http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#wasDerivedFrom http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/format name_CH1_1980 name_MSW1_1982 name_CH3_1991 name_MSW2_1993 name_Koopman_1994 name_MSW3_2005 name_HMW_2019 name_BatNames_2022 name_MDD_2022 name_IUCN_2022 name_BatNames_2023 name_MDD_2023 name_MDD_2025_2.0 name_batnames_2025_1.7 name_MDD_2025_2.2 column151 taxonomic_notes_concatenated column171 synonyms_CH1 subspecies__MSW2 synonyms__MSW1 synonyms_CH3 synonyms_MSW2 subspecies_Koopman94_interpreted subspecies_MSW3_interpreted synonym_MSW3_interpreted subspecies_HMW_interpreted synonym_HMW_interpreted subspecies_batnames_interpreted synonym_batnames_interpreted synonym_MDD_interpreted synonym_IUCN_interpreted subspecies_batnames2023_interpreted synonym_batnames2023_interpreted synonym_MDD2023_interpreted synonym_MDD2025_interpreted subspecies_batnames2025_interpreted synonyms_batnames2025_interpreted nominalNames column391 docOrigin_CH1 commonName_CH1 distribution_CH1 docOrigin_MSW1 column451 typeLocality_MSW1 authority_MSW1 year_MSW1 citation_MSW1 distribution comment_MSW1 docOrigin_CH3 commonName_CH3 distribution_CH3 docOrigin_MSW2 authority_MSW2 year_MSW2 citation_MSW2 comments_MSW2 distribution_MSW2 typeLocality_MSW2 docOrigin_Koopman94 authority_Koopman94 year_Koopman94 description_Koopman94 distribution_Koopman94 diversity_Koopman94 subspecies_Koopman94 page rank name authority year parent parent_rank corrected_name actual_species_count claimed_species_count dental_formula description diversity full_subspecies_text name_line species_index subspecies synonym text docOrigin_MSW3 order_MSW3 family_MSW3 subfamily_MSW3 tribe_MSW3 name_MSW3 genus_MSW3 subgenus_MSW3 species_MSW3 authoritySpeciesAuthor_MSW3 (parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses)_MSW3 authoritySpeciesYear_MSW3 actualDate_MSW3 citation_MSW3 volume_MSW3 issue_MSW3 pages_MSW3 type_species_MSW3 commonName_MSW3 typeLocality_MSW3 distribution_MSW3 status_MSW3 synonym_MSW3 comments_MSW3 docId_HMW docOrigin_HMW docISBN_HMW docName_HMW docMasterId_HMW docPageNumber_HMW derivedFrom_HMW name_HMW family_HMW genus_HMW species_HMW authoritySpeciesAuthor_HMW authoritySpeciesYear commonNames_HMW taxonomy_HMW subspeciesAndDistribution_HMW descriptiveNotes_HMW habitat_HMW foodAndFeeding_HMW breeding_HMW activityPatterns_HMW movementsHomeRangeAndSocialOrganization_HMW statusAndConservation_HMW bibliography_HMW distributionImageURL_HMW verbatimText_HMW docOrigin_batnames family_batnames name_batnames genus_batnames subgenus_batnames species_batnames authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames date_batnames parentheses_batnames (1=author & date in parentheses) citation_batnames docPageNumber_batnames common Name_batnames synonyms_batnames type_locality_batnames Distribution_batnames CITES_batnames IUCN_batnames comments_batnames docOrigin_MDD name_MDD phylosort_MDD mainCommonName_MDD otherCommonNames_MDD subclass_MDD infraclass_MDD magnorder_MDD superorder_MDD order_MDD suborder_MDD infraorder_MDD parvorder_MDD superfamily_MDD family_MDD subfamily_MDD tribe_MDD genus_MDD subgenus_MDD specificEpithet_MDD authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD authoritySpeciesYear_MDD authorityParentheses_MDD originalNameCombination_MDD authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD authoritySpeciesLink_MDD holotypeVoucher_MDD holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD typeLocality_MDD typeLocalityLatitude_MDD typeLocalityLongitude_MDD nominalNames_MDD taxonomyNotes_MDD taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD countryDistribution_MDD continentDistribution_MDD biogeographicRealm_MDD iucnStatus_MDD extinct_MDD domestic_MDD flagged_MDD CMW_sciName_MDD diffSinceCMW_MDD MSW3_matchtype_MDD MSW3_sciName_MDD diffSinceMSW3_MDD docOrigin_IUCN internalTaxonId_IUCN NAME_IUCN kingdomName_IUCN phylumName_IUCN className_IUCN orderName_IUCN familyName_IUCN genusName_IUCN speciesName_IUCN authoritySpeciesAuthorYear_IUCN taxonomicNotes_IUCN assessmentId_IUCN scientificName_IUCN redlistCategory_IUCN redlistCriteria_IUCN yearPublished_IUCN assessmentDate_IUCN criteriaVersion_IUCN language_IUCN rationale_IUCN habitat_IUCN threats_IUCN population_IUCN populationTrend_IUCN range_IUCN useTrade_IUCN systems_IUCN conservationActions_IUCN realm_IUCN yearLastSeen_IUCN possiblyExtinct_IUCN possiblyExtinctInTheWild_IUCN scopes_IUCN docOrigin_batnames2023 FAMILY_batnames2023 GENUS_batnames2023 SUBGENUS_batnames2023 SPECIES_batnames2023 authoritySpeciesAuthor_batnames2023 authoritySpeciesYearbatnames2023 PARENTHESES_batnames2023 (1=AUTHOR & DATE IN PARENTHESES) CITATION_batnames2023 PAGES_batnames2023 COMMON NAME_batnames2023 SYNONYMS_batnames2023 TYPE LOCALITY_batnames2023 DISTRIBUTION_batnames2023 CITES_batnames2023 IUCN_batnames2023 COMMENTS_batnames2023 name MDD2023 id_MDD2023 phylosort_MDD2023 mainCommonName_MDD2023 otherCommonNames_MDD2023 subclass_MDD2023 infraclass_MDD2023 magnorder_MDD2023 superorder_MDD2023 order_MDD2023 suborder_MDD2023 infraorder_MDD2023 parvorder_MDD2023 superfamily_MDD2023 Family_mdd2023 subfamily_MDD2023 tribe_MDD2023 genus_MDD2023 subgenus_MDD2023 specificEpithet_MDD2023 authoritySpeciesAuthor_MDD2023 authoritySpeciesYear_MDD2023 authorityParentheses_MDD2023 originalNameCombination_MDD2023 authoritySpeciesCitation_MDD2023 authoritySpeciesLink_MDD2023 holotypeVoucher_MDD2023 holotypeVoucherURIs_MDD2023 typeLocality_MDD2023 typeLocalityLatitude_MDD2023 typeLocalityLongitude_MDD2023 nominalNames_MDD2023 taxonomyNotes_MDD2023 taxonomyNotesCitation_MDD2023 distributionNotes_MDD2023 distributionNotesCitation_MDD2023 subregionDistribution_MDD2023 countryDistribution_MDD2023 continentDistribution_MDD2023 biogeographicRealm_MDD2023 iucnStatus_MDD2023 extinct_MDD2023 domestic_MDD2023 flagged_MDD2023 CMW_sciName_MDD2023 diffSinceCMW_MDD2023 MSW3_matchtype_MDD2023 MSW3_sciName_MDD2023 diffSinceMSW3_MDD2023 docOrigin_MDD2025 sciName id phylosort mainCommonName otherCommonNames subclass infraclass magnorder superorder order suborder infraorder parvorder superfamily family subfamily tribe genus subgenus specificEpithet authoritySpeciesAuthor authorityParentheses originalNameCombination authoritySpeciesCitation authoritySpeciesLink typeVoucher typeKind typeVoucherURIs typeLocality typeLocalityLatitude typeLocalityLongitude taxonomyNotes taxonomyNotesCitation distributionNotes distributionNotesCitation subregionDistribution countryDistribution continentDistribution biogeographicRealm iucnStatus extinct domestic flagged CMW_sciName diffSinceCMW MSW3_matchtype MSW3_sciName diffSinceMSW3 docOrigin_batnames2025 Family Genus Subgenus Species Author Date Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses) Citation Pages Common Name Synonyms Type Locality Distribution CITES IUCN Comments column3781 column3791 subtribe CONCAT_ALTNAMES line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1297 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus [HMW] Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz in Lutké, 1836 , Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State , Federate States of Micronesia . Pteropus laniger and P. phaeocephalus are synonyms and the form insularis is included here as a subspecies. Pteropus pelagicus is in pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis; see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis.; [MDD2022] previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority; [IUCN] A recent taxonomic evaluation united the former species Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus into a single species under the revised name of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). Both previous taxa were designated as subspecies, these being P. p. pelagicus (formerly P. phaeocephalus ) and P. p. insularis (formerly P. insularis ). Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus are treated as synonyms of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013).; [batnames2023] pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis; see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis.; [MDD2023] previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority; [MDD2025_2.0] previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority; [batnames2025_1.7] pelagicusspecies group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis;see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis.; [MDD2025_2.2] previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority pelagicus, insularis insularis- laniger, phaeocephalus pelagicus, insularis pelagicus - phaeocephalus, laniger pelagicus, insularis, phaeocephalus, laniger A recent taxonomic evaluation united the former species Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus into a single species under the revised name of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). Both previous taxa were designated as subspecies, these being P. p. pelagicus (formerly P. phaeocephalus ) and P. p. insularis (formerly P. insularis ). Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus are treated as synonyms of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). pelagicus, insularis pelagicus - laniger, phaeocephalus pelagicus, insularis, phaeocephalus, laniger pelagicus, insularis, phaeocephalus, laniger insularis, pelagicus pelagicus - laniger, phaeocephalus pelagicus von Kittlitz, 1836|insularis Jacquinot & Pucheran, 1853|phaeocephalus O. Thomas, 1883|laniger H. Allen, 1890 N/A _P. p. insularis_ Jacquinot & Pucheran, 1853 (synonyms: _laniger_ Allen, 1890); _P. p. pelagicus_ Kittlitz, 1836 (synonyms: _phaeocephalus_ Thomas, 1883) 03AD87FAFF9CF67289AA3C57F8F8FAA3 Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 978-84-16728-19-0 hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b 139 zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF95F67B89603691F985F697.xml Pteropus pelagicus Pteropodidae Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 Roussette de Chuuk @fr | Mortlock-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Chuuk @es | Seaside Flying Fox @en Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz in Lutké, 1836 , Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State , Federate States of Micronesia . Pteropus laniger and P. phaeocephalus are synonyms and the form insularis is included here as a subspecies. Pteropus pelagicus is in pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized. P.p.pelagicusKittlitz,1836—C&SMortlockIs,possiblyextirpatedfromLosapAtollinNMortlocks(ChuukState,Micronesia). P. p. insularisJacquinot & Pucheran, 1853 — Chuuk Lagoon, Namonuito Atoll ( Chuuk State , Micronesia ). Head-body 150-186 mm (tailless), ear 20-24 mm , forearm 101- 105 mm ; weight 142-203 g . Nominate subspecies ( pelagicus ) is mainly distinguished from insularis by its brighter color, more contrastingly colored (paler) mantle, larger white or pale buff mid-ventral patch, and larger cranial size. Muzzle of the Chuuk Flying Fox is moderately long and sparsely haired. Eyes are relatively large, and ears are small, with broadly rounded offtips. Head pelage is dark brown, blackish in some individuals, or grayish brown due to grizzled cap; mantle is creamy white to deep buff or tawny, medially divided by brown stripe, extending laterally to shoulders where it is often paler; and back is dark brown, with long hairs loosely adpressed, interspersed with rusty hairs especially toward rump. Tibia is naked dorsally and relatively long; uropatagium is narrow at center; and calcar is short. Throat, chest, and upper belly are rusty brown or reddish brown, with creamy white or pale buff patch. Lower belly is dark brown. Wing membranes are dark brown or black; index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine, with moderate basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately long and wide, gently sloping into forehead; orbit is moderately large; braincase is domed; zygomatic roots are at level of upper alveolar line; and zygoma is moderately arched. Dorsally, rostrum is straight-sided, postorbital foramina are present, postorbital processes are thick at bases, relatively long postorbital constriction is well-marked, temporal lines join in thin low sagittal crest, nuchal crest is obvious, and braincase is oval or piriform (pear-shaped). Ventrally, palate is flat and long, premaxillae are small and arched, tooth rows are nearly parallel, post-dental extension of palate is relatively short, palate is deeply concave, pterygoids are large, ear bones are relatively small, and ectotympanic is ring-like. Mandible has sloping symphysis and moderately thick body; coronoid is inclined, with broad tip; condyle is almost level with lower alveolar line; and angle is rounded and indistinct. Eleven palatal ridges are arranged in the pattern b +4 + 2. Dentition is typical pteropine. Upper incisors are spatulated, with basal ledge on lingualside; C' is moderately long, with lingual cingulum showing laterally as basal cusp; P' is a spicule, often missing in adults; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height and are roughly rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is small, with poorly defined cusps. Lower inner incisors are smaller than outer incisors; C, is relatively short and slender, with large distal and lingual cingulum; P| is comparatively large and lowcrowned; posterior cheekteeth are relatively low and rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is comparatively large. Tropical moist forests with extensive coastal coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ) and breadfruit trees ( Artocarpus spp. , Moraceae ). The Chuuk Flying Fox is frugivorous; ripe breadfruit ( Artocarpus spp. ) is preferred. Other foods include fruit from Musa ( Musaceae ), Carica ( Caricaceae ), Calophyllum ( Calophyllaceae ), Crataeva ( Capparaceae ), Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ), and Ficus ( Moraceae ). Coconut trees are visited and likely flowers and unripe fruit are eaten. Foraging behavior has been recorded only once on a Pandanus tree where individuals flew in and out of foliage taking ripe fruit and carrying pieces in flight, presumably to a feeding roost. Unlike most species of Pteropus , the Chuuk Flying Fox probably breeds continuously because births and females with dependent young are recorded in many months of the year. Litter size is one. Newborn clings to ventral side of its mother and is carried in flight. Young remain in close contact with their presumed mothers long after they are able to fly. The Chuuk Flying Fox is active at all times of day, with peaks after sunset and before sunrise while moving between day roost and foraging areas. It roosts in crowns of coconut and breadfruit trees. The Chuuk Flying Fox roosts alone or in small groups of 5-10 individuals, with two observations of loose aggregations of 27 and 50 individuals. It is frequently observed flying between islands near sunset. CITES Appendix I (as Pleropus insularis). Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Chuuk Flying Fox probably merits classification as Endangered given its restricted distribution, vulnerability to large-scale stochastic events (cyclones) and rising sea level due to global climate change, and relatively small, fragmented, formerly declining population. According to island residents, population of subspecies pelagicus was larger in the past and has remained stable in recent years; it was estimated in 2004 to be 925-1200 individuals in four atolls where it is known to occur, with 75% of the population in two atolls with the largest land area (Satawan and Lukunor); total extent of occurrence is only 10- 1 km *. Data are lacking on subspecies insularis, but commercial hunting in the 1980s reduced its population in Chuuk Lagoon. Main threats to existing populations of the Chuuk Flying Fox include severe mortality in the aftermath of the devastating cyclones that might increase in frequency and sea levelrise associated with global climate change with the potential to submerge atolls. High tides flood islets and resulting salty soils cause considerable damage to plants heavily used by Chuuk Flying Foxes. Overhunting has been important in the past; bats harvested in Chuuk State were exported to the Guam market in the late 1980s, but inclusion of the Chuuk Flying Fox in the CITES Appendix I has halted or greatly reduced impact of international commerce on existing populations. Locally, Chuuk Flying Foxes are not hunted for food but are perceived as a pest of cultivated fruit, although they are not killed to avoid crop damage. They are not known to occur in any protected area. Allen (1890a) | Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Buden et al. (2013) | Flannery (1995a) | Thomas (1883) 143. Chuuk Flying Fox Pteropus pelagicus French: Roussette de Chuuk / German: Mortlock-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Chuuk Other common names: Seaside Flying Fox Taxonomy. Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz in Lutké, 1836 , Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State , Federate States of Micronesia . Pteropus laniger and P. phaeocephalus are synonyms and the form insularis is included here as a subspecies. Pteropus pelagicus is in pelagicus species group. Two subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.p.pelagicusKittlitz,1836—C&SMortlockIs,possiblyextirpatedfromLosapAtollinNMortlocks(ChuukState,Micronesia). P. p. insularisJacquinot & Pucheran, 1853 — Chuuk Lagoon, Namonuito Atoll ( Chuuk State , Micronesia ). Descriptive notes. Head-body 150-186 mm (tailless), ear 20-24 mm , forearm 101- 105 mm ; weight 142-203 g . Nominate subspecies ( pelagicus ) is mainly distinguished from insularis by its brighter color, more contrastingly colored (paler) mantle, larger white or pale buff mid-ventral patch, and larger cranial size. Muzzle of the Chuuk Flying Fox is moderately long and sparsely haired. Eyes are relatively large, and ears are small, with broadly rounded offtips. Head pelage is dark brown, blackish in some individuals, or grayish brown due to grizzled cap; mantle is creamy white to deep buff or tawny, medially divided by brown stripe, extending laterally to shoulders where it is often paler; and back is dark brown, with long hairs loosely adpressed, interspersed with rusty hairs especially toward rump. Tibia is naked dorsally and relatively long; uropatagium is narrow at center; and calcar is short. Throat, chest, and upper belly are rusty brown or reddish brown, with creamy white or pale buff patch. Lower belly is dark brown. Wing membranes are dark brown or black; index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine, with moderate basicranial deflection. Laterally, rostrum is moderately long and wide, gently sloping into forehead; orbit is moderately large; braincase is domed; zygomatic roots are at level of upper alveolar line; and zygoma is moderately arched. Dorsally, rostrum is straight-sided, postorbital foramina are present, postorbital processes are thick at bases, relatively long postorbital constriction is well-marked, temporal lines join in thin low sagittal crest, nuchal crest is obvious, and braincase is oval or piriform (pear-shaped). Ventrally, palate is flat and long, premaxillae are small and arched, tooth rows are nearly parallel, post-dental extension of palate is relatively short, palate is deeply concave, pterygoids are large, ear bones are relatively small, and ectotympanic is ring-like. Mandible has sloping symphysis and moderately thick body; coronoid is inclined, with broad tip; condyle is almost level with lower alveolar line; and angle is rounded and indistinct. Eleven palatal ridges are arranged in the pattern b +4 + 2. Dentition is typical pteropine. Upper incisors are spatulated, with basal ledge on lingualside; C' is moderately long, with lingual cingulum showing laterally as basal cusp; P' is a spicule, often missing in adults; posterior cheekteeth decrease in height and are roughly rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is small, with poorly defined cusps. Lower inner incisors are smaller than outer incisors; C, is relatively short and slender, with large distal and lingual cingulum; P| is comparatively large and lowcrowned; posterior cheekteeth are relatively low and rectangular in occlusal outline; and last molar is comparatively large. Habitat. Tropical moist forests with extensive coastal coconut ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ) and breadfruit trees ( Artocarpus spp. , Moraceae ). Food and Feeding. The Chuuk Flying Fox is frugivorous; ripe breadfruit ( Artocarpus spp. ) is preferred. Other foods include fruit from Musa ( Musaceae ), Carica ( Caricaceae ), Calophyllum ( Calophyllaceae ), Crataeva ( Capparaceae ), Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ), and Ficus ( Moraceae ). Coconut trees are visited and likely flowers and unripe fruit are eaten. Foraging behavior has been recorded only once on a Pandanus tree where individuals flew in and out of foliage taking ripe fruit and carrying pieces in flight, presumably to a feeding roost. Breeding. Unlike most species of Pteropus , the Chuuk Flying Fox probably breeds continuously because births and females with dependent young are recorded in many months of the year. Litter size is one. Newborn clings to ventral side of its mother and is carried in flight. Young remain in close contact with their presumed mothers long after they are able to fly. Activity patterns. The Chuuk Flying Fox is active at all times of day, with peaks after sunset and before sunrise while moving between day roost and foraging areas. It roosts in crowns of coconut and breadfruit trees. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Chuuk Flying Fox roosts alone or in small groups of 5-10 individuals, with two observations of loose aggregations of 27 and 50 individuals. It is frequently observed flying between islands near sunset. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I (as Pleropus insularis). Not assessed on The IUCN Red List. The Chuuk Flying Fox probably merits classification as Endangered given its restricted distribution, vulnerability to large-scale stochastic events (cyclones) and rising sea level due to global climate change, and relatively small, fragmented, formerly declining population. According to island residents, population of subspecies pelagicus was larger in the past and has remained stable in recent years; it was estimated in 2004 to be 925-1200 individuals in four atolls where it is known to occur, with 75% of the population in two atolls with the largest land area (Satawan and Lukunor); total extent of occurrence is only 10- 1 km *. Data are lacking on subspecies insularis, but commercial hunting in the 1980s reduced its population in Chuuk Lagoon. Main threats to existing populations of the Chuuk Flying Fox include severe mortality in the aftermath of the devastating cyclones that might increase in frequency and sea levelrise associated with global climate change with the potential to submerge atolls. High tides flood islets and resulting salty soils cause considerable damage to plants heavily used by Chuuk Flying Foxes. Overhunting has been important in the past; bats harvested in Chuuk State were exported to the Guam market in the late 1980s, but inclusion of the Chuuk Flying Fox in the CITES Appendix I has halted or greatly reduced impact of international commerce on existing populations. Locally, Chuuk Flying Foxes are not hunted for food but are perceived as a pest of cultivated fruit, although they are not killed to avoid crop damage. They are not known to occur in any protected area. Bibliography. Allen (1890a), Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Buden et al. (2013), Flannery (1995a), Thomas (1883). Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022. Pteropodidae Pteropus pelagicus Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 0 Observation Zoologiques faites pendant l'expedition de la corvette Le Seniavine p. 298 Seaside Flying Fox phaeocephalus Thomas 1882; laniger H. Allen 1890; insularis Jacquinot and Pucheran 1853. Mortlock Isls, Lukunor Atoll Mortlock Isls and Chuuk Lagoon (Micronesia). Appendix I as Pteropus insularis ; Appendix II for remaining subspecies Endangered pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis; see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis. Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023 Pteropus pelagicus 23 Chuuk Flying Fox Seaside Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA PTEROPODIDAE PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 0 Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State, Federate States of Micronesia. pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836|insularis Jacquinot & Pucheran, 1853|phaeocephalus O. Thomas, 1882|laniger H. Allen, 1890 previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority Buden, D. W., Helgen, K. M., & Wiles, G. J. (2013). Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands. ZooKeys, (345), 97.|Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Micronesia Oceania Australasia/Oceania EN 0 0 0 Pteropus_pelagicus 0 oldname match Pteropus_insularis 0 IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. 90000000 Pteropus pelagicus ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIDAE Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836 A recent taxonomic evaluation united the former species Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus into a single species under the revised name of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). Both previous taxa were designated as subspecies, these being P. p. pelagicus (formerly P. phaeocephalus ) and P. p. insularis (formerly P. insularis ). Pteropus insularis and P. phaeocephalus are treated as synonyms of P. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). 20000000 Pteropus pelagicus Endangered A2abcd; B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v); C1 2020 2019-05-04 00:00:00 UTC 3.1 English Pteropus pelagicus , of which there are three (3) isolated subpopulations/locations, is assessed as Endangered under criteria A2abcd, B2ab(ii,iii,iv,v), and C1 criteria. There has been a >50% reduction in the past three generations (24.3 years; generation length = 8.1 yrs, Pacifici et al. 2013) and the threats have not stopped. The species has an estimated area of occupancy (AOO) of 124 kmÂ² (only 105-109 kmÂ² of this area is actual land) and the loss of forest and atoll habitat is expected to continue. The global population is small, with an estimated 1,125â€“2,250 mature individuals, and a >20% loss of population is projected to occur over the next two generations (16.2 years) due to the ongoing threats. There is a projected continuing and significant loss of its atoll habitat during the next 100 years due to sea level rise associated with climate change, resulting in a continued loss and degradation of forest habitat due to sea level rise. Further, invasive plants and fragmentation of remaining habitat further jeopardizes the species. Buden et al. (2013) described several basic aspects of the biology of Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus , which inhabits only atoll environments. These bats make extensive use of coconut-breadfruit dominated agroforests, which commonly include a mix of native tree species as well. The bats typically roost in trees in groups of 5-10 animals, but may roost solitarily or in aggregations of up to 27 animals. Diet includes Artocarpus fruit, banana, coconut (parts eaten unknown), and the fruit of papaya, Calophyllum inophyllum , Crataeva speciosa , Pandanus tectorius , and Ficus tinctoria . Records of pregnant females and females with young suggest an extended reproductive season. Few details of the biology of P. p. insularis have been documented. The Chuuk Lagoon subpopulation occurs on both high islands and fringing atoll islands, and uses native forest, agroforest, mangrove, and atoll forest (e.g., Kepler 1994). Bats at Namonuito Atoll likely inhabit both agroforest, and atoll forest. Bats at Chuuk Lagoon are at least partially colonial. Colonies have been reported in native forests near the summits of Tol Island (ranging in size from about 100 to 1,000 bats between 1976 and 1984) and Dublon Island (about 100 bats in 1983, Bruner and Pratt 1979, Wiles 1992b). Current roost sizes are unknown, but it is unlikely that any continue to hold as many as a thousand animals. The only reported feeding observation was on the flowers of coconut (Wiles 1992b). Pteropus p. pelagicus regularly makes nightly flights between islands within atolls (Buden et al. 2013). The extent of movements between atolls is unknown, but has been documented once in the 1940s when a flight of bats arrived at Losap Atoll in the northern Mortlocks (Buden et al. 2013). Such movements may occur more often than known, especially after severe typhoons damage food resources for the bats. Almost nothing is known about the movements of P. p. insularis , but it has been reported flying between islands in Chuuk Lagoon (Kepler 1994). Rising sea level caused by climate change is probably the greatest concern for Pteropus pelagicus pelagicus and may potentially inundate all habitat for this subspecies in the next 100 years depending on severity. Sea level rise may also flood some atoll islands and mangrove habitat used by P. p. insularis at Namonuito Atoll and in Chuuk Lagoon. Typhoons occasionally strike the islands occupied by this species and can produce severe damage to forested habitats (Buden et al. 2013). Climate change is expected to increase the future intensity of typhoons, which will likely result in greater habitat damage by storms. Little intact native upland forest remains within the range of this species because of past conversion to agroforest, open habitats, and human habitation. Nevertheless, land cover estimates from 2006 suggest that forests (mainly agroforest, upland forest, and mangroves) occupy about 83% of the main islands in Chuuk Lagoon (Donnegan et al. 2011). Review of satellite imagery indicates that little additional conversion occurred on these islands between 2004 and 2017, but that many areas of agroforest and upland forest are highly fragmented. Additionally, degradation of forested habitats by invasive vines (e.g., Merremia peltata ) is extensive and firewood cutting also occurs (Anonymous, no date). Many species of Pteropus , including P. pelagicus , readily forage in agroforest, thus presence of this habitat may not be harmful to this species. In the Mortlock Islands, forest coverage (mainly agroforest) is relatively stable and habitat loss is not considered a threat to P. p. pelagicus (Buden et al. 2013). Pteropus pelagicus was threatened by commercial hunting during the late 1980s (Rainey 1990, Wiles 1992a,b), but this threat ended in 1989 when both subspecies were added to Appendix I of CITES (Wiles and Brooke 2009). Buden et al. (2013) reported low levels of subsistence harvest on P. p. pelagicus in the early 2000s, but this is not believed to impact the subspecies. It is unknown whether any subsistence hunting of P. p insularis also occurs, but the vast majority of Chuukese islanders do not consider flying foxes a palatable food item. The speciesâ€™ global population is estimated between 1,125 and 2,250 mature individuals (1,500 and 3,000 total individuals, assuming that 75% of all animals are mature). The population is thought to be declining due to continued loss and degradation of forest habitat due to sea level rise, invasive plants, and fragmentation, although there may be small subpopulations that remains fairly stable. Abundance estimates exist only for the Pteropus p. pelagicus , which totalled an estimated 925-1,200 bats of all ages in 2004 (Buden et al. 2013). About 75% of the population occurs on the Satawan and Lukunor atolls, which are the atolls with the largest land areas. Subpopulation trends in this subspecies are not well known because of the lack of other estimates. Islanders in the Mortlocks have suggested that the bats were formerly more common, but had been fairly stable in abundance leading up to 2004. Some unknown amount of commercial hunting of this subspecies occurred in the 1980s to accommodate the commercial trade in flying foxes on Guam and in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Wiles 1992a, Stinson et al. 1992), but impacts to the subspecies were never assessed. Large numbers of bats (nearly 5,400; mostly P. p. insularis , but some P. p. pelagicus as well) from Chuuk State were hunted and exported for commercial purposes to Guam and Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands in the late 1980s (Wiles 1992a, Stinson et al. 1992). The impacts of this harvest on the population were never formally assessed, but a substantial reduction in bat observations on Weno in Chuuk Lagoon and perhaps other islands was noted at the time of the harvest (Rainey 1990; Wiles 1992a,b). Commercial hunting of both subspecies ended in 1989, when exports to other islands ceased after P. pelagicus was placed on Appendix I of CITES. Conversion of native forest to other habitats during the 20th century may have also resulted in some decline in the population, but to what extent is unknown. Little recent information is available on the status of P. p. insularis . In Chuuk Lagoon, bats were a common sight and probably numbered in the mid-thousands in the early 1980s before commercial hunting intensified from 1986 to 1989 (Wiles 1992a). An estimate of 5,628 bats in the lagoon in 1984 (Engbring 1986 in Wiles 1992b) is considered unreliable because an unsuitable count method was used (variable circular plot method for forest birds, see Utzurrum et al. 2003). The impacts of commercial hunting on the lagoon subpopulation were never formally assessed, but a substantial reduction in bat abundance was noted on Weno and perhaps other islands by 1989 (Rainey 1990; Wiles 1992a,b). Numbers presumably recovered at least partially after commercial hunting ended in 1989, but little information has been gathered since then. D. Buden (pers. comm.) observed small numbers of bats in flight on several islands in 2013-2015. Pteropus p. insularis was last recorded on Namonuito Atoll in 1914, when two were collected, but little survey effort has been expended since then. No bats were sighted at Onoun (Ulul) Island in 2003, and none of the local residents queried reported seeing bats (Buden et al. 2013). However, no information was obtained for other islands in the atoll, thus the status of this subpopulation is unresolved and the subpopulation may have been lost. Decreasing This species is restricted to the islands of Chuuk Lagoon (93.1 kmÂ² in land area), Namonuito Atoll (4.4 kmÂ²), and the Mortlock Islands (11.9 kmÂ²) in Chuuk State of the Federated States of Micronesia. Chuuk Lagoon (including Kuop Atoll) and Namonuito Atoll are occupied by Pteropus p. insularis , whereas P. p. pelagicus occurs in the Mortlock Islands. Islands of >5 ha in size are the primary habitat for the species. Islands that may no longer be occupied include Losap Atoll (1.0 kmÂ²) and Nama Island (0.8 kmÂ²) in the northern Mortlocks and Onoun (Ulul) Island (2.5 kmÂ²) at Namonuito Atoll (Buden et al. 2013). The species estimated area of occupancy (AOO) is 124 kmÂ². Because of the small distribution of this species, locations are considered synonymous with subpopulations and each are considered isolated from the other. The subpopulation at Namonuito Atoll has possibly been lost. Pteropus pelagicus experienced a brief period of intense overharvest from 1986 to 1989, when 5,145 bats were killed and exported to Guam and another 229 were shipped to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for human consumption (Wiles 1992a, Stinson et al. 1992). All told, a total of 6,024 bats were hunted for this purpose between 1979 and 1989, with most captured animals probably being P. p. insularis from Chuuk Lagoon. CITES restrictions enacted in 1989 have been successful in stopping further commercial trade of the species (Wiles and Brooke 2009). Although some minor subsistence hunting for local use continues (Buden et al. 2013), nearly all Chuukese islanders consider flying foxes distasteful and will not eat them. Terrestrial Few conservation actions have been directed at this species. Pteropus pelagicus was listed on Appendix I of CITES in 1989 and trade restrictions should continue to be enforced. Regular monitoring of populations of both subspecies should be initiated (Wiles 1992b,c). Further survey work is needed to determine whether P. p. insularis persists at Namonuito Atoll. An environmental education and awareness programme should be initiated. Most all forest lands, including mangroves, are privately owned in Chuuk (Anonymous, no date), hence most conservation activities will require the approval and cooperation of landowners. No protected areas currently exist within the range of P. pelagicus . Oceanian FALSE FALSE Global Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 Pteropodidae Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 0 Observation Zoologiques faites pendant l'expedition de la corvette Le Seniavine p. 298 Seaside Flying Fox phaeocephalus Thomas 1882; laniger H. Allen 1890; insularis Jacquinot and Pucheran 1853. Mortlock Isls, Lukunor Atoll Mortlock Isls and Chuuk Lagoon (Micronesia). Appendix I as Pteropus insularis ; Appendix II for remaining subspecies Endangered pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis; see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis. Pteropus pelagicus 1004485 23 Chuuk Flying Fox Seaside Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA Pteropodidae PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 0 Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State, Federate States of Micronesia. pelagicus Kittlitz, 1836|insularis Jacquinot & Pucheran, 1853|phaeocephalus O. Thomas, 1882|laniger H. Allen, 1890 previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority Buden, D. W., Helgen, K. M., & Wiles, G. J. (2013). Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands. ZooKeys, (345), 97.|Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Micronesia Oceania Australasia/Oceania EN 0 0 0 Pteropus_pelagicus 0 oldname match Pteropus_insularis 0 Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393 Pteropus_pelagicus 1004485 23 Chuuk Flying Fox Seaside Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Yinpterochiroptera NA NA Pteropodoidea Pteropodidae Pteropodinae Pteropodini Pteropus NA pelagicus von Kittlitz 0 Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz, H. von. 1836. Observations zoologiques faites pendant l'expÃ©dition de la corvette Le SÃ©niavine. Pp. 237â€“358 in Postels, A. (eds.). Voyage autour du monde, exÃ©cutÃ© par ordre de Sa MajestÃ© l'EmpÃ©reur Nicolas Ier, sur la corvette Le SÃ©niavine, dans les annÃ©es 1826, 1827, 1828 et 1829, par FrÃ©dÃ©ric LutkÃ©. Tome troisiÃ¨me. Firmin Didot frÃ¨res, Paris, 352 pp. https://archive.org/details/cihm_18470/page/n261/mode/1up untraced (number not known) holotype Lukunor Atoll, Mortlock Islands, Chuuk State, Federate States of Micronesia. previously known as insularis, but the name older pelagicus was recently unearthed and is now used for this species since it has nomenclatural priority Buden, D. W., Helgen, K. M., & Wiles, G. J. (2013). Taxonomy, distribution, and natural history of flying foxes (Chiroptera, Pteropodidae) in the Mortlock Islands and Chuuk State, Caroline Islands. ZooKeys, (345), 97.|Wilson, D. E. & Mittermeier, R. A.Handbook of the Mammals of the World. 9. Bats. Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Micronesia Oceania (Continent) Oceania (Biorealm) EN 0 0 0 Pteropus_pelagicus 0 oldname match Pteropus_insularis 0 Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586 Pteropodidae Pteropus pelagicus Kittlitz 1836 0 Observation Zoologiques faites pendant l'expedition de la corvette Le Seniavine p. 298 Seaside Flying Fox phaeocephalus Thomas 1882; laniger H. Allen 1890; insularis Jacquinot and Pucheran 1853. Mortlock Isls, Lukunor Atoll Mortlock Isls and Chuuk Lagoon (Micronesia). Appendix I as Pteropus insularis; Appendix II for remaining subspecies Endangered pelagicusspecies group; see Almeida (2014). See Buden et al. (2013) for discussion of the priority of pelagicus. Includes insularis;see Buden et al. (2013). CITES listing as Pteropus insularis. Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505 NA Pteropus insularis; Pteropus pelagicus; Pteropus pelagicus; Pteropus pelagicus; Pteropus pelagicus; Pteropus pelagicus; insularis ; phaeocephalus ; laniger; pelagicus; insularis; insularis- laniger; phaeocephalus; insularis; phaeocephalus; laniger; pelagicus; insularis; phaeocephalus; laniger; Roussette de Chuuk; Mortlock-Flughund; Zorro volador de Chuuk; Seaside Flying Fox; Chuuk Flying Fox; Seaside Flying Fox; Ruck Flying Fox; Seaside Flying Fox; P. pelagicus