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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1290	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus molossinus		[MSW3] molossinus species group. See Flannery (1995b).; [HMW] Pteropus molossinus Temminck, 1853 , Pohnpei , Caroline Island, Micronesia . Pteropus molossinus is in the pelagicus species group. Monotypic.; [batnames2022]  pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014).; [batnames2023]  pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014).; [batnames2025_1.7] pelagicusspecies group; see Almeida (2014).						breviceps.			breviceps			molossinus 	molossinus - breviceps	molossinus, breviceps		molossinus 	molossinus - breviceps	molossinus, breviceps	molossinus, breviceps	molossinus 	molossinus - breviceps	molossinus Temminck, 1853|breviceps O. Thomas, 1883		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.		E Caroline Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus molossinus	Caroline Isis., Ponape (Pac. Isis. Trust Terr., U.S.).	Temminck	1853	Esquisses Zool. sur la Cote de Guine, p. 62.	Distribution: Known only from Mortlock and Ponape in the eastern Carolines.		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5		E Caroline Is; I	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1853	Esquisses Zool. sur la Cote de Guine, p. 62.		Mortlock and Ponape Isis (Caroline Isis).	Caroline Isis, Ponape (Pac. Isis Trust Terr., USA).		TEMMINCK	1853	Tibia naked dorsally. Ears nearly con cealed in fur. Size very small (forearm length, 94-99 mm).	Distribution: Known only from Mortlock and Ponape in the eastern Carolines.	No subspecies.		24	species	P. molossinus	TEMMINCK	1853	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus molossinus				Tibia naked dorsally. Ears nearly con cealed in fur. Size very small (forearm length, 94-99 mm).	No subspecies.		30. P. molossinus TEMMINCK 1853 [molossinus group].	30	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus		molossinus	Temminck		1853		Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine			62		Caroline Flying Fox	Caroline Isls, Ponape (Micronesia).	Pohnpei (= Ponape) and possibly Mortlock Isls (Caroline Isls, Micronesia).	CITES – Appendix I. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Endangered: Limited Distribution. IUCN 2003 – Critically Endangered.	breviceps Thomas, 1883.	molossinus species group. See Flannery (1995b).	03AD87FAFF97F67E8C6933B4FAFFFCC0	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	138	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF94F67B8CB933BFFB10FDDF.xml	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	molossinus	Temminck	1853	Roussette de Ponape @fr | Pohnpei-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de Ponape @es | Caroline Flying Fox @en | Pohnpei Fruit Bat @en	Pteropus molossinus Temminck, 1853 , Pohnpei , Caroline Island, Micronesia . Pteropus molossinus is in the pelagicus species group. Monotypic.	Pohnpei I, Pakin Atoll, and Ant Atoll (Carolines, Micronesia ). Current studies cannot confirm occurrence on Mortlock Is, and an old record has proved to be erroneous.	Head-body 140- 148 mm (tailless), ear 15-17 mm , hindfoot 31-32 mm , forearm 94-98- 5 mm ; weight ¢. 129 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 40-4— 41- 8 mm . The Pohnpei Flying Fox has yellowish brown eyes and small pointed ears, almost hidden in long fur. Soft woolly fur is reddish brown on back and rump, speckled with some grayish hair. Pelage on head and neck is darker than on body. Face has bright ocherous area between eyes. Males have orange buff tufts of hair on shoulder glands. Wing membranes attach very close together on back. Claw on first finger is well developed. Skull has relatively short and broad rostrum, orbits are small, and zygomatic arches are wide. Palatal ridges are in the pattern 5 + 4 + 2. Inner lower incisors are strongly reduced, and Pis large. C' is very heavy at base, and upper molars are very short.	Primary tropical forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 770 m .	The Pohnpei Flying Fox eats fruits of Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ) and palms ( Clinostigma sp. , Arecaceae ), and flowers of kapok trees ( Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae ) and coconut palms ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ).	On Ant Atoll, a mating was observed in August. Female Pohnpei Flying Foxes give birth to one young at a time. Unweaned young were found in February, September, and November.	Activity of Pohnpei Flying Foxes begins just after sunset, but feeding also occurs during the day. They forage in forest canopies.	The Pohnpei Flying Fox flies across the sea to reach feeding sites on reef islands several kilometers away. It roosts alone, in pairs, or more rarely in small groups.	CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Although populations of Pohnpei Flying Foxes have increased since the 1980s and might be stable now, it is only known from three sites, which means that sudden changes can quickly lead to higher risk status. In the past, excessive hunting for export to Guam was a problem, but such international trade has been banned since 1989. Currently, habitat loss from conversion of forests into agricultural land is the greatest threat. There are records in Pohnpei Watershed Forest Reserve and Ant Atoll Conservation Area.	Almeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Bruner & Pratt (1979) | Buden (1996a, 1996b) | Buden et al. (2008) | Flannery (1995a) | Mickleburgh et al. (1992) | Simmons (2005) | Tsang (2015) | Wiles (1992)		142. Pohnpei Flying Fox Pteropus molossinus French: Roussette de Ponape / German: Pohnpei-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Ponape Other common names: Caroline Flying Fox , Pohnpei Fruit Bat Taxonomy. Pteropus molossinus Temminck, 1853 , Pohnpei , Caroline Island, Micronesia . Pteropus molossinus is in the pelagicus species group. Monotypic. Distribution. Pohnpei I, Pakin Atoll, and Ant Atoll (Carolines, Micronesia ). Current studies cannot confirm occurrence on Mortlock Is, and an old record has proved to be erroneous. Descriptive notes. Head-body 140- 148 mm (tailless), ear 15-17 mm , hindfoot 31-32 mm , forearm 94-98- 5 mm ; weight ¢. 129 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 40-4— 41- 8 mm . The Pohnpei Flying Fox has yellowish brown eyes and small pointed ears, almost hidden in long fur. Soft woolly fur is reddish brown on back and rump, speckled with some grayish hair. Pelage on head and neck is darker than on body. Face has bright ocherous area between eyes. Males have orange buff tufts of hair on shoulder glands. Wing membranes attach very close together on back. Claw on first finger is well developed. Skull has relatively short and broad rostrum, orbits are small, and zygomatic arches are wide. Palatal ridges are in the pattern 5 + 4 + 2. Inner lower incisors are strongly reduced, and Pis large. C' is very heavy at base, and upper molars are very short. Habitat. Primary tropical forests from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 770 m . Food and Feeding. The Pohnpei Flying Fox eats fruits of Pandanus ( Pandanaceae ) and palms ( Clinostigma sp. , Arecaceae ), and flowers of kapok trees ( Ceiba pentandra, Malvaceae ) and coconut palms ( Cocos nucifera, Arecaceae ). Breeding. On Ant Atoll, a mating was observed in August. Female Pohnpei Flying Foxes give birth to one young at a time. Unweaned young were found in February, September, and November. Activity patterns. Activity of Pohnpei Flying Foxes begins just after sunset, but feeding also occurs during the day. They forage in forest canopies. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Pohnpei Flying Fox flies across the sea to reach feeding sites on reef islands several kilometers away. It roosts alone, in pairs, or more rarely in small groups. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix I. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Although populations of Pohnpei Flying Foxes have increased since the 1980s and might be stable now, it is only known from three sites, which means that sudden changes can quickly lead to higher risk status. In the past, excessive hunting for export to Guam was a problem, but such international trade has been banned since 1989. Currently, habitat loss from conversion of forests into agricultural land is the greatest threat. There are records in Pohnpei Watershed Forest Reserve and Ant Atoll Conservation Area. Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Bruner & Pratt (1979), Buden (1996a, 1996b), Buden et al. (2008), Flannery (1995a), Mickleburgh et al. (1992), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2015), Wiles (1992).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus molossinus	Pteropus		molossinus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 62	Caroline Flying Fox	 breviceps Thomas, 1883.	Caroline Isls, Ponape (Micronesia).	Pohnpei (= Ponape) and possibly Mortlock Isls (Caroline Isls, Micronesia).	Appendix I	Endangered	 pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus molossinus	23	Pohnpei Flying Fox	Caroline Flying Fox|Pohnpei Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	molossinus	Temminck	1853	0	Pteropus_molossinus	Temminck, C. J. (1853). Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 62.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51377#page/86/mode/1up	RMNH 21684		Pohnpei, Caroline Island, Micronesia.			molossinus Temminck, 1853|breviceps O. Thomas, 1883	NA	NA	Micronesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_molossinus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_molossinus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18741	Pteropus molossinus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	molossinus	Temminck, 1853		20000000	Pteropus molossinus	Endangered	B1ab(i,ii,iii,iv)+2ab(i,ii,iii,iv)	2020	2019-07-24 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	Pteropus molossinus is listed as Endangered under criterion B as it is known from one location and its area of occupancy is around 336 km². The species’ population is unevenly distributed across Pohnpei Island, Ant Atoll, and Pakin Atoll (all within 55 km of the other) with the majority of the population being on Pohnpei Island. The two atolls are projected to become heavily degraded and lost due to climate change and continued sea-level rise. Important lowland roosting and foraging forest habitats are threatened on Pohnpei from continued degradation and loss due to agriculture and logging. Upland forests are protected in the 5,000 ha Pohnpei Watershed Forest Reserve. Although the global population suffered a significant loss between 1979 and 1989 when ca 15,691 animals were exported from Pohnpei to Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands (Wiles 1992, Stinson et al . 1992), it has increased from the late 1980s once the hunting was halted. The species is not eaten in Pohnpei, thus there is little if any continuing harvest of animals for local consumption. <p></p>	<p>The species has been recorded in areas of native tropical forest and mangroves on Pohnpei (G. Wiles, pers. obs.) and in Cocos forest on both Ant and Pakin Atolls (Buden 1996a,b). It feeds upon the fruit of Pandanus and endemic palms (Clinostigma spp.), and flowers of kapok trees (Ceiba pentandra ) (Flannery 1995). Females give birth to one young at a time.</p>	<p>Important upland forests are protected in the 5,000 ha Pohnpei Watershed Forest Reserve (Birdlife International 2019) while lowland roosting and foraging forest habitats are threatened on Pohnpei from continued degradation and loss due to shifting, small-holder, and agro-industry agriculture, including for kava (Merlin and Raynor 2005). Furthermore, logging is occurring in some areas. The past threat of hunting and export for the luxury food markets outside Pohnpei is not expected to renew unless dramatic changes happen within Micronesia. Climate change is a major emerging threat to island flying foxes around the world and Pteropus molossinus is no exception. Cyclones, although infrequent in Pohnpei, are predicted to become more intense, bringing heavier wind, rain, and storm surges (IPCC 2014). Major cyclones have been documented to both kill flying foxes and severely damage forest habitat (Wiles and Brooke 2009). Mangrove forests are probably an important habitat for P. molossinus and may decline in the future with the progression of sea level rise associated with climate change. Annual rainfall has declined by 15% over the past 60 years in Eastern Micronesia, including Pohnpei, with the smallest islands being most susceptible to drought (Pacific Islands Regional Climate Assessment; <a href="https://pirca.org/freshwater-drought/">https://pirca.org/freshwater-drought/</a>). Bats are particularly vulnerable to climate change on Ant and Pakin Atolls, where sea level rise and increased storm surges will bring saltwater intrusion that contaminates fresh groundwater reserves and leads to the elimination of Cocos forests on these islands.</p>	<p>Historically, this species was considered to be abundant on Pohnpei and Ant Atoll (Jackson 1962) and a colony of 200 to 300 animals was reported from Sokeh's Rock, Pohnpei in 1981 (Mickleburgh et al. 1992). A significant decline occurred in the 1980s following the export of ca 15,691 animals from Pohnpei to Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands between 1979 and 1989 for the luxury food market in Guam (Wiles 1992, Stinson et al . 1992, Rainey 1990). However, by the late 1990s and continuing to the present, observations suggest the species is again fairly common (G. Wiles, D. Buden, B. Obispo pers. obs.) on Pohnpei, although there are no data on which to compare current numbers to historical numbers. The species was “fairly common” on Ant Atoll in 1994-1995 (Buden 1996a) and “uncommon” on Pakin Atoll in 1994, where only ca 100 bats were estimated to be present (Buden 1996b). The current status of the bats on both Ant and Pakin Atolls is unknown. There have been no systematic population assessments in the last decade and this important baseline is needed to inform conservation and management.</p>	Stable	<p>Pteropus molossinus is endemic to the Federated States of Micronesia where it has been recorded from the islands of Pohnpei (334 km²), Ant Atoll (1.86 km²; Buden 1996a), and Pakin Atoll (1.09 km²; Buden 1996b). All three are located within 55 km and, although data are lacking, the bats are suspected to move among the islands, especially within atolls. It is known from one location and its area of occupancy (AOO) is 336 km². ;</p> There is a record from the Mortlock Islands (holotype of the synonym Pteropus breviceps ) (Mickleburgh et al. 1992) that is is now considered erroneous and subsequent surveys of the Mortlocks have not detected its presence (Buden et al . 2013).	<p>This species was over exploited and ca 15,691 animals were exported from Pohnpei to Guam and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for the luxury food market between 1979 and 1989 (Wiles 1992, Stinson et al . 1992). The species is not eaten in Pohnpei, thus there is probably little if any continuing harvest of animals for local consumption.</p>	Terrestrial	<p>Pteropus molossinus is listed on Appendix I of CITES, effectively prohibiting international trade in this species since 1989; monitoring to ensure compliance is prudent. The species is found in the Pohnpei Watershed Forest Reserve, where important forest habitats are protected, and Ant Atoll Conservation Area. Research is needed to determine the species’ current population status, distribution and trends throughout its range. Important roosting and foraging sites need to be identified and protected and the species’ capacity and tendency to move among Pohnpei Island, Ant Atoll, and Pakin Atoll should also be established to inform conservation and management of the three areas. Community awareness and technical training is needed to establish, facilitate, and maintain an effective monitoring program.</p>	Oceanian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		molossinus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 62	Caroline Flying Fox	 breviceps Thomas, 1883.	Caroline Isls, Ponape (Micronesia).	Pohnpei (= Ponape) and possibly Mortlock Isls (Caroline Isls, Micronesia).	Appendix I	Endangered	 pelagicus species group; see Almeida (2014).	Pteropus molossinus	1004479	23	Pohnpei Flying Fox	Caroline Flying Fox|Pohnpei Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	molossinus	Temminck	1853	0	Pteropus_molossinus	Temminck, C. J. (1853). Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 62.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51377#page/86/mode/1up	RMNH 21684		Pohnpei, Caroline Island, Micronesia.			molossinus Temminck, 1853|breviceps O. Thomas, 1883	NA	NA				Micronesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_molossinus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_molossinus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_molossinus	1004479	23	Pohnpei Flying Fox	Caroline Flying Fox|Pohnpei Fruit Bat	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	molossinus	Temminck	0	Pteropus molossinus	Temminck, C.J. 1853. Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 256 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14835809	RMNH.MAM.21684	holotype	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.21684.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.21684.b	Pohnpei, Caroline Island, Micronesia.			NA	NA				Micronesia	Oceania (Continent)	Oceania (Biorealm)	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_molossinus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_molossinus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		molossinus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 62	Caroline Flying Fox	breviceps Thomas, 1883.	Caroline Isls, Ponape (Micronesia).	Pohnpei (= Ponape) and possibly Mortlock Isls (Caroline Isls, Micronesia).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php'>Appendix I</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18741/22084572/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	pelagicusspecies group; see Almeida (2014).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus molossinus; Pteropus molossinus; Pteropus molossinus; Pteropus molossinus; Pteropus molossinus; Pteropus molossinus; breviceps; breviceps; molossinus; breviceps; Roussette de Ponape; Pohnpei-Flughund; Zorro volador de Ponape; Caroline Flying Fox; Pohnpei Fruit Bat; Pohnpei Flying Fox; Caroline Flying Fox; Pohnpei Fruit Bat; Caroline Flying Fox; Caroline Flying Fox; P. molossinus