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(1=author & date in parentheses)	Citation	Pages	Common Name	Synonyms	Type Locality	Distribution	CITES	IUCN	Comments	column3781	column3791	subtribe	CONCAT_ALTNAMES
line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1287	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	N/A	Pteropus vampyrus [synonym of]	N/A	Pteropus vampyrus [synonym of]	Pteropus vampyrus medius	Pteropus giganteus [synonym of]	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius	N/A	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius	Pteropus medius		[HMW] Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 , “Le continent de I'Inde, aux enwvirons de Calcutta et de Pondichéry .” Pteropus medius is in the wvampyrus species group. Its taxonomy is problematic; epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective synonym of P. vampyrus ). It is possibly conspecific with P. vampyrus and could also include part of P. intermedius (considered here to be conspecific with P. vampyrus , pending revision). Subspecies chinghaiensis is a nomen nudum, and the single Qinghai specimen is considered to be alien in China . Three subspecies recognized.; [batnames2022]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus ). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).; [MDD2022] the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; [batnames2023]  vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus ). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).; [MDD2023] the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. vampyrus, but the species is tentatively recognized here until further research is done; [MDD2025_2.0] the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. vampyrus, but the species is tentatively recognized here until further research is done; [batnames2025_1.7] vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).; [MDD2025_2.2] the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. vampyrus, but the species is tentatively recognized here until further research is done										medius, ariel, leucocephalus	giganteus (under medius - epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective synonym of P. vampyrus )	medius, ariel, chinghaiensis, leucocephalus	medius - edwardsi, kelaarti, ruvicollis; leucocephalus - assamensis	medius, edwardsi, ruvicollis, leucocephalus , assamensis, kelaarti, ariel, chinghaiensis		medius, ariel, chinghaiensis, leucocephalus	medius - edwardsi, kelaarti, ruvicollis; leucocephalus - assamensis	medius, edwardsi, ruvicollis, leucocephalus, assamensis, kelaarti, ariel, chinghaiensis	medius, leucocephalus, assamensis, kelaartii, ariel, chinghaiensis, edwardsi, kelaarti, ruvicollis	 ariel, chinghaiensis, leucocephalus, medius 	leucocephalus - assamensis; medius - edwardsi, kelaarti, ruvicollis	medius Temminck, 1825|leucocephalus B. H. Hodgson, 1835|assamensis McClelland in Horsfield, 1840|edwarsii Day, 1863 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|edwardsi Jerdon, 1867 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|kelaartii J. E. Gray, 1871|ariel G. M. Allen, 1908|chinghaiensis Wang Zongyi & Wang Song, 1962 [nomen nudum]|kelaarti Simmons, 2005 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]|ruvicollis Simmons, 2005 [incorrect subsequent spelling | not used as valid]						N/A																																								_P. m. ariel_ Allen, 1908; _P. m. leucocephalus_ Hodgson, 1835 (synonyms: _assamensis_ McClelland, 1840); _P. m. medius_ Temminck, 1825 (synonyms: _edwardsii_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810, _kelaartii_ Gray, 1871, _rubricollis_ Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1810)																											03AD87FAFF91F67C8C713E00FCC5F4A3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	157	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFFA7F64E8C6C31BFFCBDF636.xml	Pteropus medius	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	medius	Temminck	1825	Roussette indienne @fr | German @en | ndischer Flughund @en | Zorro volador de la @es | ndia @en	Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 , “Le continent de I'Inde, aux enwvirons de Calcutta et de Pondichéry .” Pteropus medius is in the wvampyrus species group. Its taxonomy is problematic; epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective synonym of P. vampyrus ). It is possibly conspecific with P. vampyrus and could also include part of P. intermedius (considered here to be conspecific with P. vampyrus , pending revision). Subspecies chinghaiensis is a nomen nudum, and the single Qinghai specimen is considered to be alien in China . Three subspecies recognized.	P.m.mediusTemminck,1825—WPakistan,India(exceptNE),SriLanka,Bangladesh,WMyanmar,andAndamanIs. P.m.arielG.M.Allen,1908—MaldivesIs. P. m. leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835 — Nepal , NE India ( Sikkim , Assam , and Manipur ), and Bhutan .	Head—body 220-247 mm (tailless), ear 37-42 mm , hindfoot 45- 55 mm , forearm 163-176 mm ; weight 1.1- 2 kg . Muzzle of the Indian Flying Fox is long, tapering, and dark brown. Eyes are relatively large, with dark brown irises. Ears are very long, exposed, and pointed. Head and body pelage are generally short but longest in subspecies leucocephalus. Crown is highly variable from brown to more rufous or yellowish shades. Mantle strongly contrasts with back, from golden buffy to ocherous, extending to sides of neck with same or more intense tinge. Males have tuft of glandular, more rigid hairs on sides of neck that are slightly warmer in tinge that surrounding pelage. Back is seal-brown; hairs are closely adpressed and inconspicuously grizzled; rump is often tinged in earthy brown. Throat is dark brown. Breast and belly are always paler than back but vary considerably across individuals and regions from almost golden buff to cinnamon rufous or even light russet-brown. Flanks are dark brown. Genital area is dark brown, and lower belly is brown. Uropatagium is well developed in center; calcar is short. Wing membranes are dark brown; index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine; rostrum is long and pointed, profile gently sloping into gentle rise; orbit is large; zygoma is wide but relatively thin and strongly arched; basicranial deflection is strong; postorbital foramina are small; postorbital constriction is obvious; temporallines are joined low, but sagittal crest is sharp; nuchal crest is obvious; palate is flat and long; tooth rows gently diverge posteriorly; and post-dental palate is long. Mandible has long, sloping symphysis, thick body, and coronoid. Palatal ridges 5 + 6 + 3 or 5 + 5 + 3 pattern. Dentition is typical pteropine, but cingula and ledges are poorly developed in canines and cheekteeth; M, is small, peg-like, and displaced lingually. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 68, with seven pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric to subtelocentric, and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric.	Various forested habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2000 m . Roosting habitat is located preferentially in areas with lower-than-average rainfall, away from flooded areas, and close to human settlements, thus increasing up to six fold the probability of zoonotic diseases spread, particularly Nipah virus outbreaks (particularly in Bangladesh ).	The Indian Flying Fox is mainly frugivorous but also includes flower products and leaves in its diet. It feeds on fruit from at least 17 plant genera in 13 families. Figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) are dominant in diets. Most fruits consumed are either yellow or green. It feeds on flowers of Mangifera ( Anacardiaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Grevillea (Proteacae) ; Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ); Albizia and Erythrina (both Fabaceae ); Hevea ( Euphorbiaceae ); and Ceiba ( Malvaceae ). Flowers are white, yellow, or red. In Myanmar , diet contains fruits of 24 species in 19 families, flowers of six species in six families, and leaves of Albizia , Bombax ( Malvaceae ), and Ceiba . Active symbiotic cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria were isolated in the intestine of the Indian Flying Fox so consumption of leaves and fruit fiber represent carbohydrate sources. Fruits are taken from trees and carried away to nearby roost trees where they are squeezed, and fibers and seeds are rejected; foraging activity results in active seed and pollen dispersal.	The Indian Flying Fox is seasonally monoestrous. It mates in July—October in India . Copulation occurs mainly in morning. Male approaches female while wing fanning and vocalizing; female moves away, and when she stops, male licks her genitals, and they copulate for 10-40 seconds, with frequent vaginal licking by the male after copulation. Gestation lasts 140-150 days. One young is born each year in maternity colonies in February-March ( India ). Mothers carry young in flight. Young are weaned at ¢.5 months old. Sexual maturity occurs at 1-1-5 years old. Maximum longevity in captivity is more than 40 years.	Indian Flying Foxes are crepuscular and nocturnal. They leave roosts at ¢.18:00 h and circle the site before dispersing in all directions to forage. Individuals return to roosts just before dawn. They visit ponds and drink water on the wing. Core body temperature was 36-7°C at ambient temperatures (0-32°C). Average basal metabolism was 0-52 cm ? O,/g/h, or 92% of the value expected based on mean weight.	Indian Flying Foxes are highly colonial, and roosts can contain hundreds to thousands of both sexes in emergent trees (average 20 m tall) in rural areas and urban environments close to agriculturalfields. In Bangladesh , colony size was larger in dense forest than in other environments; colony size averaged 387 individuals and reached a maximum of 2700 individuals; however, a colony of more than 24,000 individuals spread over 2 ha in Sri Lanka is likely the largest known colony. A majority (65%) of roosting sites are intermittently occupied for ten or more years, and 87% of roosting sites are occupied year-round. A roosting site in southern India was occupied for more than 75 years. Nightly foraging commutes are up to 150 km . Day activity is typically pteropine, including wing flapping and antagonistic territorial interactions.	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as P. giganteus ). Population of the Indian Flying Fox is suspected to be declining but not at a rate that justifies changing its conservation category. It is hunted for food and medicine in parts of its distribution. Loss of roosting trees to logging and road construction might be a threat, but moderate deforestation might be beneficial because it is tolerant to disturbance. It is listed as vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and persecuted by farmers. Culling of Indian Flying Foxes in conflict with fruit growers has reduced island populations on the Maldives (subspecies ariel) by up to 80%. This subspecies can be considered endangered chiefly due to its limited insular distribution and human-wildlife conflict. Subspecies leucocephalus is protected in Nepal under wildlife regulations. It is indirectly protected in regions of the Indian subcontinent where it is considered sacred (e.g. southern India ).	Almeida et al. (2014) | Anand & Sripathi (2004) | Andersen (1912b) | Brannich (1782) | Chakravarthy et al. (2009) | Hahn, Epstein et al. (2014) | KryStufek (2009) | Marimuthu (1992) | Maruthupandian & Marimuthu (2013) | McNab & Armstrong (2001) | Mlikovsky (2012) | Molur & Molur (2007) | Molur, Pathak (1965) | Win Sein-Sein & Mya Khin-Mya (2015) | Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010)		180. Indian Flying Fox Pteropus medius French: Roussette indienne / German: Indischer Flughund / Spanish: Zorro volador de la India Taxonomy. Pteropus medius Temminck, 1825 , “Le continent de I'Inde, aux enwvirons de Calcutta et de Pondichéry .” Pteropus medius is in the wvampyrus species group. Its taxonomy is problematic; epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective synonym of P. vampyrus ). It is possibly conspecific with P. vampyrus and could also include part of P. intermedius (considered here to be conspecific with P. vampyrus , pending revision). Subspecies chinghaiensis is a nomen nudum, and the single Qinghai specimen is considered to be alien in China . Three subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution. P.m.mediusTemminck,1825—WPakistan,India(exceptNE),SriLanka,Bangladesh,WMyanmar,andAndamanIs. P.m.arielG.M.Allen,1908—MaldivesIs. P. m. leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835 — Nepal , NE India ( Sikkim , Assam , and Manipur ), and Bhutan . Descriptive notes. Head—body 220-247 mm (tailless), ear 37-42 mm , hindfoot 45- 55 mm , forearm 163-176 mm ; weight 1.1- 2 kg . Muzzle of the Indian Flying Fox is long, tapering, and dark brown. Eyes are relatively large, with dark brown irises. Ears are very long, exposed, and pointed. Head and body pelage are generally short but longest in subspecies leucocephalus. Crown is highly variable from brown to more rufous or yellowish shades. Mantle strongly contrasts with back, from golden buffy to ocherous, extending to sides of neck with same or more intense tinge. Males have tuft of glandular, more rigid hairs on sides of neck that are slightly warmer in tinge that surrounding pelage. Back is seal-brown; hairs are closely adpressed and inconspicuously grizzled; rump is often tinged in earthy brown. Throat is dark brown. Breast and belly are always paler than back but vary considerably across individuals and regions from almost golden buff to cinnamon rufous or even light russet-brown. Flanks are dark brown. Genital area is dark brown, and lower belly is brown. Uropatagium is well developed in center; calcar is short. Wing membranes are dark brown; index claw is present. Skull is typical pteropine; rostrum is long and pointed, profile gently sloping into gentle rise; orbit is large; zygoma is wide but relatively thin and strongly arched; basicranial deflection is strong; postorbital foramina are small; postorbital constriction is obvious; temporallines are joined low, but sagittal crest is sharp; nuchal crest is obvious; palate is flat and long; tooth rows gently diverge posteriorly; and post-dental palate is long. Mandible has long, sloping symphysis, thick body, and coronoid. Palatal ridges 5 + 6 + 3 or 5 + 5 + 3 pattern. Dentition is typical pteropine, but cingula and ledges are poorly developed in canines and cheekteeth; M, is small, peg-like, and displaced lingually. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 68, with seven pairs of metacentric, nine pairs of submetacentric to subtelocentric, and two pairs of acrocentric autosomes. X-chromosome is metacentric, and Y-chromosome is acrocentric. Habitat. Various forested habitats from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 2000 m . Roosting habitat is located preferentially in areas with lower-than-average rainfall, away from flooded areas, and close to human settlements, thus increasing up to six fold the probability of zoonotic diseases spread, particularly Nipah virus outbreaks (particularly in Bangladesh ). Food and Feeding. The Indian Flying Fox is mainly frugivorous but also includes flower products and leaves in its diet. It feeds on fruit from at least 17 plant genera in 13 families. Figs ( Ficus , Moraceae ) are dominant in diets. Most fruits consumed are either yellow or green. It feeds on flowers of Mangifera ( Anacardiaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Grevillea (Proteacae) ; Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ); Albizia and Erythrina (both Fabaceae ); Hevea ( Euphorbiaceae ); and Ceiba ( Malvaceae ). Flowers are white, yellow, or red. In Myanmar , diet contains fruits of 24 species in 19 families, flowers of six species in six families, and leaves of Albizia , Bombax ( Malvaceae ), and Ceiba . Active symbiotic cellulolytic and xylanolytic bacteria were isolated in the intestine of the Indian Flying Fox so consumption of leaves and fruit fiber represent carbohydrate sources. Fruits are taken from trees and carried away to nearby roost trees where they are squeezed, and fibers and seeds are rejected; foraging activity results in active seed and pollen dispersal. Breeding. The Indian Flying Fox is seasonally monoestrous. It mates in July—October in India . Copulation occurs mainly in morning. Male approaches female while wing fanning and vocalizing; female moves away, and when she stops, male licks her genitals, and they copulate for 10-40 seconds, with frequent vaginal licking by the male after copulation. Gestation lasts 140-150 days. One young is born each year in maternity colonies in February-March ( India ). Mothers carry young in flight. Young are weaned at ¢.5 months old. Sexual maturity occurs at 1-1-5 years old. Maximum longevity in captivity is more than 40 years. Activity patterns. Indian Flying Foxes are crepuscular and nocturnal. They leave roosts at ¢.18:00 h and circle the site before dispersing in all directions to forage. Individuals return to roosts just before dawn. They visit ponds and drink water on the wing. Core body temperature was 36-7°C at ambient temperatures (0-32°C). Average basal metabolism was 0-52 cm ? O,/g/h, or 92% of the value expected based on mean weight. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indian Flying Foxes are highly colonial, and roosts can contain hundreds to thousands of both sexes in emergent trees (average 20 m tall) in rural areas and urban environments close to agriculturalfields. In Bangladesh , colony size was larger in dense forest than in other environments; colony size averaged 387 individuals and reached a maximum of 2700 individuals; however, a colony of more than 24,000 individuals spread over 2 ha in Sri Lanka is likely the largest known colony. A majority (65%) of roosting sites are intermittently occupied for ten or more years, and 87% of roosting sites are occupied year-round. A roosting site in southern India was occupied for more than 75 years. Nightly foraging commutes are up to 150 km . Day activity is typically pteropine, including wing flapping and antagonistic territorial interactions. Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List (as P. giganteus ). Population of the Indian Flying Fox is suspected to be declining but not at a rate that justifies changing its conservation category. It is hunted for food and medicine in parts of its distribution. Loss of roosting trees to logging and road construction might be a threat, but moderate deforestation might be beneficial because it is tolerant to disturbance. It is listed as vermin under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife Protection Act and persecuted by farmers. Culling of Indian Flying Foxes in conflict with fruit growers has reduced island populations on the Maldives (subspecies ariel) by up to 80%. This subspecies can be considered endangered chiefly due to its limited insular distribution and human-wildlife conflict. Subspecies leucocephalus is protected in Nepal under wildlife regulations. It is indirectly protected in regions of the Indian subcontinent where it is considered sacred (e.g. southern India ). Bibliography. Almeida et al. (2014), Anand & Sripathi (2004), Andersen (1912b), Brannich (1782), Chakravarthy et al. (2009), Hahn, Epstein et al. (2014), KryStufek (2009), Marimuthu (1992), Maruthupandian & Marimuthu (2013), McNab & Armstrong (2001), Mlikovsky (2012), Molur & Molur (2007), Molur, Pathak (1965), Win Sein-Sein & Mya Khin-Mya (2015), Zhang Jinshuo et al. (2010).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus medius	Pteropus		medius	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.1639	Indian Flying Fox	 edwardsi Geoffroy, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1810];  kelaarti Gray, 1871 [skin, not skull]; ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; <b> ariel </b> G. M. Allen, 1908; <b> chinghaiensis </b> Wang and Wang, 1962; <b> leucocephalus </b> Hodgson, 1835; assamensis McClelland, 1839.	India, Bengal.	Maldive Isls, India (incl. Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma. Zhang et al. (2010) consider this species non-native in China (Tsinghai). Cambodian records are apparently erroneous; see Kock (2000).	Appendix II	Least Concern under Pteropus giganteus 	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus ). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus medius	23	Indian Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	medius	Temminck	1825	0						"Le continent de l'Inde, aux environs de Calcutta et de Pondichéry."			medius Temminck, 1825|edwardsi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828 [preoccupied]|ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [preoccupied]|leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835|assamensis McClelland, 1839|kelaarti J. E. Gray, 1871|ariel G. M. Allen, 1908|chinghaiensis Wang Zongyi & Wang Song, 1962	the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.	Pakistan|India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Maldives|Sri Lanka|Andaman Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_medius	0	manual	Pteropus_medius	0																																			Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		medius	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.163889	Indian Flying Fox	 edwardsi Geoffroy, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1810];  kelaarti Gray, 1871 [skin, not skull]; ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; <b> ariel </b> G. M. Allen, 1908; <b> chinghaiensis </b> Wang and Wang, 1962; <b> leucocephalus </b> Hodgson, 1835; assamensis McClelland, 1839.	India, Bengal.	Maldive Isls, India (incl. Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma. Zhang et al. (2010) consider this species non-native in China (Tsinghai). Cambodian records are apparently erroneous; see Kock (2000).	Appendix II	Least Concern under Pteropus giganteus 	 vampyrus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus ). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).	Pteropus medius	1004476	23	Indian Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	medius	Temminck	1825	0						"Le continent de l'Inde, aux environs de Calcutta et de Pondichéry."			medius Temminck, 1825|edwardsi I. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1828 [preoccupied]|ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [preoccupied]|leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835|assamensis McClelland, 1839|kelaarti J. E. Gray, 1871|ariel G. M. Allen, 1908|chinghaiensis Wang Zongyi & Wang Song, 1962	the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. vampyrus, but the species is tentatively recognized here until further research is done	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.				Pakistan|India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Maldives|Sri Lanka|Andaman Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_medius	0	manual	Pteropus_medius	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_medius	1004476	23	Indian Flying Fox		Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	medius	Temminck	0	Pteropus medius	Temminck, C.J. 1825. Livraison 5. Pp. 157–204 in Temminck, C.J. 1827. Monographies de Mammalogie. G. Dufour et E. d'Ocagne, Paris, 268 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52681322	RMNH.MAM.37905, RMNH.MAM.37906	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37905 | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.37906	"Le continent de l'Inde, aux environs de Calcutta et de Pondichéry."			the name medius is used instead of giganteus because giganteus is now considered a synonym of P. vampyrum; P. intermedius has been included under this species or under P. vampyrus, but the species is tentatively recognized here until further research is done	Mlíkovský, J. (2012). Correct name for the Indian flying fox (Pteropodidae). Vespertilio, 16, 203-4.				Pakistan|India|Nepal|Bhutan|Bangladesh|Myanmar|Maldives|Sri Lanka|Andaman and Nicobar Islands	Asia	Indomalaya	LC	0	0	0	Pteropus_medius	0	manual	Pteropus_giganteus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		medius	Temminck	1825	0	Monogr. Mamm.	0.163889	Indian Flying Fox	edwardsi Geoffroy, 1828 [not Geoffroy, 1810];  kelaarti Gray, 1871 [skin, not skull]; ruvicollis Ogilby, 1840 [not E. Geoffroy, 1810]; ariel G. M. Allen, 1908; chinghaiensis Wang and Wang, 1962; leucocephalus Hodgson, 1835; assamensis McClelland, 1839.	India, Bengal.	Maldive Isls, India (incl. Andaman Isls), Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, Burma. Zhang et al. (2010) consider this species non-native in China (Tsinghai). Cambodian records are apparently erroneous; see Kock (2000).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18725/194134899/' target='_blank'>Least Concern</a>	vampyrusspecies group; see Almeida et al. (2014). See Mlikovsky (2012) for use of medius, not giganteus. and the correct synonymy of this name. Includes ariel; see Hill (1958). Is not conspecific with vampyrus as previously thought (e.g.,  Corbet and Hill, 1992), but more distantly related see O'Brien et al. (2009; as P. giganteus). Reviewed in part by Bates and Harrison (1997) and Horácek et al. (2000).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus medius; Pteropus medius; Pteropus medius; Pteropus medius; medius; ariel; leucocephalus; giganteus (under medius - epithet medius replaces giganteus by M. T. Briinnich in 1782 (junior objective P. vampyrus ); ariel; chinghaiensis; leucocephalus; edwardsi; kelaarti; ruvicollis; leucocephalus - assamensis; medius; edwardsi; ruvicollis; leucocephalus; assamensis; kelaarti; ariel; chinghaiensis; Roussette indienne; German; ndischer Flughund; Zorro volador de la; ndia; Indian Flying Fox; Indian Flying Fox; P. medius