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authorityParentheses originalNameCombination authoritySpeciesCitation authoritySpeciesLink typeVoucher typeKind typeVoucherURIs typeLocality typeLocalityLatitude typeLocalityLongitude taxonomyNotes taxonomyNotesCitation distributionNotes distributionNotesCitation subregionDistribution countryDistribution continentDistribution biogeographicRealm iucnStatus extinct domestic flagged CMW_sciName diffSinceCMW MSW3_matchtype MSW3_sciName diffSinceMSW3 docOrigin_batnames2025 Family Genus Subgenus Species Author Date Parentheses (1=author & date in parentheses) Citation Pages Common Name Synonyms Type Locality Distribution CITES IUCN Comments column3781 column3791 subtribe CONCAT_ALTNAMES line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1289 application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus [MSW2] Includes satyrus-, see Hill (1971c:6, 7).; [MSW3] melanotus species group. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997).; [HMW] Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 , “ Nicobar Islands ,” India . Pteropus melanotus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies natalis might represent a separate species, but wider genetic comparisons are needed. Subspecies tytler: is morphometrically similar to some P. hypomelanus . Five subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997).; [IUCN] Pteropus melanotus is recognized as a species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), but its taxonomy remains poorly understood and requires further assessment. Initial data suggests that it represents a species complex and that some or all subspecies may represent distinct species.; [batnames2023] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997).; [MDD2023] tentatively includes natalis, which is occasionally considered a distinct species, although P. melanotus as currently defined is likely a species complex; [MDD2025_2.0] tentatively includes natalis, which is occasionally considered a distinct species, although P. melanotus as currently defined is likely a species complex; [batnames2025_1.7] species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997).; [MDD2025_2.2] tentatively includes natalis, which is occasionally considered a distinct species, although P. melanotus as currently defined is likely a species complex satyrus (satyrus) modiglianii, natalis, niadicus, nicobaricus, satyrus, tytleri. satyrus, tytleri, melanotus, niadicus, modiglianii, natalis melanotus , modiglianii , natalis , niadicus , tytleri edulis, nicobaricus melanotus, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus, tytlern melanotus, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus, tytleri melanotus - edulis, nicobaricus edulis, nicobaricus, melanotus, nicobaricus, tytleri, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus Pteropus melanotus is recognized as a species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), but its taxonomy remains poorly understood and requires further assessment. Initial data suggests that it represents a species complex and that some or all subspecies may represent distinct species. melanotus, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus, tytleri melanotus - edulis, nicobaricus edulis, nicobaricus, melanotus, nicobaricus, tytleri, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus nicobaricus, melanotus, nicobaricus, tytleri, natalis, modiglianii, niadicus, tytleri melanotus, modiglianii, natalis, niadicus, tytleri melanotus - edulis, nicobaricus, nicobaricus giganteum (Fitzinger, 1861) [nomen nudum]|nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [nomen nudum]|melanotus E. Blyth, 1863|nicobaricus Zelebor, 1868|tytleri Dobson, 1874 [nomen nudum]|natalis O. Thomas, 1887|modiglianii O. Thomas, 1894|niadicus G. S. Miller, 1906|tytleri G. E. Mason, 1908 Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp. Andaman Is, Nicobar Is – Christmas I, Indian Ocean Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp. Pteropus melanotus India, Nicobar Isis. Blyth 1863 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 20. Distribution: Ranging through a series of small islands from the An damans (P. m. satyrus, P. m. tytleri) through the Nicobars (P. m. melanotus),. Nias (P. m. niadicus), and Enggano (P. m. modiglianii) to Christmas island (P. m. natalis). Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5 Andaman Is, Nicobar Is – Christmas I, Indian Ocean Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp. Blyth 1863 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta, p. 20. Includes satyrus-, see Hill (1971c:6, 7). Nicobar and Andaman Isis (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl. India, Nicobar Isis. BLYTH 1863 Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Uropatagium relatively well developed. Ears broadly rounded at tips. Size medium (forearm length, 125-163 mm). Distribution: Ranging through a series of small islands from the An damans (P. m. satyrus, P. m. tytleri) through the Nicobars (P. m. melanotus),. Nias (P. m. niadicus), and Enggano (P. m. modiglianii) to Christmas island (P. m. natalis). Six subspecies are currently recognized: Ranging through a series of small islands from the An damans (P. m. satyrus, P. m. tytleri) through the Nicobars (P. m. melanotus),. Nias (P. m. niadicus), and Enggano (P. m. modiglianii) to Christmas island (P. m. natalis). 24 species P. melanotus BLYTH 1863 Pteropus genus Pteropus melanotus Posterior basal ledges of large premolars dis tinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Uropatagium relatively well developed. Ears broadly rounded at tips. Size medium (forearm length, 125-163 mm). Six subspecies are currently recognized: Ranging through a series of small islands from the An damans (P. m. satyrus, P. m. tytleri) through the Nicobars (P. m. melanotus),. Nias (P. m. niadicus), and Enggano (P. m. modiglianii) to Christmas island (P. m. natalis). 22. P. melanotus BLYTH 1863 [melanotus group]. 22 _P. m. melanotus_ Blyth, 1863 (synonyms: _edulis_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810, _giganteum_ (Fitzinger, 1861), _nicobaricus_ Zelebor, 1868); _P. m. modiglianii_ Thomas, 1894; _P. m. natalis_ Thomas, 1887; _P. m. niadicus_ Miller, 1906; _P. m. tytleri_ Mason, 1908 Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu). CHIROPTERA Pteropodidae Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta 20 Black-eared Flying Fox India, Nicobar Isls. Nicobar and Andaman Isls (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl. CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc). edulis Blyth, 1846 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [nomen nudum]; nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869; modiglianii Thomas, 1894; natalis Thomas, 1887; niadicus Miller, 1906; tytleri Dobson, 1874. melanotus species group. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997). 03AD87FAFF94F67B8CB933BFFB10FDDF Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions 978-84-16728-19-0 hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b 143 zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3.xml Pteropus melanotus Pteropodidae Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863 Roussette a oreilles noires @fr | Schwarzohrflughund @de | Zorro volador de Andaman @es | Blyth's Flying Fox @en | Christmas @en | sland Flying Fox (natalis) @en Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 , “ Nicobar Islands ,” India . Pteropus melanotus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies natalis might represent a separate species, but wider genetic comparisons are needed. Subspecies tytler: is morphometrically similar to some P. hypomelanus . Five subspecies recognized. P.m.melanotusBlyth,1863—NicobarIs. P.m.modigliani:Thomas,1894—EngganoI,offSWSumatra. P.m.natalisThomas,1887—ChristmasI,Australia. P.m.niadicusG.S.Miller,1906—NiasI,offNWSumatra. P. m. tytlern Mason, 1908 — Andaman Is (South Andaman and Rutland ). Tailless, ear 25-27 mm , hindfoot 37- 5-52 mm , forearm 110- 165 mm ; weight 220-500 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 72-75- 5 mm and tibias 72— 76 mm . Claw and tibia lengths of males are only slightly larger than those of females. Subspecies natalis is the smallest, and melanotus is the largest, suggesting largersize in northern subspecies. Fur is short and adpressed on back. Subspecies modiglianii, tytleri, and natalis are black, with sprinklings of white hairs on belly and mantle; other subspecies have dark brown back and rump, with a few whitish hairs, but mid-chest and belly vary from ocherous buffy to deep tawny, with rufous in areas of body where it meets darker color. Subspecies modiglianii and natalis are longer haired. Head and crown are dark brown to blackish, contrasting with tawny to rufous mantle. Ears are broad and narrowly rounded off at tips. Wing membranes of all subspecies are dark brown and arise near sides of spine. Index claw is present. Tibia is naked. Skull has well-developed postorbital process and temporal ridges fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Orbits are rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Teeth of smaller subspecies do not decrease in size as skulls decrease in size. Cingulum of C' is narrow, and posterior basal ledge of P° is short. P' is minute and sometimes missing in adults. Posterior ledge of P, is moderate and short in P,, making both separate posteroexternally from main cusp. Dentition of natalis is slightly different: canine is heavier at base and more recurved, with broad cingulum and slight groove on front face of tooth; P' is larger than in other subspecies; and M* and M, are reduced. Posterior basal ledges of P* and P, are present but shorter. Semideciduous, evergreen, and mangrove forests mostly near sea level but island habitats go up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Black-eared Flying Fox is a specialist of small islands, roosting primarily in lowland mangrove habitats. It shifts temporarily to inland forests in response to disturbance. The Black-eared Flying Fox eats mostly fruit but occasionally flowers and leaves. It eats fruits or flowers of more than 35 species in at least 12 genera and 12 families. It also eats cultivated fruit. On Christmas Island (natalis), female Black-eared Flying Foxes reach sexual maturity at c.24 months of age; males reach maturity at ¢.27 months. Males are unlikely to be competitive until they achieve full adult body mass and establish mating territories at c.4 years of age. Females give birth to one young per year. Birth peaks vary across its distribution because rainy season is different on each island. On Christmas Island , peak mating occurs in June-August and peak birthing occurs in December-February. Mating is polygynous based on male—-male competition. Larger claws help males defend territories and harems, and larger tibias are advantageous for attaining sexual position during mating. . The Black-eared Flying Fox is crepuscular and nocturnal. Individuals usually leave day roosts around dusk to forage and return before dawn. The Christmas Island subspecies is somewhat more diurnal. During the day, Black-eared Flying Foxes rest at roosts and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. On Nicobar Islands , day roosts are in Nypa fruticans ( Arecaceae ). The Black-eared Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall, defoliated trees with low levels of disturbance. It occurs in sympatry with the Nicobar Flying Fox ( P. faunulus ), and both have been captured in fruit plantations. In areas close to human settlements, colonies have fewer than 200 individuals, but in areas further from human settlements, colonies can have more than 2000 individuals. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population declines of Black-eared Flying Foxes of more than 30% are suspected during the next three generations because of habitat loss, hunting, and possibly introduced predators. Continual rises in global sea levels will likely result in loss of essential roosting habitat. On Andaman and Nicobar islands, some hunting occurs near human settlements. Hunters commonly use air guns and catapults. On Nias and Enggano ( Indonesia ), some hunting occurs. Black-eared Flying Foxes supposedly have medicinal value. Severe weather events have destroyed important mangrove roosts and have forced some colonies to move to inland forests. The Christmas Island subspecies (natalis), which might be a full species after additional taxonomic review, would likely be assessed as Critically Endangered, given population decline of 83% in three generations, with current estimates of ¢.2000 individuals remaining. Habitat loss, severe weather events, and negative effects of introduced carnivores, introduced yellow crazy ants ( Anoplolepis gracilipes, Formicidae ), insecticide poisoning, disease, and pollution have caused this decline. There have been efforts to reduce feral cat numbers and changes in methods of controlling yellow crazy ants. Captive breeding has been discussed for subspecies natalis. Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aul et al. (2014) | Beeton et al. (2010) | Churchill (2008) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Director of National Parks (2014) | Jackson & Groves (2015) | Hutson, Kingston, James etal. (2008) | Phalen et al. (2017) | Simmons (2005) | Todd et al. (2018) 151. Black-eared Flying Fox Pteropus melanotus French: Roussette a oreilles noires / German: Schwarzohrflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de Andaman Other common names: Blyth's Flying Fox , Christmas Island Flying Fox (natalis) Taxonomy. Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 , “ Nicobar Islands ,” India . Pteropus melanotus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies natalis might represent a separate species, but wider genetic comparisons are needed. Subspecies tytler: is morphometrically similar to some P. hypomelanus . Five subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.melanotusBlyth,1863—NicobarIs. P.m.modigliani:Thomas,1894—EngganoI,offSWSumatra. P.m.natalisThomas,1887—ChristmasI,Australia. P.m.niadicusG.S.Miller,1906—NiasI,offNWSumatra. P. m. tytlern Mason, 1908 — Andaman Is (South Andaman and Rutland ). Descriptive notes. Tailless, ear 25-27 mm , hindfoot 37- 5-52 mm , forearm 110- 165 mm ; weight 220-500 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 72-75- 5 mm and tibias 72— 76 mm . Claw and tibia lengths of males are only slightly larger than those of females. Subspecies natalis is the smallest, and melanotus is the largest, suggesting largersize in northern subspecies. Fur is short and adpressed on back. Subspecies modiglianii, tytleri, and natalis are black, with sprinklings of white hairs on belly and mantle; other subspecies have dark brown back and rump, with a few whitish hairs, but mid-chest and belly vary from ocherous buffy to deep tawny, with rufous in areas of body where it meets darker color. Subspecies modiglianii and natalis are longer haired. Head and crown are dark brown to blackish, contrasting with tawny to rufous mantle. Ears are broad and narrowly rounded off at tips. Wing membranes of all subspecies are dark brown and arise near sides of spine. Index claw is present. Tibia is naked. Skull has well-developed postorbital process and temporal ridges fused to form a well-developed sagittal crest. Orbits are rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Palate ridges: 5 + 5 + 3. Teeth of smaller subspecies do not decrease in size as skulls decrease in size. Cingulum of C' is narrow, and posterior basal ledge of P° is short. P' is minute and sometimes missing in adults. Posterior ledge of P, is moderate and short in P,, making both separate posteroexternally from main cusp. Dentition of natalis is slightly different: canine is heavier at base and more recurved, with broad cingulum and slight groove on front face of tooth; P' is larger than in other subspecies; and M* and M, are reduced. Posterior basal ledges of P* and P, are present but shorter. Habitat. Semideciduous, evergreen, and mangrove forests mostly near sea level but island habitats go up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Black-eared Flying Fox is a specialist of small islands, roosting primarily in lowland mangrove habitats. It shifts temporarily to inland forests in response to disturbance. Food and Feeding. The Black-eared Flying Fox eats mostly fruit but occasionally flowers and leaves. It eats fruits or flowers of more than 35 species in at least 12 genera and 12 families. It also eats cultivated fruit. Breeding. On Christmas Island (natalis), female Black-eared Flying Foxes reach sexual maturity at c.24 months of age; males reach maturity at ¢.27 months. Males are unlikely to be competitive until they achieve full adult body mass and establish mating territories at c.4 years of age. Females give birth to one young per year. Birth peaks vary across its distribution because rainy season is different on each island. On Christmas Island , peak mating occurs in June-August and peak birthing occurs in December-February. Mating is polygynous based on male—-male competition. Larger claws help males defend territories and harems, and larger tibias are advantageous for attaining sexual position during mating. . Activity patterns. The Black-eared Flying Fox is crepuscular and nocturnal. Individuals usually leave day roosts around dusk to forage and return before dawn. The Christmas Island subspecies is somewhat more diurnal. During the day, Black-eared Flying Foxes rest at roosts and exhibit typical pteropodine activity, such as wing flapping and occasional conspecific territorial interactions. On Nicobar Islands , day roosts are in Nypa fruticans ( Arecaceae ). Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black-eared Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in tall, defoliated trees with low levels of disturbance. It occurs in sympatry with the Nicobar Flying Fox ( P. faunulus ), and both have been captured in fruit plantations. In areas close to human settlements, colonies have fewer than 200 individuals, but in areas further from human settlements, colonies can have more than 2000 individuals. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Vulnerable on The IUCN Red List. Population declines of Black-eared Flying Foxes of more than 30% are suspected during the next three generations because of habitat loss, hunting, and possibly introduced predators. Continual rises in global sea levels will likely result in loss of essential roosting habitat. On Andaman and Nicobar islands, some hunting occurs near human settlements. Hunters commonly use air guns and catapults. On Nias and Enggano ( Indonesia ), some hunting occurs. Black-eared Flying Foxes supposedly have medicinal value. Severe weather events have destroyed important mangrove roosts and have forced some colonies to move to inland forests. The Christmas Island subspecies (natalis), which might be a full species after additional taxonomic review, would likely be assessed as Critically Endangered, given population decline of 83% in three generations, with current estimates of ¢.2000 individuals remaining. Habitat loss, severe weather events, and negative effects of introduced carnivores, introduced yellow crazy ants ( Anoplolepis gracilipes, Formicidae ), insecticide poisoning, disease, and pollution have caused this decline. There have been efforts to reduce feral cat numbers and changes in methods of controlling yellow crazy ants. Captive breeding has been discussed for subspecies natalis. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aul et al. (2014), Beeton et al. (2010), Churchill (2008), Corbet & Hill (1992), Director of National Parks (2014), Jackson & Groves (2015), Hutson, Kingston, James etal. (2008), Phalen et al. (2017), Simmons (2005), Todd et al. (2018). Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022. Pteropodidae Pteropus melanotus Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863 0 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta p. 20 Black-eared Flying Fox edulis Blyth, 1846 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [ nomen nudum ]; nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869; modiglianii Thomas, 1894; natalis Thomas, 1887; niadicus Miller, 1906; tytleri Dobson, 1874. India, Nicobar Isls. Nicobar and Andaman Isls (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl. Appendix II Vulnerable species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997). Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023 Pteropus melanotus 23 Black-eared Flying Fox Blyth's Flying Fox|Christmas Island Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA PTEROPODIDAE PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA melanotus Blyth 1863 0 "Nicobar Islands," India. edulis Blyth, 1846 [preoccupied]|nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [nomen nudum]|melanotus Blyth, 1863|nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869|tytleri Dobson, 1874|modiglianii O. Thomas, 1894|natalis O. Thomas, 1887|niadicus G. S. Miller, 1906 NA NA Andaman Islands|Nicobar Islands|Indonesia|Christmas Island Asia Indomalaya VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_melanotus 0 sciname match Pteropus_melanotus 0 IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022]. 18740 Pteropus melanotus ANIMALIA CHORDATA MAMMALIA CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIDAE Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 Pteropus melanotus is recognized as a species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), but its taxonomy remains poorly understood and requires further assessment. Initial data suggests that it represents a species complex and that some or all subspecies may represent distinct species. 20000000 Pteropus melanotus Vulnerable C1 2021 2021-08-31 00:00:00 UTC 3.1 English Pteropus melanotus is assessed as Vulnerable under criterion C1. There is an estimated 5,000 to 7,000 mature individuals in the population and the population size (number of mature individuals) is projected to undergo a continuing decline of at least 10% over the next three generations (16.5 to 24 years, GL = 5.5 to 8 years; Todd 2020). The species has a highly fragmented distribution and there is a continuing decline in the quality of the habitat due to habitat loss, hunting pressure and introduced species. Pteropus melanotis is recognized as a species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), but its taxonomy remains poorly understood and requires further assessment. Initial data suggests that it represents a species complex and that some or all subspecies may represent distinct species, requiring immediate reassessments. Pteropus melanotus melanotus : Habitat .â€”On both the Andaman and Nicobar Islands P. m. melanotus roosts are located throughout the primary forests and among the settlements. Large colonies of up to 2,000 individuals have been reported among the primary forests, compared to < 200 individuals among the settlements. On the Andaman Islands large colonies have been primarily roosting in the mangrove trees of the islandsâ€™ interior and in Ficus spp. within Evergreen forest habitats (Aul 2007). On the Nicobar Islands, large colonies primarily occur among wetland habitats in both mangrove trees and Nypa fruticans (Aul 2007). Many of the roost sites throughout the Nicobar Islands were destroyed following a tsunami in 2004, while the Andaman Islands were only minimally affected (Aul 2007, Aul et al. 2014). In January 2005 only a small colony (10 -15 individuals) was observed roosting on Casurina sp. in the littoral forest of Kamorta Island (Aul 2007). On Great Nicobar and Tillangchong Islands, colonies moved to inland forest areas. In April 2006 a colony (> 500 individuals) re-established following the recovery of Nypa fruticans (Aul et al. 2014). Ecology .â€”On islands throughout the Andaman and Nicobar Archipelagos, where multiple fruit eating bat species are present, competition for forage resources has resulted in niche separation among the species (Aul 2007). Pteropus melanotus melanotus is reported to forage on fruits of 21 species and the pollen/nectar of one species (Aul 2007). Although there is some overlap in foraging habitats and in the plant species consumed among the bat species, P. m. melanotus forages later in the evening than other bat species, starting at 2,300 h with a peak in foraging activity around 0200 h (Aul 2007). Pteropus melanotus melanotus prefers to forage in the primary inland forest as compared to the agro forests preferred by other species and will exploit foraging resources among the tree canopies at heights > 20 meters (Aul 2007). Information on the life-histories of P. m. melanotus is limited to the timing of birth and mating, Females give birth to pups between the months of December and April (Aul 2007). The mating season for P. m. melanotus is suggested to occur in the months of May and June at the onset of the Monsoon (Aul 2007). Pteropus melanotus natalis: Habitat .â€”On Christmas Island, P. m. natalis aggregates seasonally in response to reproduction (i.e., mating and birth), available food resources and weather (i.e., changes in wind direction). In general, colonial roosts are primarily occupied during the dry season for the purpose of mating, with regular movements of juvenile, sub-adult and competing adult male bats between roosts (Tidemann 1985, C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. comm.). During the wet season a large portion of the population abandons the main colonial sites, roosting singularly or in small groups across the island (Tidemann 1985, C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. comm.). However, during any time of the year small groups or single individuals can be found scattered across the island (C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. comm.). Some colonies have been used repeatedly for over 30 years and are suggested to date back to 1908, before human settlement, while others are abandoned for unknown reasons. In 1984, the first surveys identified the location of five colonies. Three colonies were located along the east coast of the island, one colony was located to the west on the northwest point of the island, and one colony was located in the middle of the southern coast. A sixth colony was later located along the east coast in 1988 (Tidemann 1985). Several surveys conducted between 1997 and 2006 were only able to confirm the continued use of three historical colony locations (Corbett et al. 2003, James et al. 2007). Recent surveys conducted between 2015 and 2020 confirm the continued use of the two historical colony sites identified in 1984 as well as an additional five new colony sites. All colonies were located on the coastal terrace or close to the first inland cliff in semi-deciduous forest with varying structural features. One common feature among these locations is their proximity to the coast, which is suggested to be advantageous as it allows P. m. natalis to take advantage of on-shore winds, facilitating take-off (Tidemann 1985). The average number of individuals occupying these established colonies in a given month fluctuates between 119 and 762 individuals (C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein unpub.). Site fidelity at the colony fluctuates greatly over the year, with a peak in adult roost fidelity during mating season (A. Dorrestein unpub.). Generally, low roost fidelity coincides with observations of multiple roosts, comprised of a single or few individuals, scattered across the island. Eighteen plant species have been identified as roost trees used by P. m. natalis (Tidemann 1985, James et al. 2007, C. M. Todd pers. obs.). To date there does not seem to be any information regarding the relevance of these particular roost tree species. Ecology .â€”On Christmas Island, there is no competition for foraging resources as P. m. natalis is the only bat species present and the largest of two species that function as both a pollinator and seed disperser, the other being the Christmas Island white-eye (Zosterops natalis ) weighing 12 g. Pteropus melanotus natalis is relatively diurnal, emerging from camps as early as 1,300h to forage, although the bulk of the population will emerge from the roost at dusk between and 1,500 and 1,830 h (Tidemann 1985, C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. obs.). Pteropus melanotus natalis forages on the fruits of 33 plants, the flowers of 33 plant species, the leaves of four plant species and the stem of one plant species, representing a total of 56 plant species from 34 families (C. M. Todd unpub). The mean foraging range for P. m. natalis was 237 Â± 115 ha with some individuals traveling up to 14 km between their roost and foraging sites (C. M. Todd unpub.). These foraging movements by P. m.natalis indicate that they are capable of foraging across the entirety of the island but prefer to forage in perennial wetland, Evergreen and Semi-deciduous forest habitats (C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. coms.). Recent studies on the life-history of P. m. natalis have examined rates of growth, maturation and the timing of reproduction events. Females give birth to pups between the months of December and April (Todd et al. 2018). The peak of the birthing period occurs in the months of February and March, with newborn pups reaching volancy between the months of June and November (Todd et al. 2018). The mating season for P. m. natalis occurs between the months of June and August (Todd et al. 2018), prior to the monsoon season in November. Although a majority of the P. m. natalis population follows an annual cycle of reproduction, mating, parturition, and volancy were not limited to the peak periods and occurred with appreciable frequencies throughout much of the year (Todd et al. 2018). Using estimates of growth and maturation rates, juvenile males begin to mature at 15 months after birth and reach maturity at 27 months, while females reach maturity at 24 months after birth (Todd et al. 2018). However, adult male P. m. natalis reach sexual majority at lower average body mass than a fully mature adult. Mating success is suggested to be constrained until their fourth year when males attain adequate body mass and are able to defend mating territories (Todd et al. 2018). Pteropus melanotus modiglianii : Habitat .â€”Suggested to be similar to other subspecies, however no information is available for either sub population the Mentawai Islands or Enggano. Ecology .â€”Suggested to be similar to other subspecies, however no information is available for either sub population the Mentawai Islands or Enggano. Pteropus melanotus melanotus. â€”In the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, P. m. melanotus is primarily threatened by hunting and habitat loss. Hunting for sport appears to be the prime threat to the two species of fruit bats on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (Molur et al. 2002, Aul and Vijayakumar 2003, Aul 2007, Aul et al. 2014). Hunting seasonally occurs at foraging sites coinciding with the Ceiba pentandra blossums and at roosts close to human settlements (Aul and Vijayakumar 2003, Aul 2007, Aul et al. 2014). There is an increasing trend of using air-guns and catapults to hunt which allows for a quicker and more effective way to hunt bats (Aul 2007). Hunters are known to shoot adult bats and adopt the orphaned babies. Additionally, it is thought that bats, particularly the bones, have medicinal properties and can be used to cure asthma (Aul 2007). No hunting is carried out by the Ongeâ€™s who inhabit Little Andaman or Tillangchong which is considered a sacred island (Aul 2007). Habitat loss resulting from urbanization, in particular tourism related commercial development programs, and conversion of land for agricultural purposes is the second most common threat to P. m. melanotus on the Nicobar and Andaman Islands (Molur et al. 2002, Aul 2007). Anti-encroachment drives successfully stopped extensive logging activities on the Andaman Islands, however logging still occurs on Nicobar Island and has resulted in significant habitat loss across the island (Aul 2007). In December 2004 a tsunami hit the Nicobar Islands resulting in the destruction of major Pteropus mangrove habitat (Aul et al. 2014), however, further research is needed to confirm that the species has declined because of this event. The tsunami also resulted in clearing of forest land which has been made available for settlements. Invasive species including spotted deer (Axis axis ), African giant snail (Achatina fulica ) and elephants (Elaphas maximus ) have also been introduced to Interview Island and North Andaman but the threat to the population remains unknown (Aul 2007). While threats to the species on Nias are not known, they presumably include general habitat loss. Pteropus melanotus natalis. â€”Threats to P. m. natalis have proven difficult to identify, and are likely a combination of factors (Orchard 2006). James et al. (2007), provide a detailed account of possible threats to the species including, predation or disturbance by both, or either, introduced and native species, predation and/or persecution by humans (mostly formerly), storm events, loss of habitat, accidental poisoning or intoxication from heavy metals, and disease and parasites. James et al. (2007), also give a 'threat assessment matrix' indicating the likelihood of each potential threat. P. m. natalis is preyed on by feral cats on Christmas Island (Tidemann et al. 1994), and there has also been some hunting, including large numbers (up to 200) in the past (D. J. James pers. comm.). However, there is no recent evidence of hunting in this part of the species range (C. M. Todd and A. Dorrestein pers. comm.). Additionally, the introduced Yellow Crazy Ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes ) has caused general ecological breakdown on Christmas Island since the late 1990s (O'Dowd et al. 2003), and is shown to disturb the speciesâ€™ roosting behaviour (Dorrestein et al. 2019). Corbett et al. (2003) hypothesized that a severe cyclone in 1988 initiated the decline in the Christmas Island population. However, other anecdotal evidence indicates that the decline began in the mid 1990s (Orchard 2006). Loss of habitat and health related threats have also been suggested as threatening processes to the population. Christmas Island houses the second largest phosphate mine in Australia and approximately 25% (3,375 ha) of the island has been cleared for mining and settlement. A portion of clear land (325 ha) has been revegetated with introduced/domesticated plant species which might impact the diet of P. m. natalis . Nutritional analysis of native and introduced plant species commonly consumed by P. m. natalis found that alien fruits had significantly lower essential mineral concentrations compared to native fruits (Pulscher et al. 2021). Therefore, preferential foraging, even seasonally, on alien food plants could result in nutritional imbalances in P. m. natalis , however further studies are required to understand the electivity of alien food plants in the diet of P. m. natalis (Pulscher et al. 2021a). Intoxication with the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) has also been suggested as a threatening process in P. m. natalis . Increased cadmium concentrations have been reported in fur, tissues, and urine of P. m. natalis (Pulscher et al. 2021b). Furthermore, a small subset of P. m. natalis individuals assessed had glucosuria and proteinuria that were suggestive of renal dysfunction and bone lesions were reported in one P. m. natalis individual suggesting that P. m. natalis is chronically exposed to cadmium and this may be impacting the health of the population (Pulscher et al. 2021). Disease (speculative) may be a factor but little is known about infectious pathogens or parasites in the population apart from two reports on baseline health parameters and the identification of an unknown paramyxovirus (Hall et al. 2011, Hall et al. 2014, Vidgen et al. 2015). Pteropus melanotus modiglianii. â€”No information is available on the threats to this subspecies. While data are limited within much of the speciesâ€™ range, the number of mature individuals is estimated to range from 5,00 to 7,000 bats. The overall population and number of mature individuals has experienced a decline in the past and there is a projected decline of at least 10% over the next three generations (16.5 to 24 years, GL = 5.5 to 8 yrs, Todd 2020). The subspecies P. m. melatonus may consist of two subpopulations, one subpopulation in the Andaman Island group and a second subpopulation in the Nicobar Island group, as these island groups with known populations are separated by 250 km. Surveys of P. m. melanotus within each island group identify the presence of P. m. melanotus on a number of islands within each island group but do not provide estimates of population size for P. m. melanotus on each of the islands in which it was present. No estimates of population size are provided for the subpopulation of the subspecies P. m. modiglianii on the island of Nias and the current status for the subpopulation of P. m. modiglianii is believed to be extinct, however this requires confirmation. Currently, detailed estimates of population size only exist for the subspecies P. m. natalis on Christmas Island. Surveys of P. m. melanotus conducted between 2003 and 2006 identified colonies ranging between 200 to >1,500 individuals on the islands of North Reef, Point, Paget and Landfall within in the North Andaman Island Group, Interview in the Middle Andaman Island Group, and Havelock, Outram, and Little Andaman Island in the South Andaman Island Group (Aul et al. 2014). Throughout the Nicobar Islands two colonies were observed, one containing 50 to <600 individuals on Tillangchong Island in the Central Nicobar Island Group, and one with 50 to <200 individuals on Great Nicobar Island (Aul et al. 2014). In addition to these colonies, individuals (population size unknown) were observed on the islands of Kwagtung and West in the North Andaman Island Group, Baratang and Long in the Middle Andaman Island Group, Neil, Boat, and Rutland in the South Andaman Island Group, Tressa, Bompuka, Katchal, Nancowrie, and Kamorta in the Central Nicobar Island group, and Little Nicobar in the Southern Nicobar Island Group (Aul et al. 2014). On Christmas Island, the first surveys of P. m. natalis were conducted in 1984 which estimated a population size of 6,000 individuals (Tidemann 1985). This estimate was based on approximately 3,500 bats occupying the five roosts, and 2,500 bats roosting singly or in small groups throughout the island (Tidemann 1985). Tidemann (1985) also reported a male to female ratio of 1:3 indicating a female biased sex ratio in the population. In 2003 surveys indicated a dramatic decline in the population, estimated between 500 â€“ 1,000 individuals (Corbett et al. 2003). However, whether sufficient effort was invested during this survey is questionable as the estimate is based on 17 sightings totalling 30 individuals, and it is not evident if counts were made at roosts (James et al. 2007). In September 2006, the population size was estimated to be between 1,500 and 2,000, but closer to 1,500. This estimate was based on a count of 1,381 individuals (James et al. 2007). Density sampling methods conducted in 2012 reported a 39% decline in the incidence measures between 2006 and 2012 and estimated a population size between 900 â€“ 1,300 individuals (Woinarski et al. 2012, Woinarski et al. 2014). Subsequent results from surveys conducted in 2013 (1,735 Â± 602), 2014 (1,512 Â± 503), 2015 (1,369 Â± 534), and 2016 (2,100 Â± 563) indicate that the population has remained relatively stable (Parks 2016). In September 2018 capture-mark-recapture/resight surveys estimated a population of 3,846 individuals (Todd 2020). Surveys conducted between 2015 and 2018 indicate a juvenile to adult age class ratio of 1.43:1 and a male to female sex ratio of 1.6:1 (Todd 2020). Density sampling also indicated a 15% increase in the incidence measure between 2012 and 2019 (Parks 2019). Although recent estimates indicate a more recent increase in the population size from 2012, there has been a relative decline of 36% in the population size from 1984 to 2018 (Todd 2020) and a decrease of 28% in the incidence measure from 2006 to 2019 (Parks 2019), P. m. natalis is projected to experience a 41% over the next 20 years (Geyle et al. 2018). There is no information available on the current population size for the subpopulation of the subspecies P. m. modiglianii in the Mentawi Islands. The current status of the subpopulation of P. m. modiglianii on Enggano is suggested to be extinct. Decreasing Currently there are three subspecies recognized within the Pteropus melanotus group. Pteropus melanotus melanotus (synm: Pteropus melanotus tytleri ) may consist of two subpopulations with one subpopulation limited to the islands of Kwagtung, Landfall, North Reef, Smith, West, Interview, Baratang, Long, Outram, Neil, Havelock, Boat, Rutland, Little Andaman, Paget, East Twin, Port Blair and South Sentinel Islands in the Andaman Island group (Hill 1967, Aul et al. 2014, Srinivasulu et al. 2017). The other subpopulation of the subspecies Pteropus melanotus melanotus is limited to the islands of Tressa, Bompuka, Tilangchong, Katchal, Nancowrie, Kamorta, Little Nicobar, Great Nicobar (including Campbell Bay), Car Nicobar, and Trinket Islands in the Nicobar Island group (Saha 1980, Aul and Vijayakumar 2003, Aul et al. 2014). The subspecies Pteropus melanotus natalis is limited to Christmas Island of Australia. In the Mentawi Islands of Indonesia, the subspecies Pteropus melanotus modiglianii has been reported to occur on Nias Island (Hill 1971, Molur et al. 2002), although the current status is unknown. The subpopulation of Pteropus melanotus modiglianii on Enggano Island, Indonesia was previously reported as extirpated following a severe typhoon, however this requires verification. The species occurs from sea level to 1,000 m asl. Terrestrial

Currently P. m. melanotus is categorized as vermin under the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972, and special hunting rights are given to the indigenous tribes in the Nicobar Islands. This, together with an unsustainable use of the forest and wildlife are the greatest threats to P. m. melanotus . Whilst, several protected areas, encompassing many islands, have been created throughout the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, in the Nicobar Archipelago, only four islands (Battimalv, Tillangchong, Megapode and Great Nicobar) are protected (Aul et al. 2014). However, no protection is provided to the species that inhabit these areas. Furthermore, a number of islands which are home to endemic birds and a variety of other fauna are currently not in the protected area network. It is essential that a network of protected areas are established on each island across the Andman and Nicobar islands to ensure protected corridors enabling the safe movement of fauna across the islands (Aul 2007). On Kamorta, strides have been made educating hunters and village leaders. Education and awareness programs conducted in 2002 -2003 were successful in creating a network of bat observers and roost protectors, dramatically reducing hunting in five villages on the Nicobar Island of Kamorta (Aul 2007). On Christmas Island, National Park covers 63% of the island. A detailed assessment of conservation status and threats is provided for the P. m. natalis by James et al. (2007). More extensive field surveys across all of the Indonesian and Indian archipelagos are needed to obtain a better understanding of the speciesâ€™ distribution. Currently estimates of population size are only available for P. m. natalis . Further population assessments and monitoring are needed. Genetic studies are urgently needed to better understand and clarify the taxonomy of this species group. All future survey efforts should strive to obtain necessary information (i.e., estimates of population size, genetic samples, morphometrics) whenever possible in order to help to facilitate proper monitoring of the populations.

Indomalayan FALSE FALSE Global Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 Pteropodidae Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863 0 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta p. 20 Black-eared Flying Fox edulis Blyth, 1846 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [ nomen nudum ]; nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869; modiglianii Thomas, 1894; natalis Thomas, 1887; niadicus Miller, 1906; tytleri Dobson, 1874. India, Nicobar Isls. Nicobar and Andaman Isls (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl. Appendix II Vulnerable species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997). Pteropus melanotus 1004478 23 Black-eared Flying Fox Blyth's Flying Fox|Christmas Island Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria CHIROPTERA PTEROPODIFORMES NA NA PTEROPODOIDEA Pteropodidae PTEROPODINAE PTEROPODINI Pteropus NA melanotus Blyth 1863 0 "Nicobar Islands," India. edulis Blyth, 1846 [preoccupied]|nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [nomen nudum]|melanotus Blyth, 1863|nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869|tytleri Dobson, 1874|modiglianii O. Thomas, 1894|natalis O. Thomas, 1887|niadicus G. S. Miller, 1906 tentatively includes natalis, which is occasionally considered a distinct species, although P. melanotus as currently defined is likely a species complex Phalen, D. N., Hall, J., Ganesh, G., Hartigan, A., Smith, C., De Jong, C., ... & Rose, K. (2017). Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the Christmas Island flying fox (Pteropus melanotus natalis). Journal of Mammalogy, 98(2), 428-437. Andaman Islands|Nicobar Islands|Indonesia|Christmas Island Asia Indomalaya VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_melanotus 0 sciname match Pteropus_melanotus 0 Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393 Pteropus_melanotus 1004478 23 Black-eared Flying Fox Blyth's Flying Fox|Christmas Island Flying Fox Theria Placentalia Boreoeutheria Laurasiatheria Chiroptera Yinpterochiroptera NA NA Pteropodoidea Pteropodidae Pteropodinae Pteropodini Pteropus NA melanotus E. Blyth 0 Pteropus melanotus Blyth, E. 1863. Catalogue of the Mammalia in the Museum Asiatic Society. Savielle & Cranenburgh, Calcutta, 187 pp. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47534720 ZSI 15643, ZSI 15644 syntypes "Nicobar Islands," India. tentatively includes natalis, which is occasionally considered a distinct species, although P. melanotus as currently defined is likely a species complex Phalen, D. N., Hall, J., Ganesh, G., Hartigan, A., Smith, C., De Jong, C., ... & Rose, K. (2017). Genetic diversity and phylogeny of the Christmas Island flying fox (Pteropus melanotus natalis). Journal of Mammalogy, 98(2), 428-437. Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Indonesia|Christmas Island Asia Indomalaya VU 0 0 0 Pteropus_melanotus 0 sciname match Pteropus_melanotus 0 Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586 Pteropodidae Pteropus melanotus Blyth 1863 0 Cat. Mamm. Mus. Asiat. Soc. Calcutta p. 20 Black-eared Flying Fox edulis Blyth, 1846 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; nicobaricus Fitzinger, 1861 [nomen nudum]; nicobaricus Zelebor, 1869; modiglianii Thomas, 1894; natalis Thomas, 1887; niadicus Miller, 1906; tytleri Dobson, 1874. India, Nicobar Isls. Nicobar and Andaman Isls (India); Engano Isl and Nias Isl (Indonesia); Christmas Isl. Appendix II Vulnerable species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). In the absence of additional data, we continue to include natalis as a subspecies contra Jackson and Groves (2015), who raised it to specific status. Does not include satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997). Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505 NA Pteropus melanotus; Pteropus melanotus; Pteropus melanotus; Pteropus melanotus; Pteropus melanotus; Pteropus melanotus; melanotus ; modiglianii ; natalis ; niadicus ; tytleri; edulis; nicobaricus; melanotus; modiglianii; natalis; niadicus; tytlern; modiglianii; natalis; niadicus; tytleri; edulis; nicobaricus; edulis; nicobaricus; melanotus; nicobaricus; tytleri; modiglianii; natalis; niadicus; Roussette a oreilles noires; Schwarzohrflughund; Zorro volador de Andaman; Blyth's Flying Fox; Christmas; sland Flying Fox (natalis); Black-eared Flying Fox; Blyth's Flying Fox; Christmas Island Flying Fox; Black-eared Flying Fox; Black-eared Flying Fox; P. melanotus