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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1288	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus melanopogon		[MSW2] Does not include sepikensis; see Koopman (1979:5). See comment under neohibernicus.; [MSW3] melanopogon species group. Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed as subspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. This complex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [HMW] Pleropus melanopogon Peters, 1867 , “Amboina [= Ambon Island ]? Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus melanopogon is in the melanopogon species group and previously included aruensis and keyensis as subspecies. Monotypic.; [batnames2022] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [IUCN] Pteropus aruensis and P. keyensis are often listed as subspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill (1954). Here they are recognized as distinct species, following Bergmans (2001), and pending additional review of this complex (Simmons 2005).; [batnames2023] species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).; [batnames2025_1.7] species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).						aruensis, chrysargyrus, fumigatus, keyensis, rubiginosus.	melanopogon, keyensis, aruensis		argentatus, phaiops			melanopogon	melanopogon - argentatus, phaiops	argentatus, phaiops, melanopogon	Pteropus aruensis and P. keyensis are often listed as subspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill (1954). Here they are recognized as distinct species, following Bergmans (2001), and pending additional review of this complex (Simmons 2005).	melanopogon	melanopogon - argentatus, phaiops	argentatus, phaiops, melanopogon 	melanopogon	melanopogon 	melanopogon - argentatus, phaiops	melanopogon W. C. H. Peters, 1867		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Black-bearded flying fox	Sanghir Is, S Moluccas, New Guinea	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus melanopogon	Indonesia, Molucca Isis., Amboina.	Peters	1867	Monatsb. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 330.	Distribution: Ranging from the San ghir islands through the central and southern Moluccas and Keis to the Arus (the alleged New Guinea form has been shown to be a synonym of P. neohibernicus).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Black-bearded flying fox	S Moluccas; ref. 4.110	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Peters	1867	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867:330.	Does not include sepikensis; see Koopman (1979:5). See comment under neohibernicus.	Aru Isis, Kei Isis, Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isis, Timor Laut, and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988:65).	Indonesia, Molucca Isis, Amboina.		PETERS	1867	Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the ge nus except that the dentition is unusually heavy. Tibia naked dorsally. Size very large (forearm length, 179-204 mm). Ears reasonably typical for the genus.	Distribution: Ranging from the San ghir islands through the central and southern Moluccas and Keis to the Arus (the alleged New Guinea form has been shown to be a synonym of P. neohibernicus).	Three subspecies are cur rently recognized:	P. m. melanopogon (Sanghirs, Buru, Ceram and surround ing islands, Banda, and Tanimbar), P. m. keyensis (Keis), P. m. aruensis (Arus).	24	species	P. melanopogon	PETERS	1867	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus melanopogon				Posterior basal ledges of large premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the ge nus except that the dentition is unusually heavy. Tibia naked dorsally. Size very large (forearm length, 179-204 mm). Ears reasonably typical for the genus.	Three subspecies are cur rently recognized:		23. P. melanopogon PETERS 1867 [livingstonei group].	23	NA			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus		melanopogon	Peters		1867		Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1867		330		Black-bearded Flying Fox	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.	Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isls, Yamdena (= Timor Laut), and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	argentatus Gray, 1858 [not Gray, 1844]; phaiops Temminck, 1837 [not Temminck, 1825].	melanopogon species group. Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed as subspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. This complex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	03AD87FAFFE0F60E89B6323FF79DFDB9	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	161	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFA3F6428C71326DFE8BFDCB.xml	Pleropus melanopogon	Pteropodidae	Pleropus	melanopogon	Peters	1867	Roussette a barbe noire @fr | Schwarzbart-Flughund @de | Zorro volador de barba negra @es	Pleropus melanopogon Peters, 1867 , “Amboina [= Ambon Island ]? Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus melanopogon is in the melanopogon species group and previously included aruensis and keyensis as subspecies. Monotypic.	C Moluccas Is (Buru, Ambon , Seram, and their adjacentislands).	Head-body 290 mm (tailless), ear 23-30 mm , hindfoot 47 mm , forearm 188-205 mm ; weight 860-900 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 78-90 mm and tibias 83-85 mm . Ears of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Head is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Fur is generally short, thinly scattered on upperside of forearm in front of elbow and missing from above and beneath forearm,tibia, and sides of uropatagium. Mantle is chestnutorange, back is blackish, chest is golden orange, and belly is buffy. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Wing membranes on back arise much closer (c. 10 mm apart) along spine. Skull is typical pteropine but extremely heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes. Rostrum and palate are deep and broad and do not taper rostrally. Dental formula can have 34 or 32 teeth as P' is deciduous. Dentition is heavy, with well-defined but narrow cingulum in upper and lower canines. C,is recurved. Caninesare slightly larger in males. P|is slightly smaller than M* and slightly larger than M,. M' is 1-5 times longer than wide.	Likely old growth forests and recently mangrove forests on small offshore island. Small groups of Black-bearded Flying Foxes occur in forest fragments near human settlements.	Large, flattened molars of most available specimens of Black-bearded Flying Foxes suggest a heavily frugivorous diet. There is anecdotal evidence from Seram of feeding on abundant durian ( Durio sp. , Malvaceae ) flowers.	No information.	The Black-bearded Flying Fox is nocturnal.	The Black-bearded Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in forested areas with minimal disturbance. A colony of ¢.200 individuals was found in an unprotected mangrove forest, roosting with the South Moluccan Flying Fox ( P. chrysoproctus ) in separate trees. Single individuals and groups of less than ten Black-bearded Flying Foxes have been seen in temporary roosts.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Past and projected population decline of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are more than 50% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. It is only known from fewer than ten scattered localities. Deforestation, mining, oil exploration, and agroforestry have resulted in loss of almost one-half the total forest coverage. It is not found in Manusela National Park on Seram, but itis found in an unprotected mangrove forests on offshore islands nearby and might have foraging sites in the national park. There is some community incentive to protect colonies for ecotourism, but there is no formalized protection. It is unprotected on Buru and likely extinct or restricted to a very small population on developed and deforested Ambon .	Andersen (1912b) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Simmons (2005) | Tsang (2016l) | Tsang et al. (2015)		189. Black-bearded Flying Fox Pleropus melanopogon French: Roussette a barbe noire / German: Schwarzbart-Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de barba negra Taxonomy. Pleropus melanopogon Peters, 1867 , “Amboina [= Ambon Island ]? Maluku Islands , Indonesia . Pteropus melanopogon is in the melanopogon species group and previously included aruensis and keyensis as subspecies. Monotypic. Distribution. C Moluccas Is (Buru, Ambon , Seram, and their adjacentislands). Descriptive notes. Head-body 290 mm (tailless), ear 23-30 mm , hindfoot 47 mm , forearm 188-205 mm ; weight 860-900 g . Greatest lengths of skulls are 78-90 mm and tibias 83-85 mm . Ears of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are of moderate length, with rounded tips. Head is brown on sides, with orange-chestnut to golden orange buffy crown extending between ears onto forehead. Bases of most hairs are golden. Fur is generally short, thinly scattered on upperside of forearm in front of elbow and missing from above and beneath forearm,tibia, and sides of uropatagium. Mantle is chestnutorange, back is blackish, chest is golden orange, and belly is buffy. Uropatagium is reduced; calcar is small. Wing membranes on back arise much closer (c. 10 mm apart) along spine. Skull is typical pteropine but extremely heavy and robust, with large orbits, crests, and postorbital processes. Rostrum and palate are deep and broad and do not taper rostrally. Dental formula can have 34 or 32 teeth as P' is deciduous. Dentition is heavy, with well-defined but narrow cingulum in upper and lower canines. C,is recurved. Caninesare slightly larger in males. P|is slightly smaller than M* and slightly larger than M,. M' is 1-5 times longer than wide. Habitat. Likely old growth forests and recently mangrove forests on small offshore island. Small groups of Black-bearded Flying Foxes occur in forest fragments near human settlements. Food and Feeding. Large, flattened molars of most available specimens of Black-bearded Flying Foxes suggest a heavily frugivorous diet. There is anecdotal evidence from Seram of feeding on abundant durian ( Durio sp. , Malvaceae ) flowers. Breeding. No information. Activity patterns. The Black-bearded Flying Fox is nocturnal. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Black-bearded Flying Fox is generally gregarious and roosts colonially in forested areas with minimal disturbance. A colony of ¢.200 individuals was found in an unprotected mangrove forest, roosting with the South Moluccan Flying Fox ( P. chrysoproctus ) in separate trees. Single individuals and groups of less than ten Black-bearded Flying Foxes have been seen in temporary roosts. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Endangered on The IUCN Red List. Past and projected population decline of the Black-bearded Flying Fox are more than 50% over three generations due to hunting and habitat loss. It is only known from fewer than ten scattered localities. Deforestation, mining, oil exploration, and agroforestry have resulted in loss of almost one-half the total forest coverage. It is not found in Manusela National Park on Seram, but itis found in an unprotected mangrove forests on offshore islands nearby and might have foraging sites in the national park. There is some community incentive to protect colonies for ecotourism, but there is no formalized protection. It is unprotected on Buru and likely extinct or restricted to a very small population on developed and deforested Ambon . Bibliography. Andersen (1912b), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Simmons (2005), Tsang (2016l), Tsang et al. (2015).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus melanopogon	Pteropus		melanopogon	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:30:00	Black-bearded Flying Fox	 argentatus Gray, 1858 [not Gray, 1844]; phaiops Temminck, 1837 [not Temminck, 1825].	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.	Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isls, Yamdena (= Timor Laut), and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	Appendix II	Endangered	species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus melanopogon	23	Black-bearded Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	melanopogon	W. Peters	1867	0						"Amboina [= Ambon Island]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			argentatus J. E. Gray, 1858 [preoccupied]|phaiops Temminck, 1837 [preoccupied]|melanopogon W. Peters, 1867	NA	NA	Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	sciname match	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18739	Pteropus melanopogon	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	melanopogon	Peters, 1867	Pteropus aruensis and P. keyensis are often listed as subspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill (1954). Here they are recognized as distinct species, following Bergmans (2001), and pending additional review of this complex (Simmons 2005).	20000000	Pteropus melanopogon	Endangered	A3cd	2016	2016-01-07 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is endemic to the central Moluccas and adjacent small islands in Indonesia. It has likely an extremely small population; a small colony of ca. 200 individuals were found roosting in Seram in an unprotected mangrove forest (Tsang et al. 2015) and no other accounts of this species have been recorded in the Moluccan part of its range in over 20 years. Based on the very high level of threat to this species due to deforestation and hunting, a population decline of greater than 50% is suspected in the next three generations (33 years). Its range is fragmented, and there is evidence suggesting there has been some kind of historical decline with this species from anecdotal evidence from local hunters. The species is listed as Endangered under criterion A3c.	It occurs in lowland tropical forest. A colony was found in a mangrove forest in Seram, though individuals were also found in patchy forests near villages (Tsang et al.  2015). In Seram, the species has been sighted feeding on flowers of durian trees (Durio sp.), but more research is needed to understand their feeding ecology (Tsang et al.  2015).	This species is threatened by hunting and habitat loss due to logging and agriculture. Local villagers have noted that in recent years, they have seen fewer bats and hunting them has increased in difficulty due to the rarity of sightings.	There have been only three records of this species from the 20th century in the central Moluccan population. A survey of the Tanimbars in the 1990s recorded this species. It has likely an extremely small population. A small colony of ca 200 individuals were found roosting in Seram in an unprotected mangrove forest (Tsang et al.  2015).	Decreasing	This species is endemic to the central Moluccas (Seram, Buru) and adjacent small islands in Indonesia. It is also present in Tanimbar (also called Timor Laut) island groups. It is likely now absent from Ambon. Pending further review, Pteropus melanopogon do not occur on the Kai and Aru Islands, as those species are now recognition as separate species (Pteropus keyensis on the Kai Islands and Pteropus aruensis on the Aru Islands).	The species is hunted locally.	Terrestrial	This species is listed on Appendix II of CITES. This species possibly occurs in protected areas. The only presently recorded colony from Seram does not have any level of protection (Tsang et al. 2015). Further research is needed to resolve the taxonomy of this species, and to determine the current population status, habitats, feeding ecology, and the impact of present hunting levels.	Australasian		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		melanopogon	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:30:00	Black-bearded Flying Fox	 argentatus Gray, 1858 [not Gray, 1844]; phaiops Temminck, 1837 [not Temminck, 1825].	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.	Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isls, Yamdena (= Timor Laut), and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	Appendix II	Endangered	species group incertae sedis ; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Pteropus melanopogon	1004477	23	Black-bearded Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	melanopogon	W. Peters	1867	0						"Amboina [= Ambon Island]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			argentatus J. E. Gray, 1858 [preoccupied]|phaiops Temminck, 1837 [preoccupied]|melanopogon W. Peters, 1867	NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania	Australasia/Oceania	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	sciname match	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_melanopogon	1004477	23	Black-bearded Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	melanopogon	W. C. H. Peters	0	Pteropus melanopogon	Peters, W.C.H. 1867. Ãœber die Fiederhunde, _Pteropi_, und insbesondere über die Arten der Gattung _Pteropus_ s. s. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin 1867:319-333.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36510593	ZMB 2627	holotype		"Amboina [= Ambon Island]," Maluku Islands, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Indonesia	Oceania (Continent)	Australasia	EN	0	0	0	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	sciname match	Pteropus_melanopogon	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		melanopogon	Peters	1867	0	Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin	1872:30:00	Black-bearded Flying Fox	argentatus Gray, 1858 [not Gray, 1844]; phaiops Temminck, 1837 [not Temminck, 1825].	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Amboina.	Amboina, Buru, Seram, Banda Isls, Yamdena (= Timor Laut), and adjacent islands (Indonesia). A Sangihe Isl record is erroneous; see Bergmans and Rozendaal (1988).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18739/22082983/' target='_blank'>Endangered</a>	species group incertae sedis; see Almeida et al. (2014). Does not include sepikensis, here considered a synonym of neohibernicus; see Koopman (1979). I follow Bergmans (2001) in recognizing aruensis and keyensis (often listed assubspecies of melanopogon following Laurie and Hill [1954]) as distinct species pending additional review of this complex. Thiscomplex includes several undescribed species (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus melanopogon; Pteropus melanopogon; Pteropus melanopogon; Pteropus melanopogon; Pteropus melanopogon; Pteropus melanopogon; argentatus; phaiops; argentatus; phaiops; argentatus; phaiops; melanopogon; Roussette a barbe noire; Schwarzbart-Flughund; Zorro volador de barba negra; Black-bearded Flying Fox; Black-bearded Flying Fox; Black-bearded Flying Fox; P. melanopogon