes, distribution, and extent of occurrence throughout its range. ; Monitoring of population sizes and locations over time are also important to establish whether these are stable or experiencing trends of decline. The threats to these bats are poorly understood. Studies are needed on the species’ habitat requirements and on the effects of forest loss and degradation on the species’ population sizes/distribution. Research is also needed on the amount of hunting and the level of bushmeat trade, and the effects of that hunting on population sizes and persistence. Effective roost site protection efforts are needed to minimize hunting mortality and disturbance to non-target individuals. Similar to most threatened fruit bats local capacity building for conservation managers and education and awareness within local communities are greatly needed to support conservation efforts.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		personatus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.172917	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	None.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.	North Molucca Isls (Halmahera and Obi Isl Groups), and Gag. Sulawesi records are erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	Appendix II	Least Concern	 personatus species group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).	Pteropus personatus	1004487	23	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	Masked Flying Fox|Masked Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	personatus	Temminck	1825	0	Pteropus_personatus	Temminck, C. J. (1825) Monographies de mammalogie, ou Description de quelques genres de mammifères, dont les espèces ont été observées dans les différens musées de l'Europe, Vol. 1. Paris, 1827, 189.	https://books.google.com/books?id=U3QQAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false	ZMB 2635 [syntype]		"l'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Molucca Islands, Indonesia.			personatus Temminck, 1825|acityae Wiantoro & Maryanto, 2016	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_personatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_personatus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_personatus	1004487	23	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	Masked Flying Fox|Masked Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	personatus	Temminck	0	Pteropus personatus	Temminck, C.J. 1825. Livraison 5. Pp. 157–204 in Temminck, C.J. 1827. Monographies de Mammalogie. G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 268 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52681335	RMNH.MAM.37846, RMNH.MAM.37849	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37846.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37846.b | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37849.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37849.b	"l'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Molucca Islands, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_personatus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_personatus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		personatus	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.172917	Moluccan Masked Flying Fox	None.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate.	North Molucca Isls (Halmahera and Obi Isl Groups), and Gag. Sulawesi records are erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18747/22084787/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	personatusspecies group. May be more distantly related to remaining Pteropus species; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Flannery (1995b).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus personatus; Pteropus personatus; Pteropus personatus; Pteropus personatus; Pteropus personatus; Pteropus personatus; personatus; acityae; personatus; acityae; Roussette masquée; Maskenflughund; Zorro volador enmascarado; Masked Flying Fox; Masked Fruit Bat; Moluccan Masked Flying Fox; Masked Flying Fox; Masked Fruit Bat; Moluccan Masked Flying Fox; Moluccan Masked Flying Fox; P. personatus