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line:xlsx:hash://sha256/181a039844a33e66a35a457b7ece741051086608e425a040051b79581d606b97!/Sheet1!/L1276	application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.spreadsheetml.sheet	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus hypomelanus		[MSW2] Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970:180); but see Koopman (1984c).; [MSW3] subniger species group. It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen (1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).; [HMW] Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..; [batnames2022]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).; [IUCN] This taxon belongs to the subniger species group. Earlier the taxon satyrus Andersen, 1908 was listed under Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 (Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993). Jones and Kunz (2000) validated maris Allen, 1936 as its subspecies (Srinivasulu et al.  in press). The Melanesian population of this species (subspecies P. h. luteus ) is disjunct from populations in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (several subspecies).; [batnames2023]  griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).; [batnames2025_1.7] griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus;see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).				brunneus		annectens, cagayanus, canus, condorensis, enganus, fretensis, geminorum, lepidus, luteus, macassaricus, marts, robinsoni, simalurus, tomesi, tricolor, vulcanius.		hypomelanus, annectens, cagayanus, canus, condorensis, enganus, fretensis, geminorum, lepidus, luteus, macassaricus, maris, robinsoni, satyrus, simalurus, tomesi	tricolor; luteus - vulcanius		luteus - vulcanius; satyrus - melanotus?	hypomelanus, annectens, cagayanus, canus, condorensis, enganus, fretensis, geminorum, lepidus, luteus, macassaricus, maris, robinsoni, satyrus, simalurus, tomesi	hypomelanus - tricolor; luteus - vulcanius 	hypomelanus, tricolor, condorensis, tomesi, macassaricus, lepidus, geminorum, cagayanus, enganus, annectens, canus, luteus, satyrus, robinsoni, vulcanius, fretensis, simalurus, maris	This taxon belongs to the subniger species group. Earlier the taxon satyrus Andersen, 1908 was listed under Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 (Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993). Jones and Kunz (2000) validated maris Allen, 1936 as its subspecies (Srinivasulu et al.  in press). The Melanesian population of this species (subspecies P. h. luteus ) is disjunct from populations in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (several subspecies).	hypomelanus, annectens, cagayanus, canus, condorensis, enganus, fretensis, geminorum, lepidus, luteus, macassaricus, maris, robinsoni, satyrus, simalurus, tomesi	hypomelanus - tricolor; luteus - vulcanius 	hypomelanus, tricolor, condorensis, tomesi, macassaricus, lepidus, geminorum, cagayanus, enganus, annectens, canus, luteus, satyrus, robinsoni, vulcanius, fretensis, simalurus, maris 	vociferus, hypomelanus, condorensis, tomesii, tricolor, macassaricus, lepidus, geminorum, cagayanus, enganus, annectens, canus, luteus, satyrus, robinsoni, vulcanius, fretensis, simalurus, maris, tomesi	annectens, cagayanus, canus, condorensis, enganus, fretensis, geminorum, hypomelanus, lepidus, luteus, macassaricus, maris, robinsoni, satyrus, simalurus, tomesi	hypomelanus - tricolor; luteus - vulcanius	vociferus T. R. Peale, 1849|hypomelanus Temminck, 1853|tomesii W. C. H. Peters, 1868|condorensis W. C. H. Peters, 1869|hypomelas J. E. Gray, 1871 [incorrect subsequent spelling]|tricolor J. E. Gray, 1871|macassaricus Heude, 1897|lepidus G. S. Miller, 1900|geminorum G. S. Miller, 1903|cagayanus Mearns, 1905|enganus G. S. Miller, 1906|annectens Andersen, 1908|canus Andersen, 1908|luteus Andersen, 1908|satyrus Andersen, 1908|robinsoni Andersen in O. Thomas & Wroughton, 1909|vulcanius O. Thomas, 1915|fretensis Kloss, 1916|simalurus O. Thomas, 1923|maris G. M. Allen, 1936|tomesi D. D. Davis, 1962 [incorrect subsequent spelling]		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1980. A World List of Mammalian Species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp.	Small flying fox	S Burma – Solomons, Philippines, C Maidive Is	Honacki, J.H., Kinman, K.E. and Koeppl, J.W. 1982. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Allen Press, Lawrence, 694 pp.	Pteropus hypomelanus	Indonesia, Molucca Isis., Ternate Isl.	Temminck	1853	Esquisses Zool. sur la Cote de Guine, p. 61.	Distribution: Ranging (mostly on small islands) from the Maldives (P. h. maris), southeastern Asia (5 subspecies), the West Sumatran islands (P. h. simalurus, P. h. enganus), the Natunas (P. h. canus, P. h. annectens), northern Borneo P. h. tomesi), Philippines (P. h. cagayanus), Celebes (P. h. macassaricus), northern Moluccas (P. h. hypomelanus), and northern New Guinea to the Bismarcks and Solomons (P. h. luteus).		Corbet, G.B. and Hill, J.E. 1991. A World List of Mammalian Species. Third edition. Oxford University Press, London, 243 pp. ISBN 0-19-854017-5	Small flying fox (? santacrucis) (? mearrisi)	S Burma – Solomons, Philippines, C Maidive Is	Koopman, K.F. 1993. Order Chiroptera. Pp. 137–242 in Wilson, D.E. and Reeder, D.M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Second edition. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, 1206 pp.	Temminck	1853	Esquisses Zool. sur la Cote de Guine, p. 61.	Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970:180); but see Koopman (1984c).	Maidive Isis; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Solomon Isis; Philippines.	Indonesia, Molucca Isis, Ternate Isl.		TEMMINCK	1853	Posteroir basal ledges of larger premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Tibia naked dorsally. Uropatagium poorly developed. Ear length moderate. Breadth of last upper premolars about one third that of palate between them. Forearm length, 121-148 mm. Total length of skull, 61-69mm.	Distribution: Ranging (mostly on small islands) from the Maldives (P. h. maris), southeastern Asia (5 subspecies), the West Sumatran islands (P. h. simalurus, P. h. enganus), the Natunas (P. h. canus, P. h. annectens), northern Borneo P. h. tomesi), Philippines (P. h. cagayanus), Celebes (P. h. macassaricus), northern Moluccas (P. h. hypomelanus), and northern New Guinea to the Bismarcks and Solomons (P. h. luteus).	There are 15 subspecies in all.		22	species	P. hypomelanus	TEMMINCK	1853	Pteropus	genus	Pteropus hypomelanus				Posteroir basal ledges of larger premolars distinct. Skull and dentition primitive for the genus. Tibia naked dorsally. Uropatagium poorly developed. Ear length moderate. Breadth of last upper premolars about one third that of palate between them. Forearm length, 121-148 mm. Total length of skull, 61-69mm.	There are 15 subspecies in all.		1. P. hypomelanus TEMMINCK 1853 [subniger group].	1	_P. h. annectens_ Andersen, 1908; _P. h. cagayanus_ Mearns, 1905; _P. h. canus_ Andersen, 1908; _P. h. condorensis_ Peters, 1869; _P. h. enganus_ Miller, 1906; _P. h. fretensis_ Kloss, 1916; _P. h. geminorum_ Miller, 1903; _P. h. hypomelanus_ Temminck, 1853 (synonyms: _tricolor_ Gray, 1871); _P. h. lepidus_ Miller, 1900; _P. h. luteus_ Andersen, 1908 (synonyms: _vulcanius_ Thomas, 1915); _P. h. macassaricus_ Heude, 1897; _P. h. maris_ Allen, 1936; _P. h. robinsoni_ Andersen, 1909; _P. h. satyrus_ Andersen, 1908; _P. h. simalurus_ Thomas, 1923; _P. h. tomesii_ Peters, 1868			Don E. Wilson & DeeAnn M. Reeder (editors). 2005. Mammal Species of the World. A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed), Johns Hopkins University Press, 2,142 pp. (Available from Johns Hopkins University Press, 1-800-537-5487 or (410) 516-6900, or at http://www.press.jhu.edu).	CHIROPTERA	Pteropodidae			Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus		hypomelanus	Temminck		1853		Esquisses Zool. sur la Côte de Guine			61		Variable Flying Fox	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.	Andaman and Maldive Isls; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Philippines. Solomon Isls records are probably erroneous (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	CITES – Appendix II. IUCN/SSC Action Plan (1992) – Not Threatened. IUCN 2003 – Lower Risk (lc).	tricolor Gray, 1871; annectens K. Andersen, 1908; cagayanus Mearns, 1905; canus K. Andersen, 1908; condorensis Peters, 1869; enganus Miller, 1906; fretensis Kloss, 1916; geminorum Miller, 1903; lepidus Miller, 1900; luteus K. Andersen, 1908; vulcanius Thomas, 1915; macassaricus Heude, 1897; maris Allen, 1936; robinsoni K. Andersen, 1909; satyrus K. Andersen, 1908; simalurus Thomas, 1923; tomesi Peters, 1869.	subniger species group. It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen (1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) and Bonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery (1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).	03AD87FAFFA3F64D8971383FF649F9B3	Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 9 Bats, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions	978-84-16728-19-0	hbmw_9_Pteropodidae_16.pdf.imf	hash://md5/ff94ff82ffc4f62a891e341cffa5ff9b	143	zip:hash://sha256/ec5fd314a06aba1a7b0b72f23e54ac625ae272bd98f82f1d01f4c09627d9e8e0!/treatments-xml-main/data/03/AD/87/03AD87FAFF91F67F896D3090F9CEF648.xml	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropodidae	Pteropus	hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	Roussette hypomélane @fr | German @en | nselflughund @en | Zorro volador pequeno @es | Small Flying Fox @en | Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) @en	Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized..	P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo.	Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72.	Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands.	Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h.	Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days.	Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate.	The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ).	CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox.	Aimeida et al. (2014) | Andersen (1912b) | Aziz et al. (2017) | Bonaccorso (1998) | Corbet & Hill (1992) | Flannery (1995a) | Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008) | Heaney et al. (2016) | Ingle & Heaney (1992) | Jones & Kunz (2000) | Koopman (1979) | Metrione et al. (2008) | Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989) | Simmons (2005) | Thomas (1915b)	https://zenodo.org/record/6448899/files/figure.png	150. Island Flying Fox Pteropus hypomelanus French: Roussette hypomélane / German: Inselflughund / Spanish: Zorro volador pequeno Other common names: Small Flying Fox , Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi) Taxonomy. Pteropus hypomelanus Temminck, 1853 , “1.’ile de Ternate [= Ternate Island ],” Moluccas , Indonesia . Pteropus hypomelanus is in the griseus species group. Subspecies are in need of revision. Subspecies vulcanius by O. Thomas in 1915 is synonymized with luteus; subspecies satyrus, previously assigned to P. melanotus , 1s In needed of clarification. Sixteen subspecies recognized. Subspecies and Distribution P.h.hypomelanusTemminck,1853—NMoluccas(HalmaheraandTernate)P.h.annectensK.Andersen,1908—SNatunaIs(Serasan)P.h.cagayanusMearns,1905—P.h. . . . P.h.canusK.Andersen,1908—NNatunaIsP.h.condorensisPeters,1869—ConDaoIs(Vietnam),andothersmallislandsintheGulfofThailand(CambodiaandThailand). . P.h.enganusG.S.Miller,1906—MentawaiIsP.h.fretensisKloss,1916—JarakIintheStraitsofMalaccaP.h.gemanorumG.S.Miller,1903—MerguiArchipelagoinSMyanmar(SouthTwinI),WcoastofSThailandIs(KoSurin,Similan,Satun),andWcoastofPeninsularMalaysiaIs(Langkawi). . . P.h.lepidusG.S.Miller,1900—TiomanandAurIs,offECoastofPeninsularMalaysia,andTambelanArchipelago,oftSWBorneo. P.h.luteusK.Andersen,1908—afewrecordsonmainlandNEPapuaNewGuineabutspeciallyonislandsoffN&Ecoasts,alsoinAdmiraltyIs,BismarckArchipelago,Solomons(RussellIs),TrobriandandWoodlarkIs,D’EntrecasteuxIs,andLouisiadeArchipelago. P.h.macassaricusHeude,1896—Sulawesi,Sangihe,andTalaudIs. P.h.marisG.M.Allen,1936—MaldivesIs. P.h.robinson:K.Andersen,1909—RumbiaIintheStraitsofMalacca. P.h.satyrusK.Andersen,1908—AndamanIs(Narcondam)P.h.sitmalurusThomas,1923—TapahIandothersatelliteislandsnearSimeulueI,offNWSumatra. . P. h. tomesii Peters, 1869 — Labuan I and other offshore islands off NW Borneo. Descriptive notes. Head-body 194-225 mm (tailless), ear 24-27 mm , hindfoot 52- 68 mm , forearm 125-145 mm ; weight 300-420 g . Wingspans are 1000-1200 mm , depending on subspecies. Greatest lengths of skulls are 59-69 mm and tibias 56-62 mm . The Island Flying Fox is highly variable, with robust skull and laterally compressed rostrum. Forearm length and body mass vary among subspecies and geographical regions, but subspecific variations is primarily in color. Ears are somewhat broad and rounded. Fur is short and adpressed on back and humerus, with some longer hairs in middle of back. Tibia is naked. Base offur is dark brown. Wing membranes are brown and attach near spine. Subspecies in eastern end ofits distribution ( hypomelanus , luteus, and macassaricus) have dark brown backs and pale to ocherous bellies; luteus is considerably paler brown on front and back of body, with reddish brown on fore neck and sides of neck and brown head. Western subspecies have varieties of darker fur, some with sprinklings of grayish flecks and other variation in color, such as chestnut, cinnamon, or golden ocherous. Subspecies in the South China Sea area are slightly larger in average size of teeth, and subspecies enganus is significantly smaller in size overall and wholly dark in color. Subspecies geminorum is wholly dark, with two color morphs: one almost without bright colors and the other with grizzled extension of gray and black sprinkling on head, flanks, and sides of chest and belly; this morph might also occur in western and central subspecies. Skull has well-developed postorbital processes, and temporal ridges joined to form sagittal crest. Orbit is rather large. Coronoid is moderate and somewhat sloping. Canines are distinctly recurved, with narrow but distinct cingulum around entire base. Incisors are arranged in semicircle, with gap away from canines. P' is reduced and minute, lost in many adults. Chromosomal complement has 2n = 38 and FN = 72. Habitat. Secondary and mangrove forests (few records in primary forests) from sea level up to elevations of ¢. 900 m . The Island Flying Fox occurs on species-poor, small islands and primarily roosts on small offshore islands. Food and Feeding. Diet of the Island Flying Fox includes fruits, flowers, and nectar from natural and agroforestry habitats. Various Ficus species ( Moraceae ) make up significant parts ofits diet throughout its distribution. It also feeds on cultivated species. It uses flowers of Ceiba and Durio (both Malvaceae ); Cocos ( Arecaceae ); Pouteria ( Sapotaceae ); and Eucalyptus ( Myrtaceae ). It mostly feeds alone for an average of 21 seconds/flower, but individuals occasionally feed together on the same tree. When finished with a flower, an individual moved to the next flower by flying or crawling on the same branch; minimal flower damage was recorded. Individuals forage continuously throughout the night, frequently vocalizing and wing flapping, which generally decrease after 23:00 h. Breeding. Male and female Island Flying Foxes are reproductively mature at one year of age. Females typically give birth to one young once a year. Birthing peaks vary across the distribution. In the Philippines , females are pregnant around April and give birth in April-May. Young remain dependent on mothers for at least three months. On islands offshore of Papua New Guinea , females were lactating in August, and young were observed in May—August. In captivity at Lubee Bat Conservancy (Gainesville, Florida), individuals originally wild caught in Indonesia in 1990 give birth year-round; males began aggressive reproductive behavior around October. Lactation lasts ¢.100 days. Activity patterns. Island Flying Foxes are nocturnal and leave roosts around dusk to forage. In Malaysia , individuals arrive at durian trees prior (at ¢.19:20 h) to other bat species. Individuals return to day roosts before dawn. The Island Flying Fox has lowerthan-expected basal metabolic rate. Movements, Home range and Social organization. The Island Flying Fox can fly 30- 50 km /night to forage and will skim within troughs of waves to reduce wind resistance when flying long distances. In Papua New Guinea , it commutes from its day roost on small offshore islands to other small islands to forage but rarely to the mainland unless strong winds make flying seaward difficult. It is gregarious and roosts colonially (up to 5000 individuals) in tall trees with low levels of disturbance but forms smaller colonies throughout much ofits distribution. Colonies are of mixed sexes, including females with dependent young. At day roosts, they rest and wing-flap, and occasionally engage in territorial interactions. In the Philippines , the Island Flying Fox roosts with other flying fox species; in Indonesia and Malaysia , most are single-species colonies. In Milne Bay islands, it sometimes roosts with the Spectacled Flying Fox ( P. conspicillatus ). Status and Conservation. CITES Appendix II. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Rate of decline throughout the distribution of the Island Flying Fox due to overhunting and ongoing habitat degradation from human activity and climate change is so far less than 30%. Continued rise in global sea level will result in loss of essential roosting habitat and might result in reclassification as Vulnerable. It is much more rare than in the past due to overhunting and habitat loss. Individuals are normally sold locally, making detection ofillegal killing difficult. Hunters use various methods from guns to nets and fishhooks hanging from lines. There are some resident populations in human-dominant landscapes (orchards and coastal resorts) that has led to conflict and persecution, sometimes resulting in hunting of bats or attempts to expel a colony from the site. Hunting of flying foxes in the Philippines is illegal, except by a few indigenous groups, but hunting is unregulated and therefore continues even today; fruit bat buyers prefer larger species but often buy the relatively small Island Flying Fox. Bibliography. Aimeida et al. (2014), Andersen (1912b), Aziz et al. (2017), Bonaccorso (1998), Corbet & Hill (1992), Flannery (1995a), Francis, Rosell-Ambal, Bonaccorso et al. (2008), Heaney et al. (2016), Ingle & Heaney (1992), Jones & Kunz (2000), Koopman (1979), Metrione et al. (2008), Rickart, Heaney & Rosenfeld (1989), Simmons (2005), Thomas (1915b).	Simmons, N.B. and A.L. Cirranello. 2022B. Bat Species of the World: A taxonomic and geographic database. Accessed on 10/11/2022.	Pteropodidae	Pteropus hypomelanus	Pteropus		hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 61	Variable Flying Fox	 tricolor Gray, 1871; <b> annectens</b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b>cagayanus</b> Mearns, 1905; <b> canus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> condorensis </b> Peters, 1869; <b> enganus </b> Miller, 1906; <b>fretensis</b> Kloss, 1916; <b> geminorum </b> Miller, 1903; <b>lepidus</b>  Miller, 1900; <b>luteus</b> K. Andersen, 1908; vulcanius Thomas, 1915; <b>macassaricus</b>  Heude, 1897; <b>maris</b> Allen, 1936; <b> robinsoni </b> K. Andersen, 1909; <b> satyrus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b>simalurus</b>  Thomas, 1923; <b>tomesi</b> Peters, 1869.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.	Andaman and Maldive Isls; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Philippines. Solomon Isls records are probably erroneous (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).	Mammal Diversity Database. (2023). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 1.11) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7830771 released 15 April 2023	Pteropus hypomelanus	23	Island Flying Fox	Small Flying Fox|Variable Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	PTEROPODIDAE	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	0	Pteropus_hypomelanus	Temminck, C. J. (1853). Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 61.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51377#page/85/mode/1up	RMNH 33640 [lectotype]		"L'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			hypomelanus Temminck, 1853|tricolor J. E. Gray, 1871|condorensis W. Peters, 1869|tomesi W. Peters, 1869|macassaricus Heude, 1897|lepidus G. S. Miller, 1900|geminorum G. S. Miller, 1903|cagayanus Mearns, 1905|enganus G. S. Miller, 1906|annectens K. Andersen, 1908|canus K. Andersen, 1908|luteus K. Andersen, 1908|satyrus K. Andersen, 1908|robinsoni K. Andersen, 1909|vulcanius O. Thomas, 1915|fretensis Kloss, 1916|simalurus O. Thomas, 1923|maris G. M. Allen, 1936	NA	NA	Maldives|Andaman Islands|Myanmar|Thailand|Cambodia|Vietnam|Malaysia|Indonesia|Philippines|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	IUCN. 2022. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2022-1. https://www.iucnredlist.org. Accessed on [28 September, 2022].	18729	Pteropus hypomelanus	ANIMALIA	CHORDATA	MAMMALIA	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIDAE	Pteropus	hypomelanus	Temminck, 1853	This taxon belongs to the subniger species group. Earlier the taxon satyrus Andersen, 1908 was listed under Pteropus melanotus Blyth, 1863 (Corbet and Hill 1992, Koopman 1993). Jones and Kunz (2000) validated maris Allen, 1936 as its subspecies (Srinivasulu et al.  in press). The Melanesian population of this species (subspecies P. h. luteus ) is disjunct from populations in Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines (several subspecies).	20000000	Pteropus hypomelanus	Near Threatened	A2bcd	2020	2018-08-10 00:00:00 UTC	3.1	English	This species is listed as Near Threatened (nearly meets criterion A2abcd) as its global population is estimated to have declined by 25% over the last 24.3 years (three generations; generation length = 8.1 years, Pacifici et al. 2013) due to hunting pressure and habitat loss throughout Southeast Asia. In addition to hunting and anthropogenic development, the species may also lose preferred roosting habitat due to global climate change resulting in global rise in sea level. In Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Viet Nam, and Myanmar colonies are undergoing continual decline and isolated on small satellite islands, and may warrant Vulnerable status. On a global scale, it is often found on oceanic islands, atolls, or satellite islands off of mainland Southeast Asia and may face greater threat from climate change due to rising sea levels.	In South Asia, this species roosts in large colonies of several individuals and is found in forests, orchards, coconut palm groves (Molur et al. 2002). Recent surveys have found colonies in tall trees in gallery and mangrove forests (Srinivasulu et al. 2017). It feeds both on wild and cultivated fruits (Bates and Harrison 1997). In most parts of its range in the Philippines, this species roosts on small offshore islands and near coastlines, but forages on the mainland where it is common in agricultural areas and absent from primary forest (Heideman and Heaney 1992, Rickart et al. 1993, Utzurrum 1992). In Malaysia, it feeds on some cultivated fruit in villages when available (~6 spp of cultivated plants, especially mangoes and Syzygium spp.), but the diet is composed largely of wild plants in the forest (~50 spp), which are dominated overall by figs. The species is also an effective pollinator for economically valuable durian in village orchards (Abdul-Aziz et al. 2017). Many of their roosts are in disturbed areas, and roosts in mangroves or old growth forests are now relatively rarer (Abdul-Aziz pers. comm. 2018). The ecology of many of the subspecies found in Indonesia is largely unknown due to its occurrence on isolated mangroves or remote offshore islands (Wiantoro pers. comm., Tsang pers. obs.). In Melanesia, it is generally an insular species found on small offshore islands. Animals may commute infrequently to larger islands for foraging. It is known to roost in trees, often in large groups at the coastline. It can be found foraging for food in both primary and secondary tropical forest habitats, rural gardens and plantations. The females give birth to a single young which take about one year to reach maturity (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998).	In South Asia, this species is threatened by deforestation, generally resulting from logging operations and the conversion of land to agricultural and other uses. It is also threatened due to tourism related activities (Molur et al. 2002). There are some areas in the Philippines such as parts of Mindanao and the Sierra Madres where local trade in flying foxes happens. However, most regions of the Philippines do not hunt bats or have local trade in bats because of legal protections prohibiting hunting. Most human-bat conflict in the Philippines now stems from misplaced perceptions that the bats are harming agricultural products. In Malaysia, the species is persecuted as a crop pest also (Abdul-Aziz pers. comm. 2018, Mildenstein et al. 2016). There are also mounting concerns that government initiatives related to disease surveillance without any accompanying conservation work may result in continued deterioration of public perception of flying foxes, and that these negative attitudes will lead to actions that will be harmful to the flying fox population. In Melanesia, the species is locally vulnerable to hunting. Island populations of this species, especially on the coastal islands of northern New Guinea, are vulnerable to overexploitation by hunting for food (Bonaccorso 1998). Global climate change leading to increasing sea levels may contribute to further loss of suitable day roosting habitat in the near future, as this species mainly occupies low-lying, small islands and prefers to roost in mangroves near the beach (Tsang pers. obs). Current and projected sea level rise indicates that there are vulnerable hotspots in the Philippines, Vietnam, Sulawesi (Indonesia), and the Andaman Islands (India) due to low tidal range and lower sediment input, which can result in loss of large swaths of mangrove habitats (Ward et al. 2016), which are important to this species for roosting. Aside from submergence of mangroves, sea level rise and sediment deficits also precipitate higher risk for flooding, which may negatively impact foraging areas for the species. In Indonesia, loss of roosting and foraging habitat poses the greatest threat to P. hypomelanu s, though occasional opportunistic take from hunting of more abundant flying foxes may also affect the species (Tsang pers. obs). Increases in extreme weather events due to global climate change, such as tropical cyclones, have been shown to be a major mortality threat to flying foxes in other Pacific Islands, and the loss of foraging areas may also push the flying foxes into foraging or roosting in areas that present greater mortality risk due to higher levels of human-bat conflict (e.g. McConkey et al. 2004 on flying foxes on other South Pacific islands). This species is the only Pteropus species with a disjunct distribution, and its known threats combined with occurrence only on small islands in fragmentary landscapes vulnerable to environmental changes due to global climate change suggests a higher local extinction risk than currently recognized. In general, flying foxes have low reproductive rates and are long-lived, meaning intense hunting can constitute a major threat to the persistence of the species in a single area (Mildenstein et al. 2016).	The global population of the species is estimated to be declining at a rate of ca 25% over the last three generations. This species can form colonies of up to 5,000 individuals, though most known colonies do not reach that size. In Vietnam, recent population counts in Con Dao indicate a peak colony size of ca. 1700 individuals. In Malaysia, the largest roost is on Pulau Tioman, but the population at Tetek fluctuates from ca 2,000–5,000 individuals. On other islands in Malaysia, colonies are estimated to comprise approximately 800–1,000 individuals (Abdul-Aziz, Azad, and Roslan pers. comm. 2018). The abundance, population size, and trends for this species are not known in Indonesia (Wiantoro pers. comm. 2018) and South Asia (Molur et al. 2002). Population declines are suspected throughout its range due to habitat loss, and will likely continue due to continual degradation of both roosting sites and foraging habitats. Loss of preferred roosting sites and natural foraging habitats will also produce more human-bat conflict which will result in persecution of this species.	Decreasing	This species has the widest longitudinal range of all flying foxes, stretching from the Maldives and Andaman and Nicobar Islands (India) in the west, to Melanesia in the east. However, their local home ranges are usually rather limited. The species is found on many offshore islands and in coastal lowlands in the Southeast Asian region, including Thailand, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Indonesia. In Viet Nam, it is found only in Con Dao National Park on Con Dao (=Condor) Island and Hon Khoai Island, both in Ba Ria-Vung Tau Province in southern Viet Nam (Thong 2004). In Myanmar, the only known colony is in the south in Myeik (Soisook pers. comm. 2018). In southern Thailand, it is found on islands off the western coast near Myanmar (Ko Surin, Similan Island, Satun) and islands off the east coast (Tean Island near Ko Samui) (Jumsri and Ngamprasertwong pers. comm. 2018, Soisook pers. comm. 2018). The species was previously recorded from Tao Island near Ko Samui, but increasing development from tourism has likely displaced the colony (Jumsri and Ngamprasertwong pers. comm. 2018). In Malaysia, this species is found on small satellite islands around Malaysia, including: Bidong, Terengganu, Perhetian Besar, Perhentian Kecil (Roslan, pers. comm. 2018), Tioman, Pangkor, Labu, Pemanggil, Aur, Dangli, Kapas, Redang, Sipadan, (Abdul-Aziz, pers. comm. 2018), Langkawi (Pulliam et al. , 2012, Mohd-Yosuf and Senawi pers. comm. 2018). In Indonesia, it is found on satellite islands of Java but not known from mainland Java, on Madura Island northeast of Java, the Sangir Islands, Ternate, and some of the Mentawai Islands (Enganno, and historically known from Simeulue but not confirmed recently) (Tsang et al. , in revision, Wiantoro pers. comm. 2018). However, some islands north of Jakarta in Java (e.g. Pulau Seribu) have been developed and it is unclear what the status of the colony is (Sheherazade pers. comm. 2018, Tsang pers. obs. 2018). In the Philippines, it is found throughout the country, with records from Bohol, Cagayan Sulu, Camotes, Camiguin, Cebu, Cuyo (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2018), Dinagat (Caballero pers. comm. 2018), Guimaras, Leyte, Luzon (Camarines Sur, Ilocos Norte, and Nueva Ecija) Mactan, Marinduque, Maripipi, Masbat, Mindanao, Negros, Palawan (including Calamian Islands, Balabac, Bat Island in Honda Bay, Rasa Island, small islands in Roxas) (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2018), Panay (including Boracay and Batbatan), Polillo, Romblon (Timm and Birney 1980), Samar, Siargao, Sibuyan, Siquijor (Heaney et al. 1998), Tablas (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2018). There are few records from mainland Papua New Guinea, this species is more common in the islands of southeast New Guinea, and relatively rare elsewhere, as it is an infrequent visitor to larger islands or to mainland New Guinea (Flannery 1995, Bonaccorso 1998). The species is also found in the D'Entrecastreaux Archipelago of Papua New Guinea, on Manus in the Admiralty Islands. Records from New Britain and Tabar are questionable (probably P. admiraltatum ). It is confirmed only from Mbanika and the Russel Islands in the Solomons. In South Asia, this species has been recorded from sea level to an elevation of 100 m asl. It has been recorded from sea level up to 900 m asl in the Philippines, it is primarily found in low elevation areas in Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, and Melanesia (under 500 m asl). In South Asia, this species is restricted to localities on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India and Addu Atoll in the Maldives (Molur et al. 2002). It has been recorded from Baratang Island, Neil Island, and Karmatang in the Middle Andaman Islands and Narcondam Island and Barren Island in the North Andaman Islands (Srinivasulu et al. 2017).		Terrestrial	In most parts of its range in Southeast Asia, the species does not roost in officially protected areas, nor are there specific conservation activities to address population declines and threats. In Vietnam, the species is found in Con Dao National Park (Thong 2004), a highest priority conservation area in Vietnam’s Biodiversity Action Plan and in the National Global Environment Facility project with the aims of conserving species and developing sustainable ecotourism. The site was also named a Ramsar (Convention of Wetlands) site in 2014. However, the park is threatened by unregulated access and development, and weak law enforcement (van der Meeren and Phan 2009). There is some NGO activity in this area, but these activities usually target other highly threatened species, such as marine turtles. The species is listed as Endangered on the Malaysian Red List. Protection of flying foxes has been granted in the states of Terengganu, Johor, and Sarawak. The ongoing Wildlife Department review of the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010 has suggested moving all flying foxes (Pteropus spp.) to the list of protected species, meaning hunting will no longer be allowed, but it remains unclear when these changes will be enacted (Abdul-Aziz pers. comm. 2018, Roslan pers. comm. 2018). Some NGO activity has been initiated to address human-wildlife conflict in orchards, where flying foxes are often considered a pest species (Abdul-Aziz pers. comm. 2018). In Indonesia, there is no legal protection for P. hypomelanus (Wiantoro pers. comm. 2018), and any community level protection that may occur is incidental due to co-occurrence with more abundant flying foxes species nearby (Sheherazade pers. comm. 2018, Tsang, pers. obs.). In India, this species is accorded vermin classification under Schedule V of the Indian Wildlife (Protection) Act along with all other fruit bats. This species has been recorded from Barren Island Wildlife Sanctuary, Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India (Srinivasulu et al. 2017). In the Philippines, the Wildlife Conservation and Protection Act (Republic Act 9147, approved into law in 2004) confers protection to flying foxes. The National Integrated Protected Areas System (Republic Act 7586) and the Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas in the Philippines (Republic Act 11038) also confers protection to flying foxes inside protected areas. The Biodiversity Management Bureau of the Department of Natural Resources has included flying foxes as a priority species for protection since 2016, with an annual budget allocation, mandates to regularly conduct population monitoring in the jurisdiction of regional offices, and inclusion in a continually updated Philippines Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan 2016-2018 as a national priority target for conservation. Adaptation of flying foxes as a priority species in regional offices has resulted in the creation of bi-annual and annual population monitoring efforts and the integration of bat conservation awareness activities and education in tourism activities in protected areas in the Visayas and Mindanao. There have also been multiple roosting colonies of flying foxes outside of protected areas that have been declared as Local Conservation Areas by Local Government Units. Since 2017, the localization of the national strategy has resulted in provincial local government programs that promote investment in flying fox conservation. A number of conservation initiatives have been started throughout the Philippines, such as that at the Philippine Bats Conservation Programme by Philippines Biodiversity Conservation Foundation, Inc., Friends of the Flying Foxes, Filipinos for Flying Foxes, Borne to be Wild via the GMA national television network, Subic Bay Ecology Center, and Mambukal Resort. Roost protection has also been granted on privately owned lands in Palawan and Mindanao (Paguntalan pers. comm. 2018). Taxonomic studies, ecology, population monitoring and habitat management are recommended. Awareness needs to be created to mitigate threats created through human-bat conflict throughout its range, especially as it pertains to misconceptions about flying foxes as crop pests.	Indomalayan		FALSE	FALSE	Global	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2023). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.4 (1.4). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8136157 	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 61	Variable Flying Fox	 tricolor Gray, 1871; <b> annectens</b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b>cagayanus</b> Mearns, 1905; <b> canus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b> condorensis </b> Peters, 1869; <b> enganus </b> Miller, 1906; <b>fretensis</b> Kloss, 1916; <b> geminorum </b> Miller, 1903; <b>lepidus</b>  Miller, 1900; <b>luteus</b> K. Andersen, 1908; vulcanius Thomas, 1915; <b>macassaricus</b>  Heude, 1897; <b>maris</b> Allen, 1936; <b> robinsoni </b> K. Andersen, 1909; <b> satyrus </b> K. Andersen, 1908; <b>simalurus</b>  Thomas, 1923; <b>tomesi</b> Peters, 1869.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.	Andaman and Maldive Isls; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Philippines. Solomon Isls records are probably erroneous (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	Appendix II	Near Threatened	 griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus; see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).	Pteropus hypomelanus	1004468	23	Island Flying Fox	Small Flying Fox|Variable Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	CHIROPTERA	PTEROPODIFORMES	NA	NA	PTEROPODOIDEA	Pteropodidae	PTEROPODINAE	PTEROPODINI	Pteropus	NA	hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	0	Pteropus_hypomelanus	Temminck, C. J. (1853). Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné, E. J. Brill, Leiden, 61.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/51377#page/85/mode/1up	RMNH 33640 [lectotype]		"L'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			hypomelanus Temminck, 1853|tricolor J. E. Gray, 1871|condorensis W. Peters, 1869|tomesi W. Peters, 1869|macassaricus Heude, 1897|lepidus G. S. Miller, 1900|geminorum G. S. Miller, 1903|cagayanus Mearns, 1905|enganus G. S. Miller, 1906|annectens K. Andersen, 1908|canus K. Andersen, 1908|luteus K. Andersen, 1908|satyrus K. Andersen, 1908|robinsoni K. Andersen, 1909|vulcanius O. Thomas, 1915|fretensis Kloss, 1916|simalurus O. Thomas, 1923|maris G. M. Allen, 1936	NA	NA				Maldives|Andaman Islands|Myanmar|Thailand|Cambodia|Vietnam|Malaysia|Indonesia|Philippines|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Asia|Oceania	Indomalaya|Australasia/Oceania	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	Burgin, C. J., Zijlstra, J. S., Becker, M. A., Handika, H., Alston, J. M., Widness, J., Liphardt, S., Huckaby, D. G., and Upham, N. S. (2025). How many mammal species are there now? Updates and trends in taxonomic, nomenclatural, and geographic knowledge. Journal of Mammalogy in revision: TBD. https://doi.org/10.1101/2025.02.27.640393	Pteropus_hypomelanus	1004468	23	Island Flying Fox	Small Flying Fox|Variable Flying Fox	Theria	Placentalia	Boreoeutheria	Laurasiatheria	Chiroptera	Yinpterochiroptera	NA	NA	Pteropodoidea	Pteropodidae	Pteropodinae	Pteropodini	Pteropus	NA	hypomelanus	Temminck	0	Pteropus hypomelanus	Temminck, C.J. 1853. Esquisses zoologiques sur la côte de Guiné. E. J. Brill, Leiden, 256 pp.	https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14835808	RMNH.MAM.33640	syntypes	https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.33640.a | https://data.biodiversitydata.nl/naturalis/specimen/RMNH.MAM.33640.b	"L'île de Ternate [= Ternate Island]," Moluccas, Indonesia.			NA	NA				Maldives|Andaman and Nicobar Islands|Myanmar|Thailand|Cambodia|Vietnam|Malaysia|Indonesia|Philippines|Papua New Guinea|Solomon Islands	Asia|Oceania (Continent)	Indomalaya|Australasia	NT	0	0	0	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	sciname match	Pteropus_hypomelanus	0	Simmons, N. B., & Cirranello, A. L. (2025). Batnames.org Species List Version 1.7 (1.7). Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14796586	Pteropodidae	Pteropus		hypomelanus	Temminck	1853	0	Esquisses Zool. sur la C&ocirc;te de Guine	p. 61	Variable Flying Fox	tricolor Gray, 1871; annectens K. Andersen, 1908; cagayanus Mearns, 1905; canus K. Andersen, 1908; condorensis Peters, 1869; enganus Miller, 1906; fretensis Kloss, 1916;  geminorum Miller, 1903; lepidus  Miller, 1900; luteus K. Andersen, 1908; vulcanius Thomas, 1915; macassaricus  Heude, 1897; maris Allen, 1936; robinsoni K. Andersen, 1909; satyrus K. Andersen, 1908; simalurus  Thomas, 1923; tomesi Peters, 1869.	Indonesia, Molucca Isls, Ternate Isl.	Andaman and Maldive Isls; New Guinea through Indonesia to Vietnam and Thailand, and adjacent islands; Philippines. Solomon Isls records are probably erroneous (K. Helgen, pers. comm.).	<a href='https://cites.org/eng/app/appendices.php' target='_blank'>Appendix II</a>	<a href='https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/18729/22081642/' target='_blank'>Near Threatened</a>	griseus species group; see Almeida et al. (2014). May comprise several distinct species (S. Tsang, pers. comm. 2018). It is possible that vociferus Peale, 1848, is an older name for this taxon; see K. Andersen(1912). Formerly included brunneus; see Ride (1970); but see Koopman (1984c) and Corbet and Hill (1992). Includes satyrus;see Bates and Harrison (1997), but also see Hill (1971c), who included satyrus in melanotus. Also see Flannery (1995a, b) andBonaccorso (1998). Validity of many subspecies is questionable. Does not include mearnsi; see Heaney et al. (1987) and Flannery(1995b), but also see Corbet and Hill (1992).		Mammal Diversity Database. (2025). Mammal Diversity Database (Version 2.2) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15007505	NA	Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus hypomelanus; Pteropus hypomelanus; hypomelanus; annectens; cagayanus; canus; condorensis; enganus; fretensis; geminorum; lepidus; luteus; macassaricus; maris; robinsoni; satyrus; simalurus; tomesi; tricolor; luteus - vulcanius; luteus - vulcanius; satyrus - melanotus?; annectens; cagayanus; canus; condorensis; enganus; fretensis; geminorum; lepidus; luteus; macassaricus; maris; robinsoni; satyrus; simalurus; tomesi; tricolor; luteus - vulcanius; hypomelanus; tricolor; condorensis; tomesi; macassaricus; lepidus; geminorum; cagayanus; enganus; annectens; canus; luteus; satyrus; robinsoni; vulcanius; fretensis; simalurus; maris; Roussette hypomélane; German; nselflughund; Zorro volador pequeno; Small Flying Fox; Variable Flying Fox; Mearns's Flying Fox (mearnsi); Island Flying Fox; Small Flying Fox; Variable Flying Fox; Variable Flying Fox; Variable Flying Fox; P. hypomelanus